1、Lesson 30Text Watch keeping(值班值班)At the beginning of the watch t h e c u r r e n t(当 前 的当 前 的)operational parameters(参数参数)and the condition of all m a c h i n e r y s h o u l d b e verified(检验检验,校验校验)and also the log(航行日志航行日志)readings should correspond with(be in agreement with)those observed.The le
2、vels of tanks containing fuel,water,slops(污油污油),ballast(压载水压载水),etc.,should be noted and also the level of the various bilges(舱底水舱底水).The operating mode(方式方式,模式模式)of e q u i p m e n t a n d a v a i l a b l e standby(备用备用)equipment should also be noted.*At appropriate intervals(e.g.at 30-minute inter
3、vals)inspection should be made of the main propulsion plant,auxiliary machinery and steering gear spaces.A n y r o u t i n e(常 规常 规,惯 例惯 例)adjustments may then be made and malfunctions(故障故障)or breakdowns can be noted,reported and corrected.During these tours(巡回巡回)of inspection bilge level should be
4、noted,piping and systems should be observed for leaks(泄漏泄漏),and local indicating instruments also be observed.Bridge(驾驶室驾驶室)orders must be promptly carried out and a record of any required changes in speed and direction should be kept.*W h e n u n d e r s t a n d b y o r m a n e u v e r i n g(机 动 操
5、作机 动 操 作)conditions with the machinery being manually operated the control unit or console(控制台控制台)should be continuously manned(有有人操纵的人操纵的).Certain watchkeeping duties are necessary for the continuous operation of equipment or plant-the transferring of fuel for instance.*In addition to these regular
6、 tasks other repair or maintenance tasks m a y b e r e q u i r e d o f t h e watchkeeping personnel(人员人员).*However no tasks should be undertaken(从事从事,进行进行)which will interfere(干扰，影响干扰，影响)with the supervisory(管理的、监督的管理的、监督的)duties relating to the main machinery and associated equipment.During the wat
7、ch a log or record will be taken of the various p a r a m e t e r s o f m a i n a n d auxiliary(辅助的辅助的)equipment.Fuel consumption(消耗量消耗量)figures are used to determine the efficiency of operation,in addition to providing a check on the a v a i l a b l e b u n k e r(燃 料 仓燃 料 仓)quantities.*Lubricating
8、oil(润滑油润滑油)tank levels to some extent(partly)indicates engine oil consumption.If the sump level were to rise this would indicate water l e a k a g e i n t o t h e o i l a n d a n investigation(调查、检查调查、检查)into(of,on)the cause must be made.*The engine exhaust temperature reading should all be about th
9、e same to indicate an equal power production from each cylinder.The various temperature and pressure values for the cooling water and lubricating oil should be at,or near to,the manufacturers designed values for the particular speed or fuel lever(油门调节杆油门调节杆)settings.Various parameters for the main e
10、ngine turbo-blowers(涡轮增压器涡轮增压器)are also logged.Since they are high speed turbines(涡轮涡轮)the correct supply of lubricating oil is essential.*The air cooler should be supplied with adequate amount of cooling water to ensure efficient combustion.*Various level and temperature readings are taken of heavy
11、 oil tanks,both settling and service,bearings,sea water,etc.*The operating diesel generators will h a v e t h e i r e x h a u s t(排 气排 气)temperatures,cooling water and lubricating oil temperatures and pressures logged in much the same way as for the main engine.*Of particular importance will be the
12、log of running hours since this will be the basis for overhauling(大大修，维修修，维修)the machinery.*Other auxiliary machinery and e q u i p m e n t,s u c h a s h e a t e x c h a n g e r s,f r e s h w a t e r generator(evaporator)(造水机造水机),boiler,air conditioning plant and refrigeration plant will also have a
13、ppropriate readings taken.There will usually be summaries or daily account tables for heavy oil,diesel oil,lubricating oil and fresh water,which will be compiled(汇编汇编)at noon.The completed log is used to compile a summary sheet(表、单表、单)or abstract(摘要、小计摘要、小计)of information which is returned to the co
14、mpany head office for record purposes.Where situations occur in the machine space(机舱机舱)which may affect the speed,maneuverability(机机动性能动性能),power supply or other essentials for the safe operation of the ship,the bridge should be informed as soon as possible.The engineer in charge should notify(通知通知)
15、the*Chief Engineer in the event of any serious occurrence(事件事件)or a situation where he is unsure of the action to take.However,where immediate action is necessary to ensure safety of the ship,its machinery and crew,it must be taken by the engineer in charge.At the completion of the watch each member
16、 should hand over(交交与与)to his relief(接班人员接班人员),ensuring that he is competent(能胜能胜任的任的)to take over(接管接管)and carry out his duties effectively(有有效地效地).Reading Materials A.Keeping WatchThe engine room should always be kept clean and in good order.The exhaust-gases should frequently be watched.They shou
17、ld be almost invisible(看不见看不见的的)when the engine operates under full load.*A smoky exhaust indicates that the engine is either overloaded or that the fuel valves are not in proper condition.The cylinder exhaust-gas temperatures should be noted and it should be confirmed(证实证实)that the power of the eng
18、ine is well distributed among the cylinders.The cylinder-jacket(气缸水套气缸水套)outlet-water temperatures should be observed and it should be seen that there are no air-locks(气塞气塞).The water level in the fresh-water header tank should be checked.If an air-inlet pipe of a starting valve is hotter than the o
19、thers,the valve should be renewed.*Observation(观察观察)should be made of the turbo-blower lubricating-oil temperatures and pressures,also the exhaust-gas temperatures before and after the turbine.It should be confirmed that the amount of fuel oil in the service tank is sufficient during the watch.Open
20、the cocks for draining accumulation of oil in the exhaust manifold(歧管歧管)at definite intervals.The cylinder lubricators(注油器注油器)should be examined for satisfactory operation.The piston-cooling pipes and the stuffing boxes(填料函填料函)for the piston rods should be examined for leakage(泄漏泄漏).*A l l t h e p r
21、 e s s u r e s a n d temperatures indicated by various gauges and thermometers(温度计温度计)should be regularly observed.The amount of lubricating oil in the drain tank should be checked by sounding(发声，探测发声，探测).If lubricating oil filters of edgewise(边对边的边对边的)cleaning type(自动反冲洗式自动反冲洗式)are fitted,*the hand
22、les should be given a few turns.The sea water temperature should be noted and the temperatures at(of)the lubricating oil and fresh-water coolers(should be)examined.*A keen(敏锐的敏锐的)sense(感觉、判断感觉、判断力力)of hearing obtained from practice is important for the engineer,depending on his ears,to detect abnorm
23、al happenings in the running gear.Before being used,the fuel service tank should be drained of water and residual(残残剩剩余余;渣滓渣滓).*If two tanks are installed,the empty tank should be pumped up directly it is empty.The gauges on the fuel oil service tanks should be watched to see that the oil supply to
24、the injection pumps(喷油泵喷油泵)is maintained.*The vent cocks(放气口放气口)on the fuel injection pump lines should be opened frequently to vent any air that may have accumulated in them.During maneuvers,the fresh-water temperature should be regulated by throttling(节流节流,调节调节)the sea-water supply to the fresh-wa
25、ter cooler.*Beside observing the pressure in the cooling water,regular readings should be taken from the thermometers in the various lines and the control valves regulated to maintain even(相同的相同的)temperatures in all the jackets.Special care should be taken to stop leaks of all descriptions(描述描述,说明说明
26、),immediately(when)they occur.Vital(重要的重要的)components(部件部件)of the engine should be frequently examined.The crankroom(曲轴箱曲轴箱)cover should never be allowed to open for investigation(调查调查,研究研究)when the engine is running.And it should not be opened until at least fifteen minutes after the engine stops.L
27、ights of high voltage or naked lights(没有灯罩的灯没有灯罩的灯)should never be used.B.Watchkeeping Duties At Sea1.Constant inspection is a precaution(预防措施预防措施)which contributes to(有助于有助于)avoiding trouble and the following routines must be carried out at regular intervals under normal operating conditions:2.Regu
28、larly check and record all pressures and temperatures and enter the same in the engine room log.*Adherence to(遵守、坚持遵守、坚持)differentials in temperature and pressure limits is very important.If a temperature or pressure is in doubt it should be checked against another instrument,a rough guess to temper
29、ature is by the feel of the hand.3.*D u e(应 有 的、适 当 的应 有 的、适 当 的)consideration must be given to engine speed and to the conditions of the loading of the ship and to the cleanliness of the hull(船体船体)when performance and records of the engine are being assessed(评定评定).Shop test reports and instruction
30、manuals are a reliable reference and must be treated as such(同样地同样地).All records are important but particular attention must be made to turbocharger(涡轮增压器涡轮增压器)revolutions,scavenge air receiver(扫气箱扫气箱)pressures and temperatures,and cylinder exhaust gas temperatures.Consideration must be given to the
31、 calorific value(热值热值)of the fuel when assessing the daily fuel consumption.4.Check that the control valves for the cooling and lubricating systems are set properly.If there is insufficient pressure in any system then the safety device alarm will be accelerated and the engine stopped.All excessive p
32、ressure drops must be checked.5.*Adjustments must be made to bring any abnormally high or low temperatures to within the prescribed(规定的规定的,指定的指定的)range but this must be attained gradually.Abrupt(突然的突然的)temperature changes can increase thermal stress(应力应力)and may cause trouble.Check the air temperatu
33、re after the charger air cooler.This temperature should be as low as possible,a high temperature results in less oxygen being available for combustion and increased fuel consumption as well as higher exhaust gas temperatures.An ideal temperature differential between the sea water inlet to the air co
34、oler and the air outlet from the cooler is about 17.6.Care must be taken,in climates with a high humidity,that the temperature of the scavenge air is,if possible,kept above the dew point(露点露点),otherwise condensation(凝结凝结)will form in the air receiver and the drain will require to be cracked(开缝的开缝的)o
35、pen to avoid rust formation.When water is apparent(明显的明显的)in the air receiver then a check must be made to verify whether it is sea water or fresh water;if it is sea water then the cooler is leaking and rectification(修正修正,修复修复)is required.7.*Drain scavenge space and jacket drains,also piston rod gla
36、nds(填料填料盖盖箱箱)if there is an excess leakage of lubricating oil from the gland,then the scraper(刮油环刮油环)and sealing rings(密封环密封环)should be attended(注意，留注意，留 意意)to at the first opportunity(尽早尽早).8.*Check,and if necessary,adjust the rate of feed of the cylinder lubricators.9.Check the temperature of the
37、crankcase doors by hand.10.Ensure that the fuel in the daily service tanks has been properly cleaned and that water and sludge(油油泥泥)have been drained off.Drain sludge from fuel filters(过滤器过滤器)and purifiers(分油机分油机).11.*When burning heavy fuel ensure that there is sufficient heat available to bring th
38、e viscosity(粘度粘度)of the fuel to within the prescribed limits.12.Ensure that vents from cooling water spaces are kept open to permit air to escape.13.Check the pressure drop across fuel and lubrication oil filters.Turn all manually operated filters and check that automatic filters are operating satis
39、factorily,drain sludge if necessary.14.Check the pressure drop across the charge air coolers for both sea and air pressure.15.Check oil levels in governor(调调速器速器)and other auxiliary(辅助的辅助的)equipment.16.Check all high pressure fuel lines for any signs of leakage.17.Check camshafts(凸轮轴凸轮轴),fuel pump b
40、earings(轴承轴承)and other small bearings for temperature increase using the palm(手掌手掌)of the hand.18.Examine jacket,piston and fuel injector(喷油嘴喷油嘴)cooling water r e t u r n s f o r a n y s i g n s o f c o n t a m i n a t i o n(污 染污 染),a n y fouling(污物污物)must be investigated and rectified(改正改正).19.*Che
41、ck air starting pipe to each cylinder,if overheating is discovered engine must be stopped,starting air valve and flame trap(阻焰装置阻焰装置)examined and replaced as necessary.20.Inspect access doors and thrust block(推力轴承推力轴承)aft(向船尾向船尾)seal for any signs of leakage.21.Check oil level in main engine lubrica
42、ting oil drain tank.22.Check water level in jacket water cooling tank.23.Check levels in fuel tanks,cylinder lubricating oil and turbocharger lubricating oil*header tanks.24.*Drain off water from starting air tanks and top up pressure if necessary.25.Check lubricating oil samples as necessary and ch
43、eck operation of centrifuges(离心分离机离心分离机).26.Record revolutions of engine over total watchkeeping period.27.Take indicator diagrams(示功图示功图)to check power and pressure in cylinders.28.Open drain valve on starting air manifold to check that valves in the system are tight.29.Water wash turbochargers as necessary.3 0.C l e a n a i r c o o l e r s a t recommended intervals.
