1、Unit 7 TIME AND ACTIONComprehensionQuestions1.check all the berbs in the passage bove.How many tenses did the author use?Verbs:is was had made looked picked cleaned polished used ate became foundcould help began2.What were trhe two main threats that the Stone Age cavemen faced?The severe cold weathe
2、r and the animals attack.Grammar一、定义一、定义在英语中，不同时间发生的动作要用不同的动词形式来表示，这每一种不同的形式就叫做时态。二、时态的种类（44）一般时态-强调动作本身。具有叙述性质。进行时态-强调动作的过程。具有描绘性、生动性完成时态-强调动作的结果。具有逻辑推导 性。完成进行时态-强调动作的连贯不断和结果。具有原因和过程的描述性。状态状态 基本结构基本结构 时间时间 一一般般进进行行完完成成完成完成进行进行现在现在过去过去将来将来过去将来过去将来一般现在时一般现在时现在进行时现在进行时现在完成现在完成 时时现在完成进现在完成进行时行时一般过去时一般过
3、去时一般将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时过去进行时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成过去完成进行时进行时将来进行时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成时将来完成将来完成 进进行时行时过去将来过去将来进行时进行时过去将来完成过去将来完成 时时过去将来过去将来完成进行完成进行时时 状态状态 基本结构基本结构 V时间时间 一一般般进进行行完完成成完成完成进行进行be+V-ing现在现在过去过去将来将来过去将来过去将来have+P.Phave been+V-ingV/V3V-ed+will+wouldworkworksam workingis workingare workinghave worked
4、has workedhave been working has been workingworkedwas workingwere workinghad workedhad beenworkingwill workshall workwill be workingshall be working will have workedshall have worked will have been working shall have been workingwould workshould workwould be workingshould beworkingwould have been wo
5、rking should have been workingwould have workedshould have worked三、常见英语9种时态 现在完成进行现在完成进行时时状态状态 基本结构基本结构 时间时间 一一般般进进行行完完成成完成完成进行进行现在现在过去过去将来将来过去将来过去将来一般现在时一般现在时现在进行时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成时一般过去时一般过去时一般将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时过去进行时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时A、一般现在时1.构成形式（1）肯定式：1）S+be(am/is/are）+表语（状态/处所/年龄/职业等）2)S(I/We/You/They
6、/Sbs)+v.3)单数第三人称构成形式：He/She/It)+Vs/Ves.（2)否定和疑问式：1)S+be(am/is/are)+not.is not=isnt are not=arent Am/Is/Are+S+表语？2)S(I/We/You/They/Sbs)+dont+V.Do+S+V?dont=do not 3)S(He/She/It/Sb)+doesnt?Does+S+v?doesnt=does not2.用法表示目前或现在存在的状态或特征.表示客观存在及普遍真理。表示现在经常和习惯性发生的动作，常与 sometimes,often,usually,always,every等时间
7、装于连用。在时间状语从句中表示将来发生的动作，主将从现。表示按时间或计划将要发生的动作，长与时间状语连用，常用动词为：come,begin,go,leave,arrive,stop,start,return,open,close etc etc.3.ExamplesHe looks tired.The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west.Practice makes perfect.They usually come to school earlier.When he comes,well go out to meet him.The
8、 train leaves at 17:40.B、一般过去时1.构成形式:)肯定形式：was/were+表语 Ved+.)否定形式：was/were not+表语 didnt+V.wasnt=was not werent=were not didnt=did not)疑问形式：Was/were+S+表语?Did+S+V?2.用法表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。表示过去某一段时间内经常或习惯性发生的动作。在状语从句中表示过去将来发生的动作。表示过去发生的一连串动作，最后两动词之间用and连接。since 从句常用过去时。注：表示过去习惯性动作时，可以用used to或would，但use
9、d to侧重于过去与现在的比较，指现在已不那样了；would注重过去习惯性发生的动作。3.examplesHe was in Beijing some years ago.She traveled in Europe last year.When I was at collage,I wrote home once a week.He said he would go for a holiday when he finished his work.He wet to town,bought some books and visited his daughter last Sunday.You
10、havent changed much since we last met.She used to take her dog out for a walk along the river.At night she would hear a long low voice.C、一般将来时1、构成形式：（1）肯定式(I/We)shall+V.S+will+V.(2)否定式S+(I/We)shant+V.shant=shall notS+wont+V.wont=will not（3）疑问式Shall+S(I/we)+V?Will+S+V?2.用法表示将来某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态（为模糊概念）。w
11、ill带有意愿色彩意味，在第二人称时，用来询问对方是否愿意或客气的命令。shall用于第一、三人称时，用来征求对方意见或表示建议，相当于Lets?3.ExamplesIll go to see a film tomorrow.Will/Would you please bring my book next time?Shall we go and see Miss Wang?=Lets go and see miss Wang,shall we?4.表示将来的其它形式Be going to do sth 表示计划、打算、准备做某事。Be to do sth 表示拟定或计划中要发生的动作或按之则
12、必须做的事情。Be about to do sth 常when从句于连用，表示将要做某事时，正在这时。Be on the way to do sth 表示即将发生的动作。一般现在时有时也可以表示将来的动作（1、在状语从句中。2、按计划或安排要发生的动作）。现在进行时也可以表示安排、计划好要发生的动作，常用的动词有come,go,leave,start begin,arrive,return等。5.examplesI am going to leave for Japan next year.The meeting is to be held at 9:00 next morning.You a
13、re to hand in your homework this afternoon.She is about to go bed when the telephone rings.He is leaving for Beijing soon.The train starts at 8:00 next morning.When he comes,well go out to meet him.D、过去将来时1.形式S+would/should+V.Was/were going to do sth.Was/were to do sth.Was/were about to do sth.2.用法表
14、示过去某一时间看将要发生的动作：常用在宾语从句中，表示从句动作发生在主句谓语动词之后。would为情态动词时，可表示过去的习惯；现在客气的请求和愿望。He said that he would go back to his hometown the next week.The old man would sit in the cocking chair.I would like to a cup of tea.E、现在进行时1、S+be(am/is/are)+Ving 2、用法：表示此时此刻或现在正在进行的动作。某些动词的进行时可以表示将来发生的动作。同always,often等连用是表示赞扬
15、、厌烦。在状语从句中表示将来发生的动作。He is writing a letter nowIm hoping to hear from you.The boy is always talking in the class.When you are crossing the street,be careful.3.下列几类动词不用进行时时态感知或感觉的动词：hear,see,seem,smell,sound,look,feel等。表示心理或情感的动词：like,love,hate,prefer,wish等。表示状态存在的动词：be,exist,remain,stay,等。表示占有或存属关系动词
16、：have,own,belong,contain等。表示思考、理解等心理活动的动词：believe,doubt,forget,know,remember,understand等。F、过去进行时表示过去某一时间或某一段时间内正在S+was/were+Ving.进行的动作。描述故事发生的背景。come,go,leave等动词的过去进行时表示过去将来。I was doing my homework this time last night.The wind was blowing and it was raining.He said that the train was leaving the st
17、ation.G、现在完成时S+has/have+pp.表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果，常于already,ever,never,just,yet,still等词连用。表示过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态（常与延续性动词连用）。且常与for和since等表示一段时间的状语连用。即：for+一段时间或since+过去时间或从句。在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来。注：常与so far,in the past/lastyear,week,day,month等连用。常在It/This/That is+序数词time that 从句应用。不与when从句或过去时间状语连用。S has/
18、have been+地点/here/there，表示到过或去过某处（有过尽历）。S has/have gone+地点here/there,表示去了某处（即不在这里、已离开）。examplesHe hasnt yet turned off the light.She has ever read this book.Ill returned the book to you as soon as I have finished it.He has lived here since last summer.We have been here for 3 years.He has worked in t
19、he factory since last year/he came here.China has changed greatly in the past ten years.This is the first time that they have come here.He has been to Australia.He has gone to Australia.终止性动词和持续性动词延续性动词 延续性动词表示的动作不但可以延续，而且可以产生持久的影响。常见的这类动词有：be，have，keep，know，learn，lie，live，read，sing，sleep，stand，stay
20、，wait，walk，watch等。延续性动词的用法很广，但常见于现在完成时中的句子中，且常与for，how，long，since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。例如：1I have learned more than 1，000 Chinese words since I came to China 自从来到中国，我已经学会了l，000多个汉字。2We have lived in Linqing since we came here自从来到这儿，我们就一直住在临清。3I have kept the picture for about three years这张画我保存了大约三年。终
21、止性动词 终止性动词又称为瞬间动词或非延续性动词，它表示的动作不能延续，也就是说动作一旦发生就立即结束，并产生某种结果。常见的这类动词有：accept，arrive，become，begin，borrow，break，buy，catch，close，come，die，end，fall，finish，get，give，go，join，leave，put，reach，receive，shut，start，stop等。终止性动词用在现在完成时要注意下面三点：1.终止性动词可直接用来表示某一动作的完成。例如：They have reached Shanghai他们已经到达了上海。Has he gone
22、 to London?他已经到伦敦去了吗?2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续，所以，在现在完成时中一般不能和以since，for等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：那老人已经死了一周了。The old man has died for a week(误)他三天前就已经来这儿了。He has come here since three days ago(误)在以上两句中，die和come都是终止性动词，可用于现在完成时，但不能与以 since或for引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。1把终止性动词改为延续性的动词。例如：The old man has been dead for a wee
23、k He has been here since three days ago 2把原句中的一段时间改为表示“过去”的时间，时态由现在完成时改变成一般过去时。例如：The old man died a week ago He came here three days ago 3用“It is+时间+since”句式。例如：It ishas been a week since the old man died It has beenis three days since he came here 4用“多长时间+has passed+since”句式。例如：A week has passed s
24、ince the old men died Three days had passed since he came here examplesexamples1.他来北京五天了。He has been in Beijing for 5 days.He has come to Beijing for 5 days.()2.小明入团三年了。Xiao Ming has been in the League for 3 years.Xiao Ming has been a League member for 3 yearsXiao Ming has joined the League for thre
25、e years.3.这本书他买了一年了He has had this book for a year.He has bought this book for a year.4.这本书他借了三天了。He has kept the book for 3 days.He has borrowed the pen for three days.5.我们离开广州六年了。We have been away from Guangzhou for 6 years.We have left Guangzhou for 6 years.H、过去完成时 had+pp.用法：、表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动
26、作或存在的状态（过去的过去）。2、表示过去某一时间开始延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态（用延续性动词）。、表示过去未曾实现的愿望或打算。、常连用的时间状语有by the last/by the end of last、常用于下列句型中：Hardly/No sooner(过去完成时)when/than（一般过去时）。It/This/That was the time that(从句用过去完成时)。It was+一段时间+since(从句用过去完成时)。examplesBy the end of last team we had learnt 20 units.He had been in this
27、 collage for three years before he left it.They had meant to see me off at the airport,but they got there too late.I had thought you would come tomorrow.It was the third time that he had made the same mistakes.It was five days since they had bought this TV set.I、现在完成进行时 S+has/have+been+Ving.表示经过去某一时间发生一直持续到现在的动作（动作未完成），动词必须用延续性动词。He has been working here for three years.I have written a letter.（已完成）I have been writing a letter.（未完成）
