1、英语国家社会与文化入门英语国家社会与文化入门(上册）上册）The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking CountriesAn Introduction(Book One)IrelandUnit 14 Irish Culture:Language,Literature and Arts Quiz Give the English and a brief explanation for the following:1.爱尔兰英语2.盖尔语3.大河舞4.爱尔兰式曲棍球5.英雄传奇/萨迦6.诺贝尔文学奖获得者Focal Points the Ir
2、ish language and colonial policy Hiberno-English the Irish oral tradition folk heritage Riverdance Irish literature Nobel Prize winners for literature James Joyce popular sports science and technology in Ireland Irish identity in the worldThis Unit Is Divided into Three SectionsI.The Irish Language
3、and Oral CultureII.The Irish LiteratureIII.Arts,Sports and ScienceI.The Irish Language and Oral Culture Traditionally,the Irish people spoke their own language,called Irish or Gaelic.Gaelic is a very ancient language with a rich oral culture.English became the dominant language during the British co
4、lonization.It has evolved into Hiberno-English,a version of standard English spoken universally in Ireland today.A self-conscious attempt has been made to revive the use of the Irish language in the Republic of Ireland.Irish is the national language according to the Constitution,but English is the d
5、ominant language.In the 2006 census,39%of the population regarded themselves as competent in Irish.The percentages of people who said they spoke Irish daily outside the education system in the 2011 censusOral tradition and oral lore is cultural material and tradition transmitted orally from one gene
6、ration to another.The messages or testimony are verbally transmitted in speech or song and may take the form of folktales,sayings,ballads,songs,or chants.Oral culture in the form of story-tellingAs head of the Irish government(1932-59),amon de Valera was a strong advocate of the Irish language.amon
7、de Valera (1882 1975)was one of the dominant political figures in twentieth-century Ireland.His political career spanned over half a century,from 1917 to 1973;he served multiple terms as head of government and head of state.He also led the introduction of the Constitution of Ireland.As part of the m
8、ove for Irish independence in the late 19th century,a self-conscious attempt was made to revive the use of the Irish language among the middle and professional classes.Signs in Irish in Dungloe,County DonegalUnder Eamon De Valeras government(1932-1959),the school system was made to teach the Irish l
9、anguage to all Irish children from the age of four until they left school at fifteen.Traffic sign,meaning Give Way or Yield,in County WaterfordTG4 is a public service broadcaster for Irish-language speakers.The channel launched on 31 October 1996.It is available to 98%of homes in Ireland,with 800,00
10、0 viewers tuning to the channel each day to view a broad programming policy.It has been reported to have a share of 3%of the national television market.RT Raidi na Gaeltachta(RnaG)is the Irish-language radio service of the public-service broadcaster Raidi Teilifs ireann.The station is available on F
11、M in Ireland and via satellite and on the Internet.The station is available on FM in Ireland and via satellite and on the Internet.It celebrated its 40th anniversiry on air on 2 April 2012.The government makes it mandatory to have a competent level of Irish in order to enter the universities of Irel
12、and or the civil service or the diplomatic corpse or teaching profession.A sign for the Department of Culture,Arts and Leisure in Northern Ireland,in English,Irish,and Ulster Scots.II.The Irish Literature As a“talk”culture,Ireland has a reputation for being a culture that has produced many writers.T
13、he first Irish saga The Tain was transmitted orally for centuries before it was written down.Other forms of oral recitation include local myths and legends,folk poetry,anecdotes and jokes.Folk songs and folk tales have been collected intensively over the last 70 years.Ireland is the origin of four w
14、inners of the Nobel Prize for Literature:Yeats,Heaney,Shaw,and Beckett Other influential writers include Swift,Sterne,Sheridan,and Joyce.Irish has one of the oldest vernacular literatures in western Europe(after Greek and Latin).Irish writing of the 8th centuryTin B Cailnge,commonly known as The Cat
15、tle Raid of Cooley or The Tin,is a legendary tale from early Irish literature,often considered an epic,although it is written primarily in prose rather than verse.Traditionally set in the 1st century AD in an essentially pre-Christian heroic age,the Tin is the central text of a group of tales known
16、as the Ulster Cycle.In Modern times alone,the Ireland has the origin of four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature:George Bernard Shaw,W.B.Yeats,Samuel Beckett,and Seamus Heaney.Notable Irish writers:clockwise from top left:Jonathan Swift;W.B.Yeats;Oscar Wilde;James Joyce;Colm Toibn;Seamus Heane
17、y;Samuel Beckett;G.B.Shaw.George Bernard Shaw(1856 1950)was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics.He wrote more than 60 plays.He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925.Nearly all his writings address prevailing social problems with a vein of comedy which makes th
18、eir stark themes more palatable.Issues which engaged Shaws attention included education,marriage,religion,government,health care,and class privilege.Pictures:Shaw and his famous play Pygmalion(1938 film still)William Butler Yeats (1865 1939)was an Irish poet and one of the foremost figures of 20th c
19、entury literature.Yeats was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival.Yeats and his poem collection The Winding Stair(1933).He won the Nobel Prize for literature in.Samuel Barclay Beckett(1906 1989)was an Irish avant-garde novelist,playwright,theatre director,and poet.His work offers a bleak
20、,tragicomic outlook on human nature,often coupled with black comedy.He won the Nobel Prize of Literature in1969.Considered one of the last modernists and an inspiration to many later writers,Beckett is one of the first postmodernists and one of the key writers in the Theatre of the Absurd.Seamus Jus
21、tin Heaney(1939 2013)was an Irish poet,playwright,translator and lecturer,and the recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature.Heaney and his second poem collection Door into the Dark(1969)James Joyce(1882 1941)was an Irish novelist and poet,considered to be one of the most influential writers in
22、 the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century.Joyce and his DublinersIII.Arts,Sports and ScienceIreland is a traditional culture,and virtually every art form in Ireland derives from its rich folk heritage.Like literature,music has its roots in ancient Irish culture.Perhaps,the oldest form of
23、music is that embodied by the sean nos or“old style”of singing.Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture;in former centuries every village would have a dancing-master and some villages still boast figures of dance that are named after them.The game that is most natively Irish is called hurling.
24、It has a reputation of being one of the oldest field sports in the world.Other sports were introduced into Ireland in the colonial period and are also very popular.As the historical record shows,Ireland has a rich tradition of scientific enquiry and technological invention.In spite of emigration and
25、 a well-developed connection to music influences from Britain and the USA,Irish music has kept many of its traditional aspects and has itself influenced many forms of music,such as country and roots music in the USA.The indigenous music of the island is termed Irish traditional music.It has remained
26、 vibrant through the 20th,and into the 21st century,despite globalising cultural forces.(Right:a 16th-century Irish Warpipe player)Irish traditional music includes many kinds of songs,including drinking songs,ballads and laments,sung unaccompanied or with accompaniment by a variety of instruments.En
27、ya fused traditional Irish elements with New Age to create a unique sound which has made her Irelands second biggest-selling act of all time.In the 19th century folk instruments would have included the flute,the fiddle and the uilleann pipes.A fiddler fiddling on the streetIn the Republic of Ireland
28、,the harp is a national symbol,appearing on the coins and coat of arms.A modern“Celtic harp”Enya(born 1961)gained wider recognition for her music in the 1987 BBC series The Celts.Shortly afterwards,her 1988 album Watermark propelled her to further international fame and she became known for her dist
29、inctive sound.Enya fused traditional Irish elements with New Age to create a unique sound which has made her Irelands second biggest-selling act of all time.Irish step dancing,popularized in 1994 by the world-famous show Riverdance is notable for its rapid leg and foot movements,body and arms being
30、kept largely stationary.Step dancingGaelic football(rugby)is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance.In 2003 it accounted for 34%of total sports attendances at events in Ireland,followed by hurling at 23%,soccer at 16%and rugby at 8%.Gaelic football(left);Hurling(right)Robert
31、Boyle(1627 1691)was an Irish natural philosopher,chemist,physicist,and inventor.Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist,and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry.Regarded as“the father of modern chemistry,”he is best known for Boyles law,which describes the inversely
32、proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas,if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system.Emigration history and accession to EU transformed Ireland from a locally-oriented society to a globally-oriented one.Left:In 1973 Ireland joined the EEC.The country
33、 signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007;Right:Irelands position in Europe (green&dark grey)and in the European Union (green)Questions for DiscussionA.Why do the Irish people speak two languages?B.What do you think of the Irish governments policy of encouraging the use of Irish?C.Why has Ireland produced so many world famous writers?D.What are the major Irish musical instruments?E.What are the most popular sports in Ireland?F.Why are the Irish becoming more globally-oriented?
