1、International Business EnglishLesson 5International Trade IBusiness Knowledge(1)The definition of international trade(2)Two reasons for international trade A.The uneven distribution of natural resources among countries B.International specialization(3)Two theories for international specialization A.
2、The theory of absolute advantage B.The theory of comparative advantage a.Contents of the theory b.Not a static concept c.The cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade d.David Ricardo,the economist who introduced the theoryTrade Terms 1.Services 服务2.Primary commodities 初级产品3.Specializatio
3、n 专业化:To restrict ones economic activities to certain particular fields.4.Absolute advantage 绝对利益:It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources(capital,land and labor)5.Comparative advantage 比较利益:It holds that even if a country is less efficient
4、 than another in the production of both commodities,i.e.it has absolute disadvantage in production both commodities,there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.6.Capital 资本7.Land and labor 土地和劳动力8.International trade 国际贸易:The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those
5、 produced in another sufficient.9.Farm produce 农产品10.Scarce resources 稀缺资源 In the complex economic world,no country can be completely self-sufficient.With the development of manufacturing and technology,there arose another incentive for trade,i.e.international specialization.According to the theory
6、of Comparative advantage,both trade partners can benefit from trade.Comparative advantage is not a static concept.A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international t
7、rade.International Business EnglishLesson 6International Trade IIBusiness Knowledge(1)Other bases for trade among countries A.Patterns of demand:different consumption preference B.Economy of scale:the cost advantages of large-scale production C.Innovation or style(2)The reasons why complete speciali
8、zation may never occur(3)Tariff barriers-the most common form of trade restriction A.Export duty B.Import duty a.Specific duty b.Ad valorem duty c.Compound duty(4)Quotas-the most common form of non-tariff barriersTrade Terms 1.Tariff 关税:A tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a c
9、ustom area.2.Quota 配额:A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.3.Import duties 进口关税:Tariffs levied on goods entering an area4.Export duties 出口关税:Taxes levied on goods leaving an area5.Ad valorem duty 从价税:6.Sp
10、ecific duty 从量税7.Compound duties 复税、混合关税8.Drawback 退税:Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.9.Most-favored-nation(MFN)treatment 最惠国待遇:A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any particip
11、ating country10.Tariff schedule 税率表、税则11.Non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒12.GSP 普惠制:Generalized system of preferences.13.Reasonable costs 合理的成本14.Customs area 关税区15.Customs union 关税同盟16.Tariff barriers 关税壁垒:The traditional protectionism measure The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of produ
12、ction scale.In reality,complete specialization may never occur even though it is economically advantageous.Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.The visible trade is the import and export of goods,and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries.The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex,often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.
