1、 Unit 9 Teaching Listeningn gather knowledge and information n follow directions n participate in discussion n interpret and analyze information n form an opinion or make a judgement appreciate or enjoy n clarify ideas n share ideas,feelings,and information n state the main idea/theme and identify s
2、upporting details n determine what is fact and what is opinion n select descriptive vocabulary 1.Some purposes for listening are to:2.The Challenge of Teaching Listening Skillso successful listening skills are acquired over time and with lots of practice.o there are no rules as in grammar teaching.o
3、 The key is to convince them that not understanding is OK.3.What is Listening?o 1)Listening is interactive.o watching a comedy,we laugh;o listening to a lecture,we process and evaluate the information it contains;o engaging in conversation,we reply.o 2)The most effective listening is active.o 3)List
4、ening is closely related to the other skills,particularly speaking.o 4)Listening involves a purpose.3.The Nature of the Listening Process and the Listening Classotop-down and bottom-up processing operate simultaneously in the listening process(Anderson&Lynch,1988;)topbottoma.The bottom-up processo l
5、istening is a process of decoding the sounds that one hears in a linear fashion,from the smallest meaningful units to complete textso phonemic units are decoded and linked together to form words,words are linked together to form phrases,phrases are linked together to form utterances,and utterances a
6、re linked together to form complete meaningful textsb.The top-down processo the listener actively constructs the original meaning of the speaker using incoming sounds as clues.o the listener uses prior knowledge of the context and situation within which the listening takes place to make sense of wha
7、t he or she hears 4.Listening Strategieso Listening strategies are techniques or activities that contribute directly to the comprehension and recall of listening input.o Top-down strategies are listener based;the listener taps into background knowledge of the topic,the situation or context,the type
8、of text,and the language.o listening for the main idea o predicting o drawing inferences o summarizing o Bottom-up strategies are text based;the listener relies on the language in the message,that is,the combination of sounds,words,and grammar that creates meaning.Bottom-up strategies include o list
9、ening for specific details o recognizing cognates o recognizing word-order patterns Some other listening strategieso Identify the purpose for listening.o Maintain eye contact with the speaker.o Observe and interpret non-verbal clues such as tone of voice,gestures and facial expressions.o Pay attenti
10、on to audio-visual aids such as filmstrips,cassettes,maps and charts.o Focus on key words or phrases.o Tune out other sounds and noise o Relate the information currently being given to what you know from earlier learning.Pre-listening activitiesWhile-listening activitiesAfter-listening activitiesPre
11、-listening:Setting the Stageo To spark interest and motivate students to attend to the spoken message:o To activate or build students prior topical and linguistic knowledge:o To set purposes for listening:While-Listening:Interpreting Speech and Constructing Meaning o To foster students comprehension
12、 of the speakers language and ideas:o To focus students attention on such things as the speakers organizational patterns:o To encourage students critical reactions and personal responses to the speakers ideas and use of language:Post-listening:Responding,Reflecting,and Reconstructing Understandingo
13、To examine relationships between prior knowledge and experience,and new ideas and information gained from the speaker or discussiono To invite and encourage student reflection and response:o To clarify and extend comprehension beyond the literal level to the interpretive and critical levelslistening
14、 ClassPre-listening activityWhile-listening activityPost-listening activityIntroductionTitle guessingQuestionsDiscussionsKey wordsVisual aidsSyntactic problemsDiscourse problemsSocail problemsCultural problemsListening StrategiesWriting or reading activitiesComprehension check-upOral reproductionWritten reproductionOutside listening testing
