1、常见问题形式有：常见问题形式有：Which of the following is true/false except?Which of the following is mentioned exceptJack London was a famous American Jack London was a famous American writer.He burned himself out when he writer.He burned himself out when he was 40.was 40.He thought of his mother,Flora,who had nev
2、er been a very responsible person.He was sure she was mentally ill and that he was becoming like her.At last he became too tired to care.He would not work and continued to spend money he did not have.He would not change his life,or his writing,perhaps he could not.根据解释确定词义根据解释确定词义技巧技巧 1 1技巧技巧 2 2技巧技
3、巧 3 3不知疲倦的不知疲倦的技巧技巧 4 4技巧技巧 4 4 time技巧技巧常见问题形式常见问题形式:1.It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that _2.The passage suggests/implies that _3.By the first sentence of the second paragraph,the author means _4.We can conclude that_.5.When the writer talks about.,what he really means is that_.6.Whi
4、ch of the following can be inferred from the passage?辨认三种作者使用的表达情感、态度及观点的词辨认三种作者使用的表达情感、态度及观点的词汇，以及承接上下文的连接词。汇，以及承接上下文的连接词。贬义：贬义：disgust,critical,negative,tolerant,disappointment褒义褒义:positive,wonder,support,useful,interesting,enthusiasm,admiring中立中立:indifferent,impassive,uninterested,ambivalent,neut
5、ral,apathetic,disinterested,DefinitionDefinition2.2.议论文的基本结构议论文的基本结构技巧技巧如何做主旨大意题如何做主旨大意题 做此类题目时，首先要搞清的是问某一做此类题目时，首先要搞清的是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明
6、显的特点之一是有一个反复出现许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。便容易抓住文章的中心。一、题型特点一、题型特点 这类试题主要考查学生把握全文主题主题和理解中心思想中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章的段段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求考生能把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心句主题和中心句；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，难度较大，属于高层次题。1 Smoking cigar
7、ettes is harmful to your health.Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer.Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness),cancer,cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems.For example,it can give one a“smokers cough”.Finally,studies have shown it is easy for cigaret
8、te smokers to catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer,cancer,smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.2 Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent.On the other hand,nobody may look more innocent than a professi-onal criminal.And
9、the man who knows“everything”may really only be trying to hide his own weakness.So,it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance So,it is foolish totry to judge a person only by his appearanceSome students prefer a strict Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly w
10、hat teacher who tells them exactly what to do.Others prefer to be left to to do.Others prefer to be left to work on their own.Still others work on their own.Still others like a democratic discussion type like a democratic discussion type of class.of class.No one teaching method can be devised to sat
11、isfy all students at the same time.3 If you were planning to buy a television set,the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention:“Color TV.Only 79.Two days sale.Hu-rry.”However,when you go to the store ready to buy.You may discover that they are sold out.But the shop assistant is qu
12、ick to tell you that he has another model.A much better set which is“just right for you”It costs 395.This sales method is called“bait and switch”.Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement,and then they are switched to another more expensive one.Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of
13、 the goods and the reason for the sale.The paragraph could be entitled _.A.Buying A TV Set B.A Selling Method C.Buyer Beware D.TV On Sale This sales method is called“bait and switch”.(detail)(detail)(detail)detaildetaildetailTypes Of Paragraph StructuresAt the beginningAt the endIn the middleNo clea
14、r topic sentencefor exampleso,therefore,特别注意：特别注意：文章中的文章中的but,however,as a result,but,however,as a result,thereforetherefore等词。它们通常是引出中心主等词。它们通常是引出中心主旨的方向词。而旨的方向词。而for example,first,or for example,first,or to begin withto begin with等是引出细节的信息词，等是引出细节的信息词，在它们之前往往提到文章的中心主旨。在它们之前往往提到文章的中心主旨。Passage B(NM
15、ET2003)Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力).With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and unconditional love,dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence(自信心),according to Intermountain Therapy Anima
16、ls(ITA)in Salt Lake City.The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children,with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs(READ).The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea.“Literacy specialists admit that children who read be
17、low the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group,often have lower self-respect,and regard reading as a headache,”said Lisa Myron,manager of the childrens department.Last November the two groups started“Dog Day Afternoon”in the childrens department of the main library
18、.About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes,reading for half an hour.Those who attended three of the four classes received a“pawgraphed”book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April,according to Dana Thumpowsky,public re
19、lations manager.Example and success of the programExample and success of the programHow to get the main idea of a passage?Passage B(NMET2003)Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力).With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and unconditional love,dogs
20、can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence(自信心),according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA)in Salt Lake City.The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children,with the introduction of Reading Educa
21、tion Assistance Dogs(READ).The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea.“Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group,often have lower self-respect,and regard reading as a headache,”said Lisa Myron,mana
22、ger of the childrens department.Last November the two groups started“Dog Day Afternoon”in the childrens department of the main library.About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes,reading for half an hour.Those who attended three of the four classes received a“pawgraphed”bo
23、ok at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April,according to Dana Thumpowsky,public relations manager.Example and success of the programExample and success of the program59.What is mainly discussed in the text?A.Childrens reading difficulties.B.Advanta
24、ges of raising dogs.C.Service in a public library.D.A special reading program.d e t a i l sParagraph ideasPassage ideaPassage idea小试身手：6 6 1.Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world.It took them more than two years to do so by ship.2.Magellan was from Portugal,but he sailed for
25、 the King of Spain.On September 20,1519,he left Spain with five ships and 240 men.After passing the tip of South America,they reached the Pacific Ocean,on which they sailed more than one year.Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and
26、 fresh water.Many of them died of hunger and diseases.They even had to live on sawdust.Finally in April 1521,Magellan got to the Philippine Islands,where he was killed.His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean.It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Goo
27、d Hope.By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521,seven out of every eight men had died.3.Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.1.Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world.It took them more than two years t
28、o do so by ship.Magellans voyage was the first trip around the world.2.Magellan was from Portugal,but he sailed for the King of Spain.On September 20,1519,he left Spain with five ships and 240 men.After passing the tip of South America,they reached the Pacific Ocean,on which they sailed more than on
29、e year.Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water.Many of them died of hunger and diseases.They even had to live on sawdust.Finally in April 1521,Magellan got to the Philippine Islands,where he was killed.His men fled and
30、continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean.It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope.By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521,seven out of every eight men had died.1.time2.ships and people3.route4.Sufferingsand difficultiesa.Lack of food and freshwa
31、terb.Hunger and diseases c.DeathsThe process of Magellans long difficult voyage5.success 3.Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.Magellans voyaged proved the earth is round.Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world.It
32、took them more than two years to do so by ship.Magellan was from Portugal,but he sailed for the King of Spain.On September 20,1519,he left Spain with five ships and 240 men.After passing the tip of South America,they reached the Pacific Ocean,on which they sailed more than one year.Very often they c
33、ould not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water.Many of them died of hunger and diseases.They even had to live on sawdust.Finally in April 1521,Magellan got to the Philippine Islands,where he was killed.His men fled and continued their voyage a
34、cross the Indian Ocean.It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Goed Hope.By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521,seven out of every eight men had died.Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.Para 1:Mag
35、ellans voyage was the first trip around the world.Para 2:The process of Magellans long difficult voyagePara 3:Magellans voyage proved the earth is round.Magellans voyage6 6 Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world.It took them more than two years to do so by ship.Magellan was f
36、rom Portugal,but he sailed for the King of Spain.On September 20,1519,he left Spain with five ships and 240 men.After passing the trip of South America,they reached the Pacific Ocean,on which they sailed more than one year.Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered gr
37、eatly from the lack of food and fresh water.Many of them died of hunger and diseases.They even had to live on sawdust.Finally in April 1521,Magellan got to the Philippine Islands,where he was killed.His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean.It was with the greatest difficulty t
38、hat they passed the Cape of Good Hope.By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521,seven out of every eight men had died.Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage
39、?A.Magellans death B.Going Around The World C.The World Is Round D.Magellans Voyage(too narrow)(too narrow)(too broad)(proper)遵循遵循 四字原则四字原则:用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想要注意文章的内涵和外延要注意文章的内涵和外延,把作者的观点准确地把作者的观点准确地表达出来表达出来.要排除掉那些片面的选项要排除掉那些片面的选项,选取包含文章的主要选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项内容及作者观点的选项,范围不宜过大或过小范围不宜过大或
40、过小.所选择的标题要新颖所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力对读者有吸引力,能激发读能激发读者的阅读兴趣者的阅读兴趣.应试技巧应试技巧 1.主题句的特点主题句的特点 主题句所表达的意思具有概括性主题句所表达的意思具有概括性句子结构简单明了句子结构简单明了,作者一般不会作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句章的主题句 文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释句的进一步解释,说明说明,论证或扩展论证或扩展.一一.文首找主题句文首找主题句,提炼文章标题提炼文章标题 新闻报道新闻报道,说明文说明文,议论文议论文二二:文尾找主题
41、句文尾找主题句,提炼标题或归纳大意提炼标题或归纳大意.议论文议论文 总总-分分-总总三三:首尾呼应展现主题句首尾呼应展现主题句,瞻前顾后归纳大意瞻前顾后归纳大意.四四:整合每一段的主题句整合每一段的主题句,归纳大意归纳大意五五:从段落中从段落中归纳要点归纳要点抓大意抓大意.有些文章或段落无明显的主题句有些文章或段落无明显的主题句,只是暗示性地体现主只是暗示性地体现主题题.这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实事实或提供的或提供的线索线索来概括总结主旨大意来概括总结主旨大意2.2.主题句的位置主题句的位置 3.选项分析选项分析正确选项的特点正确选项的
42、特点 含有抽象名词和概括性词语含有抽象名词和概括性词语.四个选项中四个选项中,含有含有approach,concept,chance,opportunity,various,both,general,many,difficult,way,necessity,necessary,importance 等词的等词的选项一般是正确选项选项一般是正确选项.四个选项中四个选项中,内容相近或完全相反的两个选项内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项中往往有一个是正确选项 那些概括全文那些概括全文,内容全面内容全面,含义深刻含义深刻,说明道理说明道理的选项一般是答案项的选项一般是答案项,而选项内容
43、片面而选项内容片面,单一的单一的内容一般是错误选项内容一般是错误选项.错误选项的特点错误选项的特点 以偏概全以偏概全.只是局部信息只是局部信息,或是一句没或是一句没有展开论述的话有展开论述的话.过于笼统过于笼统.即归纳的主题太泛即归纳的主题太泛,与细节与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.把观点强加与作者把观点强加与作者.读者往往根据自己读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解的见解.无关信息无关信息,既在文章中没有提到或找不既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息到语言依据的信息 从前面所述可知，查找主旨、标题时，我
44、们要从前面所述可知，查找主旨、标题时，我们要学习识别文章中最基本学习识别文章中最基本,最具有概括力的信息。这种信息应能归最具有概括力的信息。这种信息应能归纳和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性。纳和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性。例例1 1：Choose the most general word.Choose the most general word.A)chemist B)physicist C)scientist D)A)chemist B)physicist C)scientist D)biologist biologist 该问题要求找出最有概括力的词。该问题要求找出最有概括力的词。C s
45、cientist C scientist 符合题意符合题意,因为它因为它包括了包括了 chemist,physicist chemist,physicist和和biologist,biologist,而而A,BA,B和和D D 都指某一具都指某一具体学科的科学家体学科的科学家,不能概括其他词。因此不能概括其他词。因此,scientist,scientist 最具有概括最具有概括性性。例例2 2：Choose the most general sentence.Choose the most general sentence.A)The hotel offers complimentary co
46、ffee from 7 to 10 A)The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m.daily.a.m.daily.B)There are many reasons why guests feel at home at B)There are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Glorietta Bay Inn.the Glorietta Bay Inn.C)The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board.C)The c
47、oin-operated laundry room has an ironing board.D)There are a number of extra services at the D)There are a number of extra services at the Glorietta Bay Inn including baby-sitting.Glorietta Bay Inn including baby-sitting.A,C,DA,C,D都是从不同的侧面说明旅馆的服务情况都是从不同的侧面说明旅馆的服务情况,相相互间并无联系。而互间并无联系。而B B却概括了却概括了A,C,D
48、A,C,D共性的东西共性的东西,即：为即：为什么旅客在这家旅馆里有宾至如归的感觉。因此什么旅客在这家旅馆里有宾至如归的感觉。因此,B,B符合符合题意。倘若在一段文章里包含了以上题意。倘若在一段文章里包含了以上A,B,C,D A,B,C,D 几条信几条信息息,那么那么 B B 就是本段的中心思想。同样就是本段的中心思想。同样,如果在一段文如果在一段文章中章中,作者分几段来叙述几方面的内容作者分几段来叙述几方面的内容,那这些段落所要那这些段落所要说明的问题就是本文的中心思想。说明的问题就是本文的中心思想。例例3 3：Read the following and choose the title t
49、hat best expresses the ideas of the passage.There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices.It is called the law of supply and demand.Supply means the amount of,or access to,certain goods.Demand represents the number of people who want those goods.If there are more goods than wanted,th
50、e price of them falls.On the other hand,if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply,then price rises.Of course manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices.A)Economic Principles B)Law of Supply and Demand C)More Goods,Lower Prices D)Fewer Goods,Higher Prices“阅读理解阅读理解
