1、Session 1 Culture,Communication,Intercultural Communication Importance of Intercultural CommunicationwWhy did you choose this course?Chances for IC are caused by globalizationwSpurring development of transportation and communication systems(shortened touring time,television networks,the internet,int
2、ernational film industry)wCultural migration between nations(multiculturalism)wNew economic arena(multinational corporations)wEver-increasing world population(finite natural resources,pollution,international conflicts)Warming upwMake a list of images from your home culture and try to explain what th
3、ey express about who the people of your culture are and what their relationship is to people from other cultures.wWhich image do you prefer?Which do you think are the images that most truly express how people feel about themselves and the world?茶茶文文化化酒文化儒家文化儒家文化旗袍Learning objectives:1.Culture 2.Comm
4、unication3.Intercultural CommunicationLecture OutlinedefinitionIntercultural communicationculturecharacteristicscommunicationfunctionsdefinitionelementsmodecharacteristicsdefinitionformselementsright attitudes1.What is culture?More deeply:what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are foll
5、owing them On the surface:customs and behavior In a word:Culture is all about meaningsHall:Culture is everything and everywhereSir Edward Tylors definition in 1871(first use of this term):“that complex whole which includes knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits
6、acquired by man as a member of society”wKroeber and Kluckhohn(1952)-Culture:A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (listing more than 300 definitions)w Culture consists of patterns,explicit and implicit,of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols,constituting the distinctive achie
7、vement of human groups,including their embodiment in artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional(i.e.historically derived and selected)ideas and especially their attached values;culture systems may,on the one hand,be considered as products of action,on the other as conditioning e
8、lements of further action.wPorter&Samovar The deposit（沉淀物）（沉淀物）of knowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notions of time,roles,spatial relations,concepts of the universe,and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generatio
9、ns through individual and group striving.-Intercultural Communication:A Reader文化的内容文化的内容“是文学、美术、音乐、哲学、科学这一类是文学、美术、音乐、哲学、科学这一类的事。的事。”陈独秀陈独秀“文化是生活的样法。文化是生活的样法。”“文化，就是吾人生活所依靠的一切。文化，就是吾人生活所依靠的一切。”梁漱溟梁漱溟“人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等。等。”现代汉语
10、词典现代汉语词典ArtifactsValuesBehaviorSummary:What we see What we see comes fromcomes fromBasic functions of cultureCulture makes all things easy.-by providing meaning to events,objects and people-making life less confusing-by providing us with structure-the skills and rules necessary to adapt to our world
11、1 Physiological needs 2 Safety 3 Belongingness 4 Esteem5 Self-actualizationA culture can also be understood as a particular way to satisfy our human needs.Lets follow Abraham Maslow!ADAPTIVELEARNEDtransmittedINTEGRATEDsymbolicCULTURE ISThe Characteristics of CultureunconsciousSubject to changew1)Cul
12、ture is learned consciously or unconsciously:(enculturation)*through Proverbs,Folktales,Myths,and legends *through Art e.g.Beijing Opera*through Mass Media Behaviour Traditions Artefacts buildings,clothes,art etc.Beliefs Attitudes Perceptions Values way of doing things(10%)way of thinking(90%)2)Most
13、 part of culture is unconscious Culture as an icebergexplicittacitCan you tell which of the following are above the water and which are below?wWhat people eatwWhat people wearwWhat games children playwHow to use timewHow to introduce peoplewHow to participate in ceremonieswRules for gestureswRules f
14、or facial expressions and eye contactwEtiquette wWork speedwWhat is right or wrong,beautiful or ugly,clean or dirty,good or bad,etc.wCar parkingwCase Study Richard,an engineer from the United States,was invited to take tea with one of his British colleagues while he was in England.This was a purely
15、social,relaxed occasion.Tea was served along with sugar and cream.As he helped himself to some sugar and cream,he sensed he had done something wrong.Can you tell what went wrong?“Help yourself”VS.“Be my guest”Oct.5,2005 21st CenturyChanging Tastes“This July China Daily reported severe obesity affect
16、s 16 to 20 per cent Chinas young urbanites.”“A major study released by Centre for Public Nutrition and Development last September found as income increases,energy intake increases.But a high percentage of that extra energy comes from fat.And grains and potatoes were eaten less.”w3)Culture is subject
17、 to change4)Culture is transmitted from generation to generation5)Culture is based on symbols6)Culture is integrated7)Culture is adaptive (acculturation)Linell Davis:five metaphors(to be more easily understood)wCulture is like an iceberg some is visible(history,literature,customs)most is invisible(f
18、eelings and attitudes)wCulture is our software physical selves as the hardware,become human when programmed with the software of culturewCulture is like the water a fish swims in notice everything except the waterwCulture is the story we tell ourselves about ourselves people tell stories to tell who
19、 they are and stories also change to adapt to changing circumstanceswCulture is the grammar of our behavior people learn their cultural grammar unconsciously and apply them automatically in order to behave appropriately in any societyMainstream culture,co-culture or subculture?wWhen we talk about cu
20、lture,we mainly refer to mainstream culture.wCo-culture Vs subculture2.What is Communication?It comes from the Latin word“communicare”,it means to give or to exchange.Now,the most common meaning of“communication”is to give or exchange information or ideas.Communication is our ability to share our id
21、eas and feelings.(the basis of all human contact)Communication is a dynamic,systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.(J.T.Wood)Elements of communicationwContextwParticipantswMessages(meanings,symbols,encoding and decoding)wChannels wNoise(exter
22、nal noise,internal noise,semantic noise)wfeedbackLinear Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverChannel(message)encodingdecodingnoiseIs this an effective model of communication?Mode of CommunicationInteractive Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseFeedback is essential t
23、o good communicationdecodingencodingmessage/channelmessage/channelTransactional Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseWe continually influence each other through communicationdecodingencodingmessage/channelmessage/channelFields of ExperienceRelationship DimensionsCha
24、racteristics of communicationw1)Communication is dynamicwCommunication is an ongoing activity.It is not fixed.A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate;it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.Characteristics of communication2)Communication is interactivewA interac
25、tive view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations.Characteristics of communicationw3)Communication is irreversible Communication is an irreversible process.We can never undo what has already been done.Althoug
26、h we may try to qualify,negate,or somehow reduce the effects of our message,once it has been sent and received,the message itself cannot be reversed.Characteristics of communicationw4)Communication is contextual.All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context.By context,
27、we mean the place where people meet,the social purpose for being together,and the nature of the relationship.Thus the context includes the physical,social,and interpersonal settings.6.Intercultural CommunicationwSamovar&Porter Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultura
28、l perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.Intercultural Communication Vs Cross-cultural CommunicationwCross-cultural communication the similarities and
29、differences in value orientations,affective dispositions,relationship management,communicative styles(psychological process)wIntercultural communication the penetration by a member of one culture into another culture(practical significance)wInternational communicationwInterracial communicationwInter
30、ethnic communicationwIntracultural communicationForms of Intercultural Communicationa.International communication International communication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals;it is quite formal and ritualized(仪式仪式化化).United Nations Conference b.Interracial communic
31、ationInterracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.c.Interethnic communicationEthnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture.These groups share a common origin or heritage that is apt to influence family names
32、,language,religion,values,and the like.d.Intracultural communicationIt is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.Discussion:Discuss the following cases of communication and decide to what extent they are intercultural.Communication betweenwA Chinese and an American,wA
33、Canadian and a South African,wA male and a femalewA father and a sonwA person from Beijing and one from Tibet,wA first-generation Chinese American and a third-generation one,wA student form Hong Kong and a teacher from XianwA software technician and a farmer,etcw任何人与人之间的交际都应该被视为跨文化交际。任何人与人之间的交际都应该被视
34、为跨文化交际。SingerwSamovar&Porter:西方人亚洲人西方人亚洲人 最大分歧最大分歧意大利人沙特阿拉伯人意大利人沙特阿拉伯人美国人希腊人美国人希腊人美国人德国人美国人德国人美国人操法语加拿大人美国人操法语加拿大人盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人拘留地的印第安人盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人拘留地的印第安人盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人美国黑人盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人美国黑人美国人英国人美国人英国人美国人操英语加拿大人美国人操英语加拿大人美国城市居民美国乡村居民美国城市居民美国乡村居民天主教徒浸礼教徒天主教徒浸礼教徒主张男性权力者主张男女平等者主张男性权力者主张男女平等者异性恋者同性恋者异性
35、恋者同性恋者环境保护者房地产开发商环境保护者房地产开发商 最小分歧最小分歧wWhat we focus on in this course is communication between cultures beyond country boundaries.7.Elements of Intercultural CommunicationwPerceptions(beliefs,values,attitudes,world views,social organizations)wVerbal processes(the ways in which cultures employ symbol
36、s to portray things and experiences)wNonverbal processes(share thoughts and feelings by way of bodily behavior,time and space)wContextual elements(business,education and health care,tourism and personal relationships)What was wrong?wCase Study While visiting Egypt,Richard,an engineer from the United
37、 States,was invited to a spectacular dinner at the home of an Egyptian friend.As he was leaving their home,making effort to thank them for their dinner,he noticed their picture and made a compliment by saying“What beautiful frames your pictures are in!”However he sensed something wrong.His sincere c
38、ompliment was obviously misunderstood.What is the correct attitude?wThe communicator cannot stop at knowing that the people he is working with have different customs,goals,and thought patterns from his own.He must be able to work with them and within them,neither losing his own values in the confrontation nor protecting himself behind a wall of intellectual detachment.(Adapted from L.M.Barna,“Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication”,1992)
