1、Module 2 Ideas and viewpointsUnit 4 Problems and advice句子成分 定义：定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语。足语、同位语。Grammar 一、主语一、主语主语（主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。）：句子说明的人或事物。主语一般位于主语一般位于_。1.Lucy likes her new bike.2.We wo
2、rk hard.3.To learn a foreign language is not easy.4.Playing football after school is great fun.句首句首 1.We love China.2.We have finished reading this book.3.He can speak English.4.She seems tired.二、谓语二、谓语谓语：说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由谓语：说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由_ 充当。动词常分为实义动词，连系充当。动词常分为实义动词，连系动词，情态动词和助动词。动词，情态动词和助动词。动词动词情态
3、动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语，必须和实义动词或系动词一情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语，必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语。起构成谓语。They can speak English well.They are playing over there.1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be一词一词He is a teacher.2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep,remain,stayHe always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默
4、。他开会时总保持沉默。系动词系动词3）表像系动词，用来表示）表像系动词，用来表示看起来像看起来像这一概念，主要这一概念，主要有有seem,appear,look,例如：例如：He looks tired.He seems(to be)very sad.4）感官系动词，主要有）感官系动词，主要有feel,smell,sound,tasteThis flower smells very sweet.5）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,comeHe became mad after that.6）
5、终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn outThe rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。他的计划终于成功了。三、宾语三、宾语宾语：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一宾语：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在般放在_或或_后面。后面。1.We study English.2.Our teacher said that he would go there.3.He is looking at the dog.双宾语：指人
6、的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。双宾语：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。He gave me two books.及物动词及物动词介词介词表语：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句，用表语：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句，用来说明主语的身份，特征，状态。来说明主语的身份，特征，状态。The trees turn green.The flower is beautiful.四、表语四、表语定语：用来修饰定语：用来修饰_。This is a red car.The building is their teaching building.The woman doctor is my wife.I have
7、 something to tell you.The man in front of the gate is Mr.Li.Every student has an English book.五、定语五、定语名词名词状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。六、状语六、状语John often came to chat with me()As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.()She is
8、sitting at the desk,doing her homework.()My father worked in this school ten years ago.()Though he is young,he knows a lot.()He came running.()程度，目的程度，目的地点，伴随地点，伴随地点，时间地点，时间让步让步方式方式原因原因 补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。特征。七、补语七、补语Everyone calls him Jack.（宾补）（宾补）He is called Jack.（主补）（主补）同位语是位于
9、名词或代词后面的个别名词同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明 The Great Wall,one of the wonders in the world,attracts a large number of foreign friends.八、同位语八、同位语9.It is very clear that the elephant is 9.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.round and tall like a tree.（）名词名
10、词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句It作形式主语，作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语从句是真正的主语当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。身无词义。什么情况下用什么情况下用it作形式主语？作形式主语？你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗
11、?你懂得翻你懂得翻译下列句子吗？译下列句子吗？1)It is wrong to tell a lie.()2)It is no use arguing about it.()3)It is uncertain who will come.()说谎是错误的。说谎是错误的。争吵是没用的。争吵是没用的。谁要来还不确定。谁要来还不确定。say.()say.()7.Did you write down what she said?7.Did you write down what she said?()()8.She felt it her duty to take good care 8.She fe
12、lt it her duty to take good care of them.of them.()名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语Chinese so well.()Chinese so well.()名词名词代词代词数词数词从句从句形容词形容词/副词副词介词短语介词短语分词分词T h e m a n u n d e r t h e t r e e i s m y T h e m a n u n d e r t h e t r e e i s m y teacher.()tea
13、cher.()The swimming boy is my brother./The boy The swimming boy is my brother./The boy swimming in the river is my brother.swimming in the river is my brother.()()形容词形容词副词副词代词代词数词数词名词所有格名词所有格名词名词介词短语介词短语现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词不定式不定式动名词动名词从句从句The box is so heavy that I cant lift it.The box is so heavy that
14、I cant lift it.()()副词，程度副词，程度介词短语，地点介词短语，地点分词，伴随分词，伴随不定式，目的不定式，目的形容词，状态形容词，状态让步状语从句让步状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句时间状语从句时间状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句形容词形容词名词名词介词短语介词短语过去分词过去分词现在分词现在分词省略掉省略掉to的不定式的不定式不定式不定式英语句子的种类英语句子的种类简单句简单句 (simple sentence)并列句并列句(compound sentence)复合句复合句(complex sentence)简单句的 五种基本句型 英语五种基本句型
15、列式如下：基本句型一：（主谓）基本句型二：（主系表）基本句型三：（主谓宾）基本句型四：（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五：（主谓宾宾补）基本句型一 主谓（S+V）S+VShe cooks.He is working.What he said does not matter.The pen writes smoothly.SVShecooks.Heis working.What he saiddoes not matter.The pen writes smoothly.基本句型二 主系表 S+V+P He is happy.Every thing looks nice.His face turned
16、red.SVPHeishappy.Everything looksnice.His faceturnedred.基本句型三 主谓宾 S+V+O We study English everyday.They are playing football.He enjoys reading.She said“Good morning.”SVOWeTheyHeShestudyare playingenjoyssaidEnglish everyday.football.reading.“Good morning.”基本句型四 SV（及物）（及物）O（多指人）（多指人）O（多指物）（多指物）I give h
17、im a book.My mother bought me a pen yesterday.I showed him my picture.SV（及物）（及物）OOIgivehima book.My mother boughtmea pen.Ishowedhimmy picture.基本句型五 S+V（及物）（及物）+O(宾语宾语)+C（宾补）（宾补）We must keep the door open.The news makes me happy.We call him Jim.He told me to wash the plates.I saw a thief going into your room.SV（及物）（及物）O(宾语宾语)C（宾补）（宾补）Wemust keepthe dooropen.The newsmakesmehappy.WecallhimJim.Hetoldme to wash the plates.Isawa thiefgoing into your room.Thank you!
