1、LexicologyTypes of Semantic ChangeTypes of Semantic Change(词义的变化方式)1：GeneralizationGeneralization(词义的扩展词义的扩展)又称又称：extension extension Meaning:Meaning:The word“generalization”is a term of Latin The word“generalization”is a term of Latin origin referring to the stretching of meaning.origin referring t
2、o the stretching of meaning.“picture”picture”原义词原义词:only a painted.only a painted.扩展后的意义扩展后的意义:a drawing,a photograph and so on.a drawing,a photograph and so on.“thing”“thing”原义词原义词:a political or judicial assembly.a political or judicial assembly.(治会议或审判大会治会议或审判大会)扩展后的意义扩展后的意义:as a ting an eventual
3、ly this as a ting an eventually this meaning of“matter”.meaning of“matter”.原义原义 扩展后的意义扩展后的意义 1:bribery1:bribery 给乞丐的残羹剩饭给乞丐的残羹剩饭 行贿；受贿行贿；受贿2:economy2:economy 家庭料理家庭料理 经济经济3:influence3:influence 古代星占学家用来指一种从古代星占学家用来指一种从 影响影响强大物质星际降入人间强大物质星际降入人间 4:holidays4:holidays 专指圣诞节、复活节等节日专指圣诞节、复活节等节日 任何假日任何假日5:
4、sanctuary5:sanctuary 圣所、圣殿圣所、圣殿 避难所、庇护所避难所、庇护所 2 2:SpecializationSpecialization(词义的缩小词义的缩小)Meaning:Meaning:“SpecializationSpecialization”is also a term of Latin is also a term of Latin origin referring of meaning.origin referring of meaning.“deer”“deer”原义原义:animal animal 缩小后的意义缩小后的意义:deerdeer“artill
5、ery”“artillery”原义原义:munitions of war munitions of war 缩小后的意义缩小后的意义:mounted guns mounted guns (军需品军需品)(安装枪安装枪)原义原义 缩小后的意义缩小后的意义 1:hangar1:hangar 棚棚 飞机棚、飞机库飞机棚、飞机库 2:garage 2:garage 安全地方安全地方 汽车间汽车间3:stink 3:stink 任何一种气味任何一种气味 臭气臭气4:poison 4:poison 饮料饮料 毒药毒药 5:hospital5:hospital 供游者休息娱乐的场所供游者休息娱乐的场所 医院
6、医院 Elevation of meaning Definition:Elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to position of importance Change:from negative to positive from derogatory to appreciative from neutral to appreciative from unimportant to important Elevation of meaningExamplesOriginally Me
7、aning after elevation MarshallHorse servant Minister Craftsman a person good at cheating a worker in a skilled trade shrewd wicked;maliciouskeen-witted;Clever or sharp Change:from positive to negative from appreciative to pejorative from neutral to negative from important to unimportantDegeneration
8、of meaning Definition:It is a process by which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come be used in derogatory sense Degeneration of meaningExamplesOriginally Meaning after degeneration Villain A farm labor Scoundrel Boor A farmer A rough,ill-mannered person Knave Boy
9、 Dishonest person The use of the abstract for the concrete or vice versa.The specific meaning The abstract meaningE.g.“Threat”means“army”at first.Later extended to threat.The abstract meaning The specific meaningE.g.“Proposition”means“suggested”or“offer”.But this word can also be used to refer to pe
10、ople.It means“Difficult to deal with”.Common words from proper names.A lot of common nouns are evolved from proper nouns.E.g.“Don Juan”is a Spanish aristocracy.Now we called the person“a Don Juan”,it means“a philanderer”.This process is also called“antonomasia”.The place proper nouns (It from the fe
11、atures of local naming)E.g.“copper”from the Cyprus“.Because the area is famous for its copper production.The names of proper nounsE.g.“shrapnel”was invented by a British general shrapnel.1.It usually comes from the name of the inventor.2.Someone for the first or find an event to fame,after into a co
12、mmon noun.E.g.“sandwich”was derived from a count.In order to save the time of gambling,he used a piece of meat to eat bread clip.3.A famous figure in the novel,as a result of the obvious characteristics of the person referred to the general.E.g.We use Tartuffe to say“hypocritical people”.It is from
13、the playwright molieres comedy character the same name.The title of proper nouns or movie nameE.g.“radical chic”is the title of Tom Wolfes works.Now we also used to refer to associate with radical fashionTransference of meaning The process by which the difference has occurred in the development of a
14、 language is called transference of meaning objective meaning(1)Subjective meaning.1e.g “Shame kept him silent”“shameful treatment”(3)Objective meaning(2)Subjective and objective two kinds of meaning.e.g Knowledge,theory,feelingA profound professor2Objective meaningSubjective meaninge.g “feeling sorrows”“sorrows that are deeply felt”(2)Subjective and objective two kinds of meaning.Objective meaninge.g “hateful”former meant“full of hate”as well as “odious”latter meant “odious”Thank you谢谢观看！2020
