1、英国微小说大赛获奖作品Finally spoke to her,left flowers.终于跟她搭上话了，留下了一束花（在坟墓前）。Birth certificate,death certificate,one pen.出生证明，死亡证明，一支笔写完。2022-10-29法律英语1Sorry,solder,shoes sold in pairs.对不起士兵，我们的鞋子按双出售。I met my soul mate，she didnt.我遇见了我的那个她，但她没有。2022-10-29法律英语2Introduced myself to Mom again today.今天我又一次向妈妈介绍了自
2、己。（阿兹海默症）。Strangers,friends,best friends,lovers,strangers.陌生人，朋友，好朋友，爱人，陌陌生人，朋友，好朋友，爱人，陌生人。生人。2022-10-29法律英语32022-10-29法律英语4Lesson Ten Tort LawDelict/Tort What is a tort?侵权行为是民事主体违反民事义务，侵害他人合法权益，依法应当承担民事责任的行为。What is Tortious Liability?侵权责任是指民事主体因实施侵权行为而应承担的民事法律后果。2022-10-29法律英语5What are components
3、of Tort Liability?(a)illegal behavior(b)damages(c)causality(d)fault2022-10-29法律英语6What are methods of bearing tort liability?(a)cessation of infringement(b)removal of obstruction(c)elimination of danger(d)return of property(e)restoration to the original status2022-10-29法律英语7(f)compensation for losse
4、s(g)apology (h)elimination of consequencesand restoration of reputation2022-10-29法律英语8doctrine of liability fixation A.Doctrine of Liability for Wrongs Article 6,Para 1-Tort Law“行为人因过错侵害他人 民事权益，应当承担侵权责任”Burden of Proof?Plantiff-原告（受害人）负举证责任证明被告（加害人）主观上有过错.2022-10-29法律英语9doctrine of liability fixatio
5、n B.Doctrine of presumption Article 38 教育机构的 Article 58 医疗机构的【conditional】Article 75 高度危险物非法占有管理的 Article 81 动物园的过错推定责任 Article 85 坠落悬挂物的所管使人 Article 88 堆放物 2022-10-29法律英语10doctrine of liability fixation Article 90 折断林木的所管人的 Article 91 窨井管理人的Burden of proof?Defendant-被告（加害人）负举证责任证明自己主观上无过错2022-10-29
6、法律英语11doctrine of liability fixation C.Doctrine of Strict Liablity Article 41 产品生产者销售者的 Article 65 环境污染者的 Article 69 高度危险经占使者的 Article 78 动物的饲养管理者的 Burden of Proof？Defendant加害人证明行为与损害无因果关系2022-10-29法律英语122022-10-29法律英语13Part 1:Introduction damages claims要求赔偿要求赔偿most civil suits大多数民事诉讼大多数民事诉讼tort law
7、侵权法侵权法1.Automobile accidents 2022-10-29法律英语14Many circumstancesThe plaintiff in a civil suit is ordinarily entitled to try his claim before a jury which will often rely more on human than on legal considerations民事诉讼的原告通常会向陪审团提出索赔主张，这主要是出于人道的考虑而不是法律的考虑。儿童受伤儿童受伤2022-10-29法律英语15A permanent disability o
8、f loss of a limbCompensation and damages补偿费和损害赔偿金Actual loss 实际损害Intangible damage 无形损害A plaintiff can play on the human reaction of the jury原告利用陪审团的人性反应2022-10-29法律英语16American law permitsthe participation of the attorney in the plaintiffs recovery(contingent fee)美国允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿金（胜诉酬金）Amount to 25
9、 to 33%of the verdict酬金达到法院判付金额的25-33%。2022-10-29法律英语17A tort action 侵权诉讼A lengthy proceeding诉讼程序时间长 Large expenses honoraria for experts 代价大（专家证人的酬金）A very large verdict（in excess of$100000）判决金额非常大（10万美元以上）2022-10-29法律英语182.Tort law and the law of contracts overlapAn injury party has the choice bet
10、ween a tort claim and a suit in contracts.Conversion非法占有财产非法占有财产 Personal injury人身伤害人身伤害Implied contract默示合同默示合同Personal injury人身伤害人身伤害Breach of warranty违背保证诺言违背保证诺言Recovery of intangible damage2022-10-29法律英语193.Everyone is liable for his tort act,每个人都要对其侵权行为负责，in limited form also children（however,
11、parents only when they acted as the childs agent or did not comply with their duty to supervise）,在有限的情况下儿童亦然（但是，父母仅当其作为该儿童的代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责），but not the state unless express statutory provision has abolished state immunity.但国家不在此列，除非法律明文规定取消了国家的豁免权。2022-10-29法律英语20The FTCA permits recovery of mo
12、ney damages because of a negligent or wrongful act or omission by the Federal Government or an employee of the Federal Government while the employee was acting within his/her scope of employment or office.Federal Tort claims Act（FTCA）2022-10-29法律英语214.Everyone is protected against tortious act,inclu
13、ding the embryo.每个人包括胎儿都受保护，免遭侵权行为的伤害。The heirs or next of kin may have a damage claim for the intentional or negligent death of their relative or testator(wrongful death action)继承人或近亲属可以对他们亲属或立遗嘱人因故意或疏忽侵权造成的死亡（非正常死亡之诉）提出损害赔偿要求。2022-10-29法律英语22“dram-shop acts”小酒店法令A party injured as a result of the
14、intoxication of the tortfeasor has a claim against him who contributed to the tortfeasors intoxication.作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的当事人有权向造成该侵权行为人醉酒的人提出索赔请求。2022-10-29法律英语23“dram-shop acts”Dram Shop acts,enacted in the 19th century,usually impose liability for negligence on the sellers of alcoholic beverages f
15、or sales to:persons under the legal drinking age,or those who are obviously intoxicated.People who serve alcoholic beverages may be liable under state laws for damages resulting from the consumption of those beverages.drunken driving2022-10-29法律英语24Part 2:Intentional Torts故意侵权行为Battery 殴打Assault 侵犯他
16、人身体Conversion of property 非法侵占财产False imprisonment 非法拘禁Trespass to personal and real property 侵占动产、不动产Defamation 诽谤Invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权Products liability 产品质量责任2022-10-29法律英语25Part 3:Liability for Negligence 过失侵权的责任Negligent actInjury Causality 2022-10-29法律英语26A person is negligentif he has not
17、 complied with his“duty of care”and,has not acted as“a reasonable and prudent man”.如果一个人没有尽到“照看义务”，没有象“一个理性且谨慎的人”那样行事。过失过失2022-10-29法律英语27要考虑到The special professional qualification for the tortfeasor侵权者的特别专业资质Architect Different criteriaConstruction worker2022-10-29法律英语28Duty of careRestrictive inte
18、rpretation:The duty must be owed toward the particular plaintiff.必须对特定的原告负有照看义务There is no duty of care to the public at large.不是对广大公众负有照看义务（某人）对侵犯财产者（某人）对侵犯财产者的照看义务比对被邀请的照看义务比对被邀请客人的照看义务小客人的照看义务小2022-10-29法律英语29Guest statutes 宾客法规Some states exclude a duty of care by the driver of a motor vehicle t
19、oward passengers whom he transports gratuitously.汽车司机对于他免费搭载的乘客不负照看责任。2022-10-29法律英语30In some states,legislation requiring that a guest passenger must prove something higher than ordinary negligence in order to recover from the host driver.2022-10-29法律英语31No claim for compensation不能要求赔偿The injured p
20、artyhas been guilty of contributory negligence共同过失has assumed the risk 预计到有危险2022-10-29法律英语32Contributory negligence 共同过失a doctrine of common law that if a person was injured in part due to his/her own negligence(his/her negligence contributed to the accident),the injured party would not be entitled
21、 to collect any damages(money)from another party who supposedly caused the accident.http:/ negligence 比较过失共同过失辩护的严格性已经因为一些州采用了“比较过失”原则而得到减弱。It requires that the respective degree of negligence of both parties be determined and compensation assessed accordingly.要求确定当事各方的各自疏忽程度，并由此确定补偿金。2022-10-29法律英语
22、34Comparative negligenceA rule of law applied in accident cases to determine responsibility and damages based on the negligence of every party directly involved in the accident.http:/ negligenceThe rule under which negligence is measured by percentage,and damages are diminished in proportion to the
23、amount of negligence attributable to the person seeking recovery.http:/ doctrine of last clear chanceEven the contributorily negligent plaintiff will be compensated if he can prove that the defendant had the“last clear chance”to prevent the damage.有共同过失的原告如果能证明被告“有最后明显机会”避免伤害，那么该原告就可以获得赔偿。2022-10-29
24、法律英语36Last clear chance 最后明显机会The last reasonable opportunity to avoid an accident or injury.One who has the last clear chance to avoid an injury and fails to do so is usually held solely responsible,notwithstanding the injured persons own contributory negligence.2022-10-29法律英语37The extraordinarily
25、complex law of negligence2022-10-29法律英语38Today leads to two efforts of reformStrict Liability严格责任严格责任No fault无过错责任无过错责任Inconsistent Part 4:Tort law reform A.Strict Liability 严格责任Strict liability is a legal doctrine that makes some persons responsible for damages their actions or products cause,regar
26、dless of any fault on their part.2022-10-29法律英语39For instanceThe maintenance of dangerous animals饲养危险的动物Defamation诽谤A rebuttable presumption可反驳的推定The doctrine of resipsa loquitur不言自明原则2022-10-29法律英语40Strict liabilityDeduced fault or negligence from the nature of the thing or act itself.从事情或行为本身的特性可以
27、推断出存在过错或过失2022-10-29法律英语41Defective construction有缺陷的设计有缺陷的设计Negligent use过失使用过失使用product liabilityDangerous products 危险的产品The production itself 产品本身、Its package 包装In a defective conditionUnreasonable dangerous to the user or consumer or to his property.对使用者或消费者及其财产造成过度危险2022-10-29法律英语42“defective”Th
28、e product does not meet the reasonable expectations of the ordinary consumer concerning the safety of the product.“缺陷”是指产品未达到一般消费者关于该产品安全性能的合理期望标准。2022-10-29法律英语43b.“No-fault”Another reform endeavor which seeks to find more just solutions for ordinary claims based on negligence.另一个改革努力试图寻求对过失侵权普通索赔要
29、求的更公正的解决方案。2022-10-29法律英语44automobile accidentsProfessors Robert Keeton and Jeffrey OConnellSeek to abolish the fault principle in tort law试图消除侵权法中的过错原则；To award compensation without proof of fault according to insurance principles.按照保险原则，在不要过错证明的情况下给予赔偿。2022-10-29法律英语45No-faultTraffic accidentProdu
30、ct liabilityMedical malpractice 2022-10-29法律英语46Grant compensation for certain injuries without proof of fault For actual loss,not for intangible damageNo-fault 的优点Liability will be limited for the manufacturer,制造商的责任有限Require a relatively lesser insurance premium to cover the risk 只要就风险承担比较少的保险费202
31、2-10-29法律英语47No-fault 的优点The injured person will be in a better position 受伤害的人处于比较有利的位置，He will be entitled to receive immediate compensation for his actual loss without lengthy litigation or difficult proof of fault.他无须进行漫长的诉讼或艰难的过失举证就有权立即获得实际损失的补偿。2022-10-29法律英语48主要词汇Tort LawFederal Tort claims Ac
32、tIntentional tortNegligence or negligent tortStrict liability Personal tortProperty tort2022-10-29法律英语49civil suitsdamages claimsPlaintiffCompensationDamagesVerdict2022-10-29法律英语50False imprisonmentTrespass to personal and real propertyDefamationInvasion of privacyProducts liability2022-10-29法律英语51Liability for NegligenceCausality，Negligent act，Injuryduty of careGuest statutesContributory negligenceComparative negligencelast clear chance2022-10-29法律英语52Strict LiabilityNo faultThe doctrine of resipsa loquiturfault principleMedical malpractice insurance premiumActual loss2022-10-29法律英语53祝您成功！
