1、句句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence句子成分句子成分 定义定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分主要成分：主语和谓语：主语和谓语 次要成分次要成分：宾语、定语、状语、补：宾语、定语、状语、补 语、表语、表语、同位语语、同位语1.I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语状状语语主语（主语（subject）说明的人或事物说明的人或事物 Jane is good at playin
2、g the piano.She went out in a hurry.Four plus four is eight.To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for health.The young should respect the old.What he has said is true.The sun rises in the east.（名词）（名词）He likes dancing.（代词）（代词）Twenty years is a short time in history.（数词）（数词）Seeing is believing.（动名词）（动名
3、词）To see is to believe.（不定式）（不定式）What he needs is a book.（从句）（从句）It is very clear that the sun rises in the east.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）找出句中主语谓语（谓语（predictate）说明主语的动作、状态和特征说明主语的动作、状态和特征 简单谓语简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill.He looked after two orphans.复合谓语复合谓语
4、 由情态动词或助动词由情态动词或助动词+动词动词;He can speak English well.He has caught a bad cold.She doesnt seem to like dancing （三）（三）宾语（宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于动词和介表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于动词和介词后面。词后面。例如：例如：1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you h
5、ave?I have five.（名词）（代词）（名词、数词）4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）直接宾语直接宾语和和间接宾语间接宾语 有些及物动词后面要跟有些及物动词后面要跟2个宾语个宾语,分为直接宾语和间接宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语;直接宾语多为直接宾
6、语多为,间接宾语多为间接宾语多为，表明动作是对谁做的。，表明动作是对谁做的。We brought them some food.主主 谓谓 间宾间宾 直宾直宾 He showed me how to run the machine.主主 谓谓 间宾间宾 直宾直宾若先说直接宾语若先说直接宾语(物物),),后说间接宾语后说间接宾语(人人),必须必须借助介词借助介词 或或：We bought some food for them.He showed how to run the machine to us.-有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须还必须在在宾
7、语后宾语后 加上宾语补足语加上宾语补足语,句意才完整。宾补补充说明宾语干什么句意才完整。宾补补充说明宾语干什么,或处于何种状态。或处于何种状态。和和可充当宾补。可充当宾补。形容词形容词 Leave the door open.副词副词 We found John out when we arrived.介词短语介词短语 Make yourself at home.省略省略to的不定式的不定式 I saw him enter the hall.现在分词现在分词 The boss keeps them work all day.过去分词过去分词 I heard my name call.（四）定语
8、（四）定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从从句句 He is a clever boy.His father works in a steel work.There are 54students in our class.Do you known bettys sister?He bought some sleeping pills.There is a sleeping baby in bed.His spoken language is good.(形容词形容词)(名词名词)(数词数词)(名词的所有格名词的所有格)(动名词动名词)(现在分词现在分词)(过去
9、分词过去分词)The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now?There is nothing interesting in this book.（五）状语（五）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分说明动作或状态特征的句子成分说明说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让
10、步、方向、程度、目的件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。等。I will be back in a while.They are playing on the playground.He was late because he got up late.He got up so late that I missed the train.John often came to chat with me As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.My father
11、worked in this school ten years ago.Though he is young,he knows a lot.He came running.(程度程度 目的目的)（地点（地点 伴随）伴随）（地点（地点 时间）时间）（让步）（让步）（方式）（方式）(原因原因)I waited to see you.He often went to school by bus.His parents died,leaving him an orphan.Please call me if it is necessary.This book is very interesting.H
12、e went to school in spite of his illness.He always comes late to school.（六）（六）宾语补足语宾语补足语有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有这类常用的及物动词有 make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let.I found the book interesting.D
13、o you smell something burning?He made himself known to them.She asked me to lend her a hand.Please make yourself at home.Please keep the dog out.We must keep it a secret.主动语态变成被动语态后主动语态变成被动语态后,宾语补足语变宾语补足语变成主补成主补.I last saw him playing near the river.He was last seen playing near the river.The teache
14、r caught the student cheating in the examThe student was caught cheating in the exam We made him monitor.He was made monitor.He pushed the door open.The door was pushed open.（七）表语（七）表语 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征常见的系动词有常见的系动词有:be(am,is,are,were,was),appear,look,seem,feel,smell,taste
15、,sound,keep,turn,become,get,grow,come,go etc.系动词不用于被动语态系动词不用于被动语态.The apple tastes sweet.1.The war was over.2.They seem to know the truth.3.Time is precious.4.Im not quite myself today.5.Who was the first?6.He is out of condition.7.The book is what I need.（八）同位语（八）同位语 位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况位于名词或代词后面，说
16、明它们的性质和情况 We young people should respect the old.名词名词He himself will do the experiment.代词代词He is the oldest among them four.数词数词He told me the news that our team won the game.从句从句He told me the news that I am interested in.从从句句Exercises:分析句子结构分析句子结构 You are a student.He felt happy today.What you sai
17、d made me happy.Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well?After he finished his homework,he went away.He likes pop music.(一一)挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students
18、 in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二二)挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语-The old man was feeling very tired.-The leaves have turned yellow.-Soon They all became interested in the subject.(三三)挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语1.What is your given name?2.I am afraid some
19、 people forgot to sweep the floor.3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(四四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the w
20、ork.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.(五五)挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurri
21、ed off.She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.1.The sun rises in the east.（）2.He likes dancing.（）3.Two will be enough.()4.Seeing is believing.（）6.To see is to believe.（）7.When to ho
22、ld the meeting has not been decided yet.()8.What he needs is a book.（）9.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（）名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句It作形式主语，作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语从句是真正的主语当当不定式、动名词或从句不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用
23、因此常用it作形式主语作形式主语置于置于句首句首，而将真正的，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。身无词义。什么情况下用什么情况下用it作形式主语？作形式主语？你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻你懂得翻译下列句子吗？译下列句子吗？1)It is wrong to tell a lie.()2)It is no use arguing about it.()3)It is uncertain who will come.()说谎是错误的。说谎是错误的。争吵是没用的。争吵是没用的。谁要来还不确定。谁
24、要来还不确定。1.She lived a happy life.()2.I love you.()3.We need two.()4.Do you mind my opening the door?()5.He began to learn English a year ago.()6.He did not know what to say.()7.Did you write down what she said?()8.She felt it her duty to take good care of them.()名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从
25、句从句It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语1.He is a teacher.()2.My idea is this.()3.She was the first to arrive.()4.I feel much better today./I must be off now.()5.He is out of danger.()6.The news was exciting./They were excited at the news.()7.What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so well.()名词名
26、词代词代词数词数词从句从句形容词形容词/副词副词介词短语介词短语分词分词1.Its a red car.()2.They live in the room above.()3.My brother is a teacher.()4.We belong to the third world.()5.Lucys father is a poor worker.()6.Mother made a birthday cake for me.()7.The man under the tree is my teacher.()8.The swimming boy is my brother./The b
27、oy swimming in the river is my brother.()形容词形容词副词副词代词代词数词数词名词所有格名词所有格名词名词介词短语介词短语现在分词现在分词9.I liked the food cooked by my mother./Retired people have a good time at home.()10.There are two things to be discussed today.（）11.Will you tell us about your teaching plan?（）12.This is the very book that I ne
28、ed.（）过去分词过去分词不定式不定式动名词动名词从句从句1.He is often late for class.()2.We saw that picture at the cinema.()3.He sat there smoking.()4.They returned tired and hungry.（）5.They did everything they could to save the boys life.（）6.Although he is young,he knows a lot.()7.The box is so heavy that I cant lift it.()副
29、词，程度副词，程度介词短语，地点介词短语，地点分词，伴随分词，伴随不定式，目的不定式，目的形容词，状态形容词，状态让步状语从句让步状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句9.While my wife was reading the newspaper,I was watching TV.（）10.He was angry because we were late(）11.If it rains tomorrow,we wont go out.()时间状语从句时间状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句形容词形容词名词名词介词短语介词短语过去分词过去分词现在分词现在分词省略掉省略掉to的不定式的不定式不定式不定式
