1、Chapter ThreeSentence WritingContentsIntroduction:ClassificationCorrect sentencesCoordination and subordinationEffective sentencesSummary Chinglishsimple,compound,complex1.Introduction indicative,interrogative,imperative,exclamativeloose,periodic,parallel structure Function RhetoricLength short,long
2、Classificationv这样，我们保持一个平衡的膳食。（主谓这样，我们保持一个平衡的膳食。（主谓宾宾SVO）v这种平衡的膳食充满能量和纤维。（主系这种平衡的膳食充满能量和纤维。（主系表表 SVC）v只有这样，我们才能保持一个充满能量和只有这样，我们才能保持一个充满能量和纤维的平衡的膳食。（纤维的平衡的膳食。（Only倒装）倒装）vOnly in this way can we keep a balanced diet full of/filled with/with energy and fiber.v应试教育有一个明显的缺点。（主谓宾应试教育有一个明显的缺点。（主谓宾SVO）v它在某种
3、程度上限制了学生的创造性。（主谓宾它在某种程度上限制了学生的创造性。（主谓宾SVO）v应试教育有一个明显的缺点，在某种程度上限制应试教育有一个明显的缺点，在某种程度上限制了学生的创造性。（了学生的创造性。（-ing作伴随状语）作伴随状语）vExamination-oriented education has an obvious/apparent drawback/demerit/shortcoming,limiting/curbing/restricting students creativity.v那位顾客对我说了一个善意的谎言。（主谓双那位顾客对我说了一个善意的谎言。（主谓双宾宾SVO）
4、v他赢回了我对他的信任。（主谓宾他赢回了我对他的信任。（主谓宾SVO）v我给他打了折。（主谓双宾我给他打了折。（主谓双宾SVO）v那位顾客对我说了一个善意的谎言，以致赢回那位顾客对我说了一个善意的谎言，以致赢回了我对他的信任，并且我给他打了折。（了我对他的信任，并且我给他打了折。（suchthat）vThat customer told me such a white lie that he won back my trust to him and I gave him a discount.v1.通过我们共同的努力，我们增强了彼此之通过我们共同的努力，我们增强了彼此之间的合作。（主谓宾间的合
5、作。（主谓宾SVO）v2.我们从合作中受益良多。（主谓）我们从合作中受益良多。（主谓）v3.通过我们共同的努力，我们不但增强了彼通过我们共同的努力，我们不但增强了彼此之间的合作，而且我们从合作中受益良多此之间的合作，而且我们从合作中受益良多。(with)vWith our concerted/combined effort,we enhanced our cooperation as well as benefited a lot from it.v在那个城镇里，曾经有一位农民。（在那个城镇里，曾经有一位农民。（There be）v他通过向餐馆提供生鲜蔬菜和烹饪原料而他通过向餐馆提供生鲜蔬菜和
6、烹饪原料而谋生。（主谓宾谋生。（主谓宾SVO）v在那个城镇里，曾经有一位通过向餐馆提在那个城镇里，曾经有一位通过向餐馆提供生鲜蔬菜和烹饪原料而谋生的农民。（供生鲜蔬菜和烹饪原料而谋生的农民。（There be+定从）定从）vThere was a farmer in that town who made a living by providing fresh vegetables and ingredients for local restaurants.vI saw a beggar on campus this morning.v(a loose sentence)vThis mornin
7、g on campus I saw a beggar.v(a periodic sentence)vHe continued working in the classroom because he hadnt finished his assignment.v(?)v(?)vA parallel sentence vA parallel sentence is a sentence which balances connected parts by using the same form for ideas joined equally.vIt can be employed by autho
8、rs to express paired items,to list items in a series,to bring up emphasis,or to make a transition.vRead the following examples of parallelism:v1.Our locker room is small,chilly,and dirty.v(Parallel adjectives)v2.I enjoy playing basketball,football,and hockey.v(Parallel nouns)v3.Our dog ran across th
9、e lawn and under the hedge.v(Parallel phrases)v4.We requested that he sing our favorite songs and that he allow us to record them.v(Parallel clauses)vReading makes a full man;vconference a ready man;vwriting an exact man.v-Francis BaconvSome books are to be tasted;vothers to be swallowed;vsome few t
10、o be chewed and digested.vFrancis Bacon2.Correct sentencesstructurally completebeginning with a capital letterending with a full stop,a question mark,or an exclamation markexpressing a single complete ideav The requirements of correct sentences:2.How to Be Correct sentencesv1.Completeness in structu
11、re(p44)v2.The right subject(p45)v3.Agreement between the subject and the predicate verb(p46)v4.Agreement between pronoun and antecedent(p49)v5.Clear pronoun reference(p50)v6.Ending sentences with full stops(p52)v7.Joining clauses with conjunctions(p53)v8.A main clause in a complex sentence(p54)v9.Pr
12、oper use of comparison(p55)v10.Correct use of the tenses(p56)3.Coordination&subordinationAlthough/,though/,because/Since/who/that/asDefinitionsand/,but/,yet/;neither/;however/,for/,so/nor/orCoordinationSubordination The rich man went to church every Sunday.He never donated a cent for the benefit of
13、his neighborhood.The choice of coordination or subordination is mainly decided by the relationship between the ideas to be expressed.4.Effective sentencesUnifiedCoherent Concise Clear and correct arrangement of the parts of a sentence One main idea complete in a sentence Brief and clearIdentityAn ef
14、fective sentence should beEmphatic Coherent Various Unity Key pointsChange for varietyWordy or concise?v清明时节雨，行人欲断魂。酒家何处有？遥指杏花村。v 清明时节雨，纷纷路上行人。欲断魂！借问酒家何处？有牧童，遥指杏花村。清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。借问酒家何处有？牧童遥指杏花村。Omit needless wordsvVigorous writing is concise.vA sentence should contain no unnecessary words;a paragr
15、aph no unnecessary sentences,for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts.vThis requires not that the writer make all sentences short,or avoid all detail and treat subjects only in outline,but that every word tell.vMany expressions in common
16、use violate this principle.vthe question as to whethervthere is no doubt but thatvused for fuel purposesvhe is a man whovin a hasty mannervthis is a subject thatvHer story is a strange one.vthe reason why is thatvwhether(the question whether)vno doubt(doubtless)vused for fuelvhevhastilyvthis subject
17、vHer story is strange.vbecause“The fact that”is an especially debilitating expression.It should be revised out of every sentence in which it occurs.vowing to the fact thatvin spite of the fact thatvcall your attention to the fact thatvI was unaware of the fact thatvthe fact that he had not succeeded
18、vthe fact that I had arrivedvsince(because)vthough(although)vremind you(notify you)vI was unaware that(did not know)vhis failurevmy arrivalvThe active voice is more concise than the passive,and a positive statement more concise than a negative one.vA common way to fall into wordiness is to present a
19、 single complex idea,step by step,in a series of sentences that might to advantage(用某种方法使优点突出)be combined into one.vMacbeth was very ambitious.This led him to wish to become king of Scotland.The witches told him that this wish of his would come true.The king of Scotland at this time was Duncan.Encou
20、raged by his wife,Macbeth murdered Duncan.He was thus enabled to succeed Duncan as king.(51 words)vEncouraged by his wife,Macbeth achieved his ambition and realized the prediction of the witches by murdering Duncan and becoming king of Scotland in his place.(26 words)3.Effective sentencesRealityConc
21、isenessUnity CoherenceEmphasis Variety 5.SummaryvA run-on sentence vA run-on sentence is one which incorrectly runs together two independent clauses without a conjunction or punctuation.vE.g.,v*The exam was postponed the class was canceled as well.v*The exam was postponed,the class was canceled as w
22、ell.v The exam was postponed.The class was canceled as well.v The exam was postponed,and the class was canceled as well.v The exam was postponed;the class was canceled as well.vPenelope,in Homer,is the loyal wife of Odysseus,who declines numerous suitors when her husband is on the anabasis for twent
23、y years.However,in Ulysses,we can sink into Mollys mind and find out what Molly is like by reading the run-on sentence as“Stream of Consciousness”v(Molly Bloom)“yes when I put the rose in my hair like the Andalusian girls used or shall I wear a red yes and how he kissed me under the Moorish wall and
24、 I thought well as well him as another and then I asked him with my eyes to ask again yes and then he asked me would I yes to say yes my mountain flower and first I put my arms around him yes and drew him down to me so he could feel my breasts all perfume yes and his heart was going like mad and yes
25、 I said yes I will Yes.”v(Chapter 18“Penelope”James Joyce)vFragmentary sentencesv*Buy Dazzle toothpaste.Today.Because it gives you a superstar smile.vDependent-word fragmentsv*After I arrived in Chicago by bus.I checked into a room.v-ing and to fragmentsvAt the age of ten I had to recite a poem in c
26、hurch.I was afraid of the adults in the audience.Knowing they would pity me if I forgot my lines.I was also worried that the kids would giggle at me.To make me laugh if possible.vAdded-detail fragmentsvI am the only woman I know who plays all kinds of card games for money.For example,poker,bridge.vM
27、issing-subject fragmentsvWhile sitting in class,she realized she had lost a ring.But happily found it in the womens room after class.vFaulty parallelismv*Her office is small,chilly and with much dirt.vMisplaced modifiersv*He killed the wasp with a newspaper.vDangling modifiersv*To appreciate the Eng
28、lish language,some reading must be done.vSome features of an effective sentence in English are listed in this chapter.ChinglishvMixture of Chinese and EnglishvGrammatically acceptable but not in accord with English linguistic and cultural normsExamplevI write this letter to reflect some problems.vRe
29、flect:(English-English dictionary)vIf something reflects an attitude or situation,it shows that the attitude or situation exists or it shows what it is like.vWhen you reflect on something,you think deeply about it.vYou can use reflect to indicate that a particular thought occurs to someone.vI am wri
30、ting this letter to draw your attention to some problems concerningvA small part of studentsvA small/limited number of studentsvLarge pressurevHigh/considerable/enormous/intolerable pressurevStrike the authors enthusiasmvDampen the authors enthusiasmvHigh heightvA tall person/a heavily built manvOpe
31、n/close you computervSwitch/turn your computer on/off start up/shut down a computerDictionaryvA thesaurus:srsv C a book in which words are put into groups with other words that have similar meaningsvA collocations dictionaryvA native speakers corpus such as BNCvBritish National Corpus，简称BNC）是目前网络可直接
32、使用的最大的语料库之一，也是目前世界上最具代表性的当代英语语料库之一。由英国牛津出版社朗文出版公司牛津大学计算机服务中心兰卡斯特大学英语计算机中心以及大英图书馆等联合开发建立，于1994年完成。英国国家语料库词容量超过一亿，由4124篇代表广泛的现代英式英语文本构成。其中书面语占90%，口语占10%。Chinglishv1.The misuse of words.vA:I forgot my pen in the classroomv I left my pen in the classroom.vB:Alcoholic drinks are harmful to your body.v Al
33、coholic drinks are harmful to your health.vC:The old man made a living by catching fish.v The old man made a living by fishing.v2.The misuse of collocationsvA:Learn knowledgev Acquire,obtain,get knowledgevB:Raise flowers and raise a catv Grow flowers and keep a catvC:Make dinnerv cook or prepare din
34、nervD:The note writesv The note reads.v4.Improper grammarvA:Because it was very late,so they had to go home.vBecause it was very late,they had to go home.vB:Looking from the mountaintop,the city appears very beautiful.vSeen from the mountaintop,the city appears very beautiful.vC:If I have wings,I wi
35、ll fly back to my hometown.vIf I had wings,I would fly back to my hometown.v3.RedundancyvA.We should further improve Sino-US relations.vWe should improve Sino-US relationsvB:Such practices must be firmly banned.vSuch practices must be banned.vC:It is a great event with historical significance.vIt is
36、 a historic event.vD.My mum went to the shops to buy things for me yesterday.vMy mum went to shopping for me yesterday.v5.Cultural DifferencesvA:Dont be as timid as a mouse.v Dont be chicken-hearted.vB:Children should not watch yellow books.v Children should not read porn books.vC:He was caught in t
37、he pouring rain and returned home as wet as a drowned chicken.v He was caught in the pouring rain and returned home as wet as a drowned rat.vD:Have you eaten?Where have you been?v How are you?How are you doing?How are things?B:v6.Differences between Chinese and English modes of thinkingvA:The clock
38、on the wall is not correct.v The clock on the wall does not keep good time.vB:China nowadays has boosted scientific tourism.vChina nowadays has boosted science-themed tourism.vC:Our university library has a lot of books on arts and humanities.vThere are a lot of books on arts and humanities in our u
39、niversity library.vAt the turn of the century,Chinas economy got a substantial development.vThe turn of the century witnessed a substantial development in Chinas economy.vWatching TV can widen our eyesight.vWatching TV can broaden our vision/horizon.vLiving standards for the people in both urban and
40、 rural areas have improved greatly.vLiving standards in both urban and rural areas have improved greatly.vWith the final completion of the project,imports of foreign automobiles have declined sharply.vWith the completion of the project,automobiles imports have declined sharply.vThe government has ta
41、ken a series of measures to further improve regular education and adult education.vThe government has taken measures to improve regular education and adult education.Lets practice学校不仅应该给学生提供学习的乐趣，而且应该培养学生的责任感。（Education）Schools should not only afford students the pleasure of learning but also cultiv
42、ate students sense of responsibility.城市快节奏的生活方式让人们变得更现实而且彼此疏远。（Development）The fast-paced urban lifestyle has made individuals more materialistic and increasingly alienated from each other.v一方面，旅游业可以丰富人们的经历并且开阔人们的眼界。另一方面，它可能会在游客和当地居民之间产生冲突。(Tourism)vOn the one hand,tourism can enrich peoples experie
43、nce and broaden their horizons.On the other hand,it may create some conflicts between tourists and local residents.v政府有责任使用税收来满足公民的需求，比如解决环境问题。（Government）vThe government has an obligation to use the tax revenue to meet citizens needs,such as tackling environmental problems.v英语在全世界的扩散导致很多小语种灭亡。vThe
44、worldwide proliferation of English is leading to the extinction of many lesser-known languages.v我们祖先创造的历史悠久的文化应该被保护。vThe time-honored cultural heritage created by our ancestors should be preserved.v美国文化正在严重侵蚀其他很多国家的文化，这种现象要求其他国家学会如何把这种外来文化和自己的文化有机结合起来。vThe American culture is seriously eroding the c
45、ulture in many other countries,which requires other nations to learn how to synthesise this foreign culture with their own.Exercises vTasksRealityConcisenessUnity CoherenceEmphasis Variety Cv1.break wind v2.drop a rosev3.mak a noise v4.pass air v5.pass wind v6.smell of gunpowder v7.breezerFree-style
46、 writing W-7vAssignment An Embarrassing Experience Scene:Where and when?Who do what for why in how?The story must be complete.Tense:Simple past vReading makes a full man;vconference a ready man;vwriting an exact man.v-Francis BaconvSome books are to be tasted;vothers to be swallowed;vsome few to be
47、chewed and digested.vFrancis BaconAssignment for W-8My Favorite BookvTitle of the bookvWhat is it about?vWhy do you favor it?vBook review:ReflectionvIs it enlightening?vIs it interesting?vIs it informative?vSentences must be complete,clear and concise.asvPrep:vThey were all dressed as clowns.vShe wo
48、rks as a courier.vTreat me as a friend.vShe had been there often as a child.(when she was a child)vAdv.vAsasvHe was as white as a sheet.vAs always,he said little.vThe h in honest is silent,as in hour.asvConj.v1.While sth.else is happeningvHe sat watching her as she got ready.vAs she grew older she g
49、ained in confidence.v2.In the way whichvThey did as I had asked.v3.used to state the reason for sth.As you were out,I left a message.She may need some help as shes new.4.Used to make a comment or to add information about what you have just said.As you know,Julia is leaving soon.5.SYN:though.Try as h
50、e might,he couldnt open the door.Write as you watch1.What are the simple acts of kindness presented in the video clip?va teenager gives his seat to a middle-aged woman burdened with several bags;va man offers to pay for a young mother with a baby in her arms whose credit card is expired;va woman off
