1、oreurriculum写写 作作13 3UNITSentence elements句子成分句子成分 adverbial 状语状语 attributive 定语定语 complement 补语补语 Key Termsobject 宾语宾语 predicate 谓语谓语 predicative 表语表语 subject 主语主语Types of sentences句子类型句子类型 complex sentence 复合句复合句 compound-complex sentence 并列复合句并列复合句 compound sentence 并列句并列句 declarative sentence 陈述
2、句陈述句 exclamatory sentence 感叹感叹句句 Key Termsimperative sentence 祈使句祈使句 interrogative sentence 疑问疑问句句 loose sentence 松散句松散句 periodic sentence 圆周句圆周句 simple sentence简单句简单句Main ContentsThe elements of a sentenceFive basic sentence patternsTypes of sentencesSentence fundamentals2.Distinguish different typ
3、es of sentences Difficult Points1.Analyze sentence elementsSentence fundamentalsThe same string of English words can be organized in different ways to convey the same meaning or even different meanings.The sun shone brightly all afternoon.All afternoon,the sun shone brightly.Do you think the book is
4、 worth reading?You do think the book is worth reading?The importance of sentence fundamentals1.help students write correct and effective English sentences.2.know the most fundamental concepts of the English sentence.SubjectThe simple subject consists of one or more nouns or pronouns,while the comple
5、te subject consists of the simple subject with all its modifiers.Those who sit in the sunshine have the most fun.What you have said amounts to a refusal.Complete subjectSimple subjectNoun clause as simple subjectSubjectA compound subject contains two or more nouns or pronouns joined by a coordinatin
6、g conjunction or a correlative.It may or may not take modifiers.Howling wind and drenching rain rattled the loose windows on the old cabin.Compound subjectSubjectIn imperative sentences which express requests or commands,the subject you is implied but not stated.(You)Mind your own business.Implied s
7、ubjectPredicateThe simple predicate is the main verb and any auxiliaries that modify it;the complete predicate includes any modifiers of the verb with or without any objects or complements and their modifiers.He would tell me the story tomorrow.Complete predicateSimple predicatePredicateA compound p
8、redicate consists of two or more predicates that have the same subject and that are joined by a coordinating conjunction.Hemingway sat at the desk and began to write.Compound predicateObjectA direct object often receives the action of a verb and answers the question“what”or“whom.”She found an intere
9、sting book.Who could have predicted that within ten years hed be in charge of the whole company?Direct objectDirect objectObjectAn indirect object is a noun or pronoun that indicates the person or thing for whom or which something is done.Let me buy you a drink.Indirect object Direct objectComplemen
10、tA subject complement,also called predicative,is usually a noun,a noun phrase,an adjective,or a prepositional phrase that follows a linking verb.Today is Saturday.It soon became dark.ComplementAn object complement is usually a noun,a noun phrase,an adjective,an adverb,or a prepositional phrase that
11、explains the direct object.We elected him our monitor.Transitive verb Direct objectObject complementAttributiveAn attributive is a word,phrase,or clause that is usually used directly before or after a noun or pronoun to describe it.He is a natural violinist.Everybodys business is nobodys business.Ad
12、verbialAn adverbial is a word,phrase,or clause which modifies or gives more information about a verb,an adjective,an adverb,a phrase,or a clause.We are slowly gaining the support of the public.You will be punished if you do that again.AdverbialAdverbials can mainly be classified into the following t
13、ypes:adverbial of time,adverbial of place,adverbial of cause,adverbial of result,adverbial of purpose,adverbial of condition and so on.Seriously,do you really love him?Trembling with fear,I made for the door.Subject-verb orderIn English sentences,except the interrogative sentences,the subject usuall
14、y comes before the verb.But sometimes writers reverse the order for stylistic effects.High were the hopes of the football fans.Subject-verb orderIn sentences beginning with there or here followed by a form of the linking verb“be”(such as is,are,was,were,have been,will be,and so on),the subject alway
15、s follows the verb.There is a dog in the house.Activity 1 1.My roommate seems beautiful in her new dress.(My)roommate seems beautiful in(her)(new)dress.2.We bear no ill will toward our opponents.We bear(no ill)will toward(our)opponents.Identify the elements in the following sentences.Activity 1 3.I
16、will analyze four poems.I will analyze(four)poems.4.Tom and I consider Marys poems quite beautiful.Tom and I consider(Marys)poems quite beautiful.Identify the elements in the following sentences.Activity 1 5.They walked out of the house and disappeared into the darkness.They walked out of the house
17、and disappeared into the darkness.6.To learn English well means that you have to work very hard.To learn English well means that you have to work very hard.Identify the elements in the following sentences.Activity 1 7.There once lived a poor farmer with four sons.There once lived a(poor)farmer(with
18、four sons).8.Having been defeated again,the king tried for a seventh time.Having been defeated again,the king tried for a seventh time.Identify the elements in the following sentences.Five basic sentence patterns(1)subject+verb(S V)David cried.SVFive basic sentence patterns(2)subject+verb+subject co
19、mplement(S V SC)David looks tired.SVSCFive basic sentence patterns(3)subject+verb+direct object(S V O)David loves his mother.SVOFive basic sentence patterns(4)subject+verb+indirect object+direct object(S V O O)David gave me the book.SVOOFive basic sentence patterns(5)subject+verb+direct object+objec
20、t complement(S V O OC)David makes his mother angry.SVOCOFive basic sentence patternsFirst,we use modifiers to develop or narrow the meaning of the basic sentence elements.A modifier may be a single word,a phrase,or a clause:Basic:The woman stood.Expanded:The short,wrinkled,old woman who was wearing
21、a jacket stood behind the counter reading a fishing magazine.Five basic sentence patternsSecond,we develop basic sentences by using a set of similar modifiers.Notice the three coordinate nouns of the direct object in the following example:Basic:He enjoyed dances.Expanded:He enjoyed dances,parties,an
22、d concerts.Five basic sentence patternsBy modifying and coordinating,a sentence can be expanded,theoretically,without limit.The following is a sentence of 107 words taken from E.B.Whites Stuart Little.In the loveliest town of all,where the houses were white and high and the elm trees were green and
23、higher than the houses,where the front yards were wide and pleasant and the back yards were bushy and worth finding out about,where the streets sloped down to the stream and the stream flowed quietly under the bridge,Five basic sentence patternsBy modifying and coordinating,a sentence can be expande
24、d,theoretically,without limit.The following is a sentence of 107 words taken from E.B.Whites Stuart Little.where the lawns ended in orchards and the orchards ended in fields and the fields ended in pastures and the pastures climbed the hill and disappeared over the top toward the wonderful wide sky,
25、in this loveliest of all towns Stuart stopped to get a drink of sarsaparilla.Activity 2 1.The company will probably send you a small present.The company will probably send you a small present.(S V O O)2.The youngest boy did not smile very often.The youngest boy did not smile very often.(S V)Identify
26、 the basic patterns of the following sentences.Activity 2 3.The widow called me a poor lost lamb.The widow called me a poor lost lamb.(S V O OC)4.Opening my eyes to the problem is not easy.Opening my eyes to the problem is not easy.(S V SC)Identify the basic patterns of the following sentences.Activ
27、ity 2 5.The students elected him monitor of the class.The students elect him monitor of the class.(S V O OC)6.It fills me with pride to have our conference in this citythis hallowed ground that gave birth to these enduring ideals.It fills me with pride to have our conference in this citythis hallowe
28、d ground that gave birth to these enduring American ideals.(S V O)Identify the basic patterns of the following sentences.Activity 2 7.In an essay using athletic skills as a basis of comparison,points of comparison might be height and weight requirements,running skills,and hand-eye coordination.In an
29、 essay using athletic skills as a basis of comparison,points of comparison might be height and weight requirements,running skills,and hand-eye coordination.(S V O)Identify the basic patterns of the following sentences.Activity 2 8.I know this because I have just been reading a book by Ellen Alderman
30、 and Caroline Kennedy called The Right to Privacy,which is full of alarming tales of ways that businesses and employers canand enthusiastically dointrude into what would normally be considered private affairs.I know this because I have just been reading a book by Ellen Alderman and Caroline Kennedy
31、called The Right to Privacy,which is full of alarming tales of ways that businesses and employers canand enthusiastically dointrude into what would normally be considered private affairs.(S V O)Identify the basic patterns of the following sentences.Grammatical types of sentences 1.Simple sentences:A
32、 simple sentence has a single subject-verb combination.Students studied hard.The lake has been polluted by several neighboring streams.Grammatical types of sentences 1.Simple sentences:A simple sentence may have more than one subject or more than one verb.Father and Mother love each other.The childr
33、en smiled and waved at usGrammatical types of sentences 2.Compound sentences:A compound sentence made up of two or more simple sentences linked by a comma plus a coordinating conjunction,by a correlative conjunction,or by a semicolon.The rain stopped,so we continued our journey.Either George was lyi
34、ng or I was going crazy.I thought he would help me;however,I proved to be wrong.Grammatical types of sentences 3.Complex sentences:A complex sentence is made up of one main clause and at least one subordinate clause,with a connective word denoting the relationship between the two parts.Many people b
35、elieve that anyone can earn a living.He left before I arrived.Those who do not like to get dirty should not go camping.Grammatical types of sentences 3.Complex sentences:A complex sentence is used when you want to emphasize one idea over another in a sentence.While I watered the grass,I talked with
36、Liz.I watered the grass while I talked with Liz.Grammatical types of sentences Complex sentences:Complex sentences signal how ideas relate.Tom is taller than Mike.(comparison)While I wash my clothes,I listen to the radio.(time)Since many students were absent,we decided to put off the meeting.(reason
37、)Grammatical types of sentences 4.Compound-complex sentences:A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.When Father returned home,Mary was preparing dinner,and Jane was lying in bed.Grammatical types of sentences 4.Compound-complex sentence
38、s:Compound-complex sentences allow writers to present more complex relationships than other kinds of sentences do.Original:Mary hated to be seen in ugly clothing,but she wore an ugly dress with red dots.She had received the dress as a Christmas present.Her Aunt Bess had given it to her.Revised:Mary
39、hated to be seen in ugly clothing;nevertheless,she wore an ugly red-dot dress that her Aunt Bess had given her for Christmas.Activity 3 1.I am studying English.My sister is majoring in Chinese.I am studying English,and/but/while my sister is majoring in Chinese.2.The man walked calmly.He seemed to k
40、now he would win the race.The man seemed to know he would win the race,for he walked calmly.Combine the following pairs of sentences into compound,complex,or compound-complex sentences.Activity 3 3.Put on your overcoat.I will not allow you to go out.Put on your overcoat,or I will not allow you to go
41、 out.4.The movie was boring.She walked out after 20 minutes.As/Since the movie was boring,she walked out after twenty minutes.Combine the following pairs of sentences into compound,complex,or compound-complex sentences.Activity 3 5.We arrived at the river.We saw many children playing there.When we a
42、rrived at the river,we saw many children playing there.6.Larry is a sleepwalker.Larry is my brother.Larry,who is my brother,is a sleepwalker.Combine the following pairs of sentences into compound,complex,or compound-complex sentences.Activity 3 7.She felt faint.She leaned against the lamppost.She fe
43、lt faint,so she leaned against the lamppost.8.I live in a big city.My neighborhood has enough trees to make me feel as if I lived in the suburbs.Although I live in a big city,my neighborhood has enough trees to make me feel as if I lived in the suburbs.Combine the following pairs of sentences into c
44、ompound,complex,or compound-complex sentences.Functional types of sentences 1.Statements:Statements are sentences in which the subject is always present and generally appears before the verb.They are mainly used to convey information.John is afraid of closed places.John doesnt like fishing.Functiona
45、l types of sentences 2.Questions:(1)The placing of auxiliaries in front of the subject.Do the students study hard?Functional types of sentences 2.Questions:(2)The initial positioning of an interrogative.What are you doing?Functional types of sentences 2.Questions:(3)The rising“question”intonation.Yo
46、u understand me?Functional types of sentences 3.Commands:Commands are sentences which normally have no grammatical subject and whose verb is in the imperative mood.Read the play and write an analysis of it.Lets stop working and have a break.Functional types of sentences 4.Exclamations:Exclamations,m
47、ost of which are sentences introduced by what or how without the inversion of the subject and the auxiliary,are used primarily to express the speakers strong feelings and emotions.What lovely weather!How careful she is!Functional types of sentences Besides the four major types of sentences,there are
48、 also some minor categories.They are greetings,aphoristic sentences,interjections,and so on.Good morning;Hello;How are you doing?(greeting)More haste,less speed;The more,the better.(aphoristic sentence)Hey;Oh.(interjection)Help!Fire!(alarm call)Long live peace!(slogan)Rhetorical types of sentences 1
49、.Loose sentences:Loose sentences begin with the main idea and then build on this foundation with all supplementary details.The writer sat at his desk,his fingers frozen,his lips a grim,straight line,his eyes staring at the white sheet of paper before him.Rhetorical types of sentences 2.Periodic sent
50、ences:The main idea is expressed at or near the end of the sentence.Pulling my tie off and throwing it onto the sofa,stretching and sighing with the ease of homecoming,listening to the familiar silence of the place,I feltas usualthe welcoming peace unlocked the tensions of my outside world.Classify
