1、专题六 情态动词和虚拟语气考点内容情态动词表示必要性、义务、责任、推测、能力、请求、允许、建议、意愿等虚拟语气在非真实条件句中、在名词性从句中、在其他句型中考纲解读考纲解读命题规律趋势探究命题规律趋势探究1.北京近三年高考中情态动词和虚拟语气的考点分布如下:2.情态动词和虚拟语气的考查注重语境因素。3.注重考查情态动词的基本用法及情态动词加完成式的用法。4.虚拟语气注重考查虚拟条件句及包括在宾语从句和状语从句等从句中的用法。命题规律命题规律核心考点考查内容考查重点情态动词表示必要性表示能力表示请求、允许、许诺表示推测、可能性表示命令、禁止虚拟语气在非真实条件句中在名词性从句中及其他考频分析考频
2、分析高考英语北京卷连续5年均对本专题有考查,设题数量稳定在2题,每题1分。通过表格中所列考查点可以看出,北京市高考近五年每年都会对情态动词和虚拟语气各考查一道题。情态动词的考查点较为分散,但都是基本用法,不偏、不怪。虚拟语气基本集中在考查虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用,但是提醒考生不要对未涉及的考点掉以轻心,如虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用。命题趋势命题趋势学习和掌握情态动词和虚拟语气的意义和用法应遵循如下步骤:1.首先从整体上把握情态动词的语法特征、语义特征和虚拟语气的结构和意义;2.逐个学习并了解情态动词的用法特征和虚拟语气的语法结构;3.区别具有相同功能或意思相近的情态动词的用法以及区分虚
3、拟语气各种结构的不同功能。解答题目时,在情态动词方面区分不同情景下情态动词表示的推测、能力、必要性的用法;在虚拟语气方面,要结合句意弄清楚虚拟条件句中是对什么时间的虚拟,对于其他从句中的虚拟语气,要区分哪些与时间有关,哪些只有一种形式。突破方法突破方法考点知识全面总结考点知识全面总结 考点一情态动词考点一情态动词一、表示能力一、表示能力如:Im going to Europe on vacation together with John if I can find the money.(现在的能力)如果我能弄到这笔钱的话,我就和约翰一起去欧洲度假。If you have a good nigh
4、ts sleep,you will be able to work out this problem.(将来的能力)好好睡一晚,你就能够解出这道题了。The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to getout.(过去有能力做并且成功地做了某事)尽管那场大火迅速蔓延到了整个宾馆,但是每个人都逃了出去。I could have worked out the problem,but I was too nervous.(本来有能力做但未做)我本来可以做出那道题的,但我太紧张了。单项填空:（）The po
5、lice still havent found the lost child,but theyre doing all they .A.can B.may C.must D.should（）Im afraid Mr.Harding see you now.Hes busy.A.cant B.mustntC.shouldntD.needntAA二、表示推测二、表示推测(可能性可能性)(一)可能性可分为客观的可能性和具体事情实际发生的可能性。客观的可能性并不表示具体某事是否会发生,而用来说明人或事物的特征。情态动词can可用于肯定句中表示客观的(理论的)可能性,而表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时,c
6、an 一般不用于肯定句。如:Accidents can happen on such rainy days.在这样的多雨天气里可能会发生事故。(客观的可能性)We may go to the cinema tonight,but we are not sure yet.今晚我们可能去看电影,但还没确定。(实际可能性,不用can)表示具体事情实际发生的可能性的层次比较(见下表)词形肯定式否定式疑问式must必定,必然/should按说应该按说不该/ought to按说应该按说不该/can/不可能有可能吗?could可能(可能性比may弱)不可能语气比can弱may或许,也许,也未可知,也说不定可
7、能不/might微弱的可能比may not还弱/(二)表示具体事情实际发生的可能性(1)表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时,may,must常用于肯定句,must一般不用于否定句和疑问句;can 常用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中,表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等意思;could既可用于肯定句又可用于否定句、疑问句中。如:This cant/couldnt be done by him.这不可能是他干的。(表不相信)This may not be done by him.这可能不是他干的。(表不确定)He could be on his way home now.他现在可能在回家的路上了。(could 不如m
8、ay/might常用)Can this be done by him?这可能是他干的吗?(表示疑惑、惊讶)Mr.Bush is on time for everything.How can it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?布什先生做一切事情都非常守时。开幕式他怎么可能会迟到呢?(表示疑惑、惊讶)I didnt hear the phone.I must have been asleep.我没听见电话铃响。我一定是睡着了。(表肯定)Are you coming to Jeffs party?Im not sure.I might g
9、o to the concert instead.你要来杰夫的聚会吗?我不确定。我可能要去音乐会。(表不确定)(2)could,might并不一定与过去时间有关,而表示可能性弱于它们相应的现在时形式。如:It may/might be done by her.这有可能是她干的。(语气依次递减)(3)should表推测时,表示确定或可能有的未来或期望,即合乎理想的情况或结果。如:He ought to/should be here on timehe started early enough.他应该按时到这里他出发得够早的了。We should arrive before dark.我们按说能在
10、天黑前到达。The roads should be less crowded today.按说今天路上就不那么拥挤了。单项填空:（）I dont really like James.Why did you invite him?Dont worry.He come.He said he wasnt certain what his plans were.A.must not B.need not C.would not D.might not（）Jack described his father,who a brave boy many years ago,as a strong-willed
11、 man.A.would beB.would have beenC.must be D.must have been（）What do you mean,there are only ten tickets?There be twelve.A.shouldB.wouldC.willD.shallDDA三、表示必要性、义务、责任三、表示必要性、义务、责任(一)必要性如:You neednt have worked that late last night.It was harmful to your health.你昨晚本来不必工作到那么晚的。那对你的健康有害。Must I give up sm
12、oking?Yes,you must./No,you neednt.我必须戒烟吗?是的,你必须戒。/不,你不必戒。(二)义务、责任should意为“(义务上)应该”,在语气上比must(必须)弱。“should+动词原形”表示现在或将来应该;“should+have+过去分词”表示过去本该。如:I should go and visit him this afternoon,but I wonder if I will be free.今天下午我应该去看望他,但我不知道我是否有空。(表示将来应该)You should have come to the conference yesterday.
13、What was the reason for your absence?你昨天本来应该参加那个会议的。你缺席的原因是什么?(表示过去应该)单项填空:（）I dont care what people think.Well,you .A.couldB.wouldC.shouldD.might（）I think Ill give Bob a ring.You .You havent been in touch with him for ages.A.willB.mayC.have toD.shouldCD 四、表示请求、允许、允诺等四、表示请求、允许、允诺等 单项填空:（）I take the
14、book out?Im afraid not.A.Will B.May C.Must D.Need（）Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?I am afraid you ,in case he comes late for the meeting.A.will B.must C.may D.can（）The new regulation take effect on June 1st.A.mightB.couldC.shallD.wouldBBC注意:shall与第二、三人称连用用于陈述句,表示说话者的命令、警告
15、或威胁;当宣布法律规定时,shall也有此用法。You shall leave the room at once,and he also shall.(=I order you and him to leave the room at once.)你马上滚出这个房间,他也一样。(说话者的意志)It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.据宣布,在所有试卷收上来之前,应试者必须待在自己的座位上。(规则或规定)五、情态动词其他用法
16、五、情态动词其他用法1.cannot but+do sth.表示“不得不/只好做某事”。如:I cannot but choose to go.我只好去。2.may well和may as well结构。(1)“may well+动词原形”是一种常用结构,意为“完全可能,很可能”,相当于be very likely to do。如:He may well be proud of his son.他大可为他的儿子感到自豪。Her appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize her.她的模样变化太大,你很可能认不出她
17、了。(2)“may as well+动词原形”意为“最好,满可以,倒不如”。如:You may as well do it at once.你最好马上就做这件事。We may as well stay where we are.我们留在现在的地方倒也不错。3.cannot(或can never等)与enough连用表示“再也不为过”。4.may可以用于祈使句,表示祝愿。如:May we never forget each other.愿我们彼此永不相忘。May you return in safety.愿你平安归来。5.“Why/How+should”结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊
18、异等意思,意为“竟会”。如:Why should you be so late today?你今天怎么来得这么晚?How should I know?我怎么会知道?(意为:我不知道。)6.must表示“偏要、非要”。如:Must you make so much noise?你非得弄出这么大声响吗?7.need和dare的用法need和dare两者既可用作情态动词也可用作实义动词。作实义动词时,有人称和数的变化,可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句中,构成否定句或疑问句时要用助动词do,does,did;作情态动词时,没有人称和数的变化(dare的过去式为dared),直接接动词原形,多用于否定句和疑
19、问句中,构成否定句和疑问句时不用助动词。另外,dare作情态动词时,还可用于if或whether引导的从句中,过去式为dared;作实义动词时,dare常用于疑问句或否定句,后面的to也可省略;I dare say是习惯说法,意为“我想,大概”。如:He neednt do it.(情态动词)He doesnt need to do it.(实义动词)他不必做这件事。I didnt know whether he dared say that to him.(情态动词,有时态变化)我不知道他是否敢对他说那句话。He didnt dare(to)do it.(实义动词)He dared not
20、do it.(情态动词)他不敢那么做。注意:need作实义动词时,还可表示“需要”,后接动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。(详见“非谓语动词”专题)如:The floor needs sweeping.这地需要打扫了。考点二虚拟语气考点二虚拟语气一、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用一、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用使用虚拟条件句时要注意以下几点:1.当条件状语从句表示的动作或行为和主句表示的动作或行为所发生的时间不一致时,被称为“错综时间条件句”,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。如:If you had just followed my advice,you would be bett
21、er now.如果你刚才听了我的建议,你现在就好多了。If you had studied hard before,you would be a college student now.如果你以前努力学习的话,你现在就是大学生了。2.if省略句在虚拟条件状语从句中可省略if,把were,had,should提到句首,变为倒装句式。如:If I were at school again,I would study harder.Were I at school again,I would study harder.如果我还有上学的机会,我会更加努力地学习。If you had come earl
22、ier,you would have caught the bus.Had you come earlier,you would have caught the bus.如果你来得早些,你就能赶上那辆公共汽车了。If it should rain tomorrow,we would not go climbing.Should it rain tomorrow,we would not go climbing.如果明天下雨的话,我们就不去登山了。注意:若省略的条件状语从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时,不能用动词的缩略形式。比如:我们可以说“Were it not for the expense,I
23、 would go abroad now.”但不能说“Werent it for the expense,I would go abroad now.”。3.用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词(短语)有with,without,but for。如:What would you do with one million dollars(=if you had one million dol-lars)?如果你有100万美元,你会做什么?Without your help(=But for your help=If it had not been for your help=Had it not
24、 been for your help),we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time.没有你的帮助,我们不可能提前完成这项工作。4.含蓄条件句有时为了表达的需要,在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件状语从句,而是通过其他手段来代替条件句。如:I was ill that day.Otherwise,I would have taken part in the sports meeting.(副词)我那天病了。否则,我就参加运动会了。He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,or I would
25、have known noth-ing about it.(连词)他打电话通知了我你的生日,否则,我对此一点都不知道。I should have given you more help,but I was too busy.(连词)我本应该多帮帮你,但我(那时)太忙了。5.混合虚拟语气(错综时间条件句)有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间,在这种情况下,动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用,尤其要注意提示语、时间状语等。例如:Ben Johnson would still be the 100 metres world record holder if he had not been caught
26、taking drugs in the 1988 Olympics.本约翰逊如果没有在1988年的奥运会上被查出服用药物,他仍会是100米世界纪录的保持者。混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句,这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同,更重要的是事实和假设的混合。例如:If you were in need of money,here I am.如果你需要钱,有我在。If he had wanted to marry,there were many girls.如果他想结婚,有很多女孩(可以选择)。单项填空:（）If I were to do it,I it in a different w
27、ay.A.shall doB.will doC.would doD.have done（）If you asked your father,you permission.A.may get B.might get C.should have got D.may have got（）It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I in love at the age of seven,with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.A.wouldnt have fallenB.ha
28、d not fallenC.should fall D.were to fallCBB（）I you,I would go to the party with him.A.WasB.Had beenC.Will beD.Were（）But for the English examination,I to the concert last Sunday.A.would go B.wentC.would have goneD.had gone（）Without electronic computers,much of todays advanced technology .A.will not h
29、ave been achievedB.have not been achieved C.would not have been achievedD.had not been achievedDCC二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用 单项填空:（）How I wish I to my parents advice.A.listeningB.listenC.am listeningD.had listened（）Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I your advice.A.follow B.would f
30、ollow C.had followedD.have followed（）The workers in the factory demanded that their pay by 20 percent.A.be raisedB.would be raisedC.raised D.raise（）Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claims until they investigate the situation.A.doB.dontC.didntD.didnt doDCAD三、虚拟语气在定语从句中
31、的运用三、虚拟语气在定语从句中的运用常用在It is(high)time(that).句型中,定语从句常用虚拟语气,多用过去式。如:It is time the children went to bed.孩子们早该上床睡觉了。(表示催促)Its high time that he began to think how to deal with money.他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道。一、虚拟语气用在一、虚拟语气用在as if/as though引导的从句中引导的从句中如果as if引导的从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词所表达的动作同时发生,as if引导的从句谓语动词用一般过去时;如果as if引
32、导的从句谓语动词所表达的动作先于主句谓语动词所表达的动作,as if引导的从句谓语动词用过去完成时;如果as if引导的从句谓语动词所表达的动作后于主句谓语动词所表达的动作,as if引导的从句谓语动词用过去将来时。如:He looks as if he were an artist.(同时)他看起来像个艺术家。She speaks English so fluently as if she had studied English in America.(先于)她讲英语如此流利,好像她在美国学过英语。He learns English so hard as if he would go to
33、the U.S.A.(后于)他如此努力地学英语,好像他要去美国。单项填空:（）He speaks Chinese so fluently as if he a Chinese.A.wereB.had beenC.is D.has been（）Looking round the town,he felt as though he away for ages.A.has been B.wasC.is D.had beenAD二、二、“情态动词情态动词+have done”用法一览表用法一览表 单项填空:（）The teacher have thought Johnson was worth it
34、or she wouldnt have wasted time on him,I suppose.A.shouldB.canC.wouldD.must（）She have left school,for her bike is still here.A.cant B.wouldntC.shouldntD.neednt（）He didnt regret saying what he did but felt that he it differently.A.could express B.would expressC.could have expressedD.must have expressedDAC三、三、wont/wouldnt,cant,doesnt的区别的区别The window wont/wouldnt open.这扇窗户怎么都打不开。(强调实施者执意要打开)The window cant open.这扇窗户打不开。(这扇窗户原来设计时就不能打开,是固定死的)The window doesnt open.这扇窗户坏了。(强调这扇窗户质量有问题)
