1、有机化合物的命名Nomenclature of Organic Compoundsn非官能团化合物 Nonfunctional Compounds1烃类-（烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne）2单环化合物（Monocyclic compounds）n3、官能团化合物 Functional compounds有机化合物的命名有机化合物的命名n系统命名IUPAC names(systematic names)n 俗名法trivial names(popular names)n国际理论和应用化学联合会 IUPAC:International Union of Pure and Ap
2、plied Chemistry官能团化合物n卤代烃-Alkyl halidesn醇-Alcoholsn硫醇-Thiolsn醇盐-The salts of alcohols(ROM)n硫醇盐-The salts of thiols(RSM)n醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)官能团化合物n环氧化合物-Epoxidesn硫化物-Sulfides R1-S-R2)n胺-Aminesn醛-Aldehydesn酮-Ketonesn羧酸-Carboxylic acids官能团化合物n酰胺-Amidesn酯-Estern羧酸盐-The salts of acidsn酸酐-Carboxylic anhydri
3、desn酰氯-Acyl halidesn腈-Nitriles官能团化合物n内酯和内酰胺-Lactones and lactamsn缩醛和缩酮-Acetals and ketalsn亚胺-Iminesn氢过氧化物-Hydroperoxidesn过氧化二乙醚-Ether peroxides(ROOR)n过氧酸-Acid peroxidesRCOOHO1、卤代烃-Alkyl halidesn命名规则halo+the name of alkane-halo+烷烃的名称The name of alkyl group+halide-烷基+halide卤素halogen-halo 卤化物-halide1、卤
4、代烃-Alkyl halidesSymbolEnglish NamesFFluorineClChlorineBrBromineIIodine卤族元素卤族元素（卤素取代基）halo:fluoro,chloro,bromo,iodo（卤化物）Halide:fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide取代基 substituentsSome Functional Groups Named as Prefixes Nitroso-NONitro-NO2Iodo-IHydro-HFluoro-FChloro-ClBromo-BrAzo-N=N-Amino-NH2Alkoxy-*-OR
5、NameStructure*methoxy-,ethoxy-,etc.,depending upon the R group1、卤代烃-Alkyl halidesnSystematic name:prefix“halo-：fluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,iodo-”+the name of alkane n系统命名法：卤素取代基（halo：fluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,iodo-）+烷烃名nTrivial name(C1-C4):the name of alkyl group+fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodiden俗名法：烷基取代基+H
6、alide（fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide）1、卤代烃-Alkyl halidesn异丙基氯化物n叔丁基氯化物C-C-C-ClC1-chloro-2-methylpropane isobutyl chlorideC-C-CCClC-C-CCl2-chloropropaneisopropyl chloride2-chloro-2-methylpropanetert-butyl chloride2-iodopropaneisopropyl iodide2-bromoisohexane1、卤代烃-Alkyl halidesH3CCHCH3IBrCH3CH3-CH-C
7、H2-CH-CH3Some special names for alkyl halides:CHX3 chloroform bromoform iodoform CH2Cl2 methylene chloride CCl4 carbon tetrachloride Cl3C-CCl3 perchloro ethane1、一些卤代烃的专用名称2、醇-AlcoholsnRule：The name of alcohol are given by replacing the final letter“e”of the name of alkane（Alkene，Alkyne）with the suff
8、ix“ol”n规则：去掉烃名称Alkane，Alkene，Alkyne的最后一个字母e，加上后缀“ol”2、醇-AlcoholsnSystematic name:Select the longest continuous chain to which the OH group is directly attached,and give the OH group the possible lower position number.C-C-COHC-C-C-C-CCCOH2-propanol4,4-dimethyl-pentan-2-olC-C-COHC2-methylpropan-2-olCl
9、-C-C-C-OH3-chloropropanol 2、醇-Alcohols Trivial name(C1-C4):the name of alkyl group+alcoholOH2-cyclopenten-1-olOHphenolC-C-COHisopropylalcoholtert-butylalcoholC-C-CCOH2、醇-Alcohols Alcohols containing more than one OH group Systematic name:suffix:-diol,-triol Trivial name:glycol(乙二醇),glycerol（丙三醇）CH2C
10、H2OH OHethylene glycol1,2-ethanediolC C COHOHpropylene glycol1,2-propanediolHO-C-C-C-OHOH glycerol1,2,3-propanetriol2-propanol isopropanolH3CCHCH3OH2、醇-Alcohols5-methyl-3-propyl-2-hexanolH3CCHCH2CH3CHCHCH3C3H7OH2、醇-AlcoholsHClClCH3HO3,4-dichloro-2-butanol2-cyclopentenolHOCH3OHOH2、醇-Alcohols2-methyl-
11、1,4-cyclohexanediol3、硫醇-Thiols -SHnSystematic name:the name of alkane+thioln系统命名法：烷烃名称alkane加上后缀“thiol”H3CH2CCH2SHCH3SH1-propanethiol 0-mercaptotoluene mercapto 含巯基的，含硫氢基的3、硫醇-Thiols -SH C-C-C-C-SHCSHC-C-SHC-C-C-C=CSCH3ethanethiol2-methylbutanethiol4-methylthio-1-pentene3-mercapto-1-cyclopentenesyst
12、ematic names:3、硫醇-Thiols -SH Trivial name：the name of alkyl group+mercaptantrivial names:C-C-SHC-C-S-C-CC=C-C-S-C=CC-C-C-SHCethyl mercaptanisobutyl mercaptandiethyl sulfideallyl vinyl sulfide4、醇盐-The salts of alcohols(ROM)nSystematic name:The name of cation+the name of R group+oxiden规则：阳离子名称+取代基R名称+
13、oxide4、醇盐-The salts of alcohols(ROM)potassium isopentyl oxideH3CCHCH2H2CCH3OKO-NH4+ammonium cyclohexyl oxide5、硫醇盐The salts of thiols(RSM)nSystematic name:the name of cation+the name of thiol+ate Trivial name：the name of cation+the name of R group+sulfide n规则：系统命名法：阳离子名称+硫醇名称+后缀ate俗名法：阳离子名称+取代基R+sulf
14、ide5、硫醇盐The salts of thiols(RSM)lithium tert-butyl sulfidelithium tert-butanethiolatelithium 2-methylpropane-2-thiolateLiSCH3CH3CH36、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)nSystematic name:name the simple OR group as a substituent,the long chain as a parent bodyn规则：简单的烷氧基作为取代基，长碳链作为主链 CH3O-C-C-O-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-C-O-methoxy
15、 ethoxy propoxy butoxy C5H11O-C6H13O-suffix:-yloxy pentyloxy hexyloxy6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)nSystematic nameC-C-C-C=COC4-methoxy-1-penteneC2H5-OCH3p-ethoxytoluene CH3CH2CH2OCH3O1,2-dimethoxyethane4Hoo furan tetrahydrofuran 1,4-dioxane OO6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)nTrivial name:list the names of both groups that
16、 attached to the oxygen in an alphabetic order+ethern俗名法：按照字母顺序列出和氧原子相连的两个烷基+etherC-O-C=CC-C-O-C-Cmethyl vinyl etherdiethyl etherbenzyl isopropyl etherC6H5CH2O-C-CCsec-butyl methyl ether仲丁基2-methoxybutaneC2H5OC2H5H3CCH2CHCH3O CH3H3C CH2O CHCH3CH3ethyl isopropyl ether6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)(di)ethyl ethe
17、rTrivial name:冠醚-crown ethers规则：碳原子个数+crown+氧原子个数8-crown-4 12-crown-6OOOOOOOOOO6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)1-chloro-1,2-epoxypropaneCHCHOH3CClCH CHORR 7.环氧化合物EpoxidesnSystematic name:epoxy+the name of alkanen规则：epoxy+烷烃名称 2-(methylthio)butaneH3CSCHH2CCH3CH38.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2nthioethers sulfides(RSR,硫醚)n-SR
18、,alkylthio,烷基硫基nSystematic name:name the simple SR group as a substituent,the long chain as a parent body.The name of small alkylthio+the name of alkanen规则：简单的烷基硫基作为取代基，长碳链作为主链8.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2nTrivival name：the name of R1+the name of R2+sulfide n规则：按照字母顺序列出和硫原子相连的两个烷基+sulfide sec-butyl methyl su
19、lfide仲丁基H3CSCHH2CCH3CH3p-(ethylthio)benzoicacid p-ethyl(thio)benzoic acidH3CH2CSCOOH8.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2In order to avoid the confusion of SR and-SH groups in same cases,parenthesis must be correctly used.OHOHS8.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2 C-C-C-C-SHCSHC-C-SHC-C-C-C=CSCH3ethanethiol2-methylbutanethiol4-methy
20、lthio-1-pentene3-mercapto-1-cyclopentenesystematic names:8.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2trivial names:C-C-SHC-C-S-C-CC=C-C-S-C=CC-C-C-SHCethyl mercaptanisobutyl mercaptandiethyl sulfideallyl vinyl sulfideRNH2 primary 伯胺 RRNH secondary 仲胺RRRN tertiary 叔胺 R2NR4R1R3X9.胺Amines RNH2Quarternary ammonium季铵盐AmmoniaAmi
21、ne9.胺Amines RNH2nSystematic name:list the names of small alkyl groups+the name of parent chain+amine.Replace the final letter“e”in the name of alkane+aminen系统命名法：列出取代基+主链+aminenTrivial name:list the names of alkyl groups that are attached to the nitrogen in an alphabetic order+amine.n俗名法：按照字母顺序列出所有和
22、N原子相连的取代基+amine1)Simple amines9.胺Amines RNH2nSystematic name：Replace the final letter“e”in the name of alkane+amineN-ethyl-3-methyl-2-pentanamine3-e t h y l a m i n o-2-methylcyclohexanolN-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamineH3CH2CCHCHCH3CH3NHC2H5OHCH3NHC2H59.胺Amines RNH2NH2cyclopentylaminecyclop
23、entanaminediisopropylamineN-isopropyl-2-propanamine(C-C)2CNH C-C-N-C-C-CCH3ethylmethylpropylamineN-ethyl-N-methyl-1-propanamine 2-butylaminebis(2-chloroethyl)amineN,N-dimethylpentanamine1-dimethylaminopentaneH3CH2CCHCH3NH2HNH2CCH2CH2ClH2CClH3CH2CCH2H2CCH2NCH3CH39.胺Amines RNH29.胺Amines RNH2 2)Amines
24、with large alkyl groups or with other functional groups in the moleculesn Trivial name:氨基作为取代基C-C=C-C-CC N(C2H5)24-amino-2-methyl hexane4-(N,N-diethylamino)-3-methyl-2-pentene C-C-C-C-C-CCNH2 9.胺Amines RNH23-e t h y l a m i n o-2-methylcyclohexanolN-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamineOHCH3NHC2H5
25、9.胺Amines RNH2H2NCH2CH=CHCH2OH4-amino-2-buten-1-olN(CH3)2NH2anilineN,N-dimethylanilineR4N XEt4NOH-tetraethylammonium hydroxidequaternary ammonium salt+-9.胺Amines RNH2 3)Heterocyclic aminesNHpyridinepyrrolequinolineCH3NNN123456784-methylquinoline吡啶 吡咯 喹啉tertramethylammonium hydroxidecyclohexylammoniu
26、mchloride NH3+Cl-9.胺Amines RNH2NCH3H3CCH3CH3OH-10.醛AldehydesnSystematic name:Replace the final letter“e”of alkane with“al”,or“carb(ox)aldehyde”n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母，加上后缀“al”或者“carb(ox)aldehyden As a substitute(-CHO)“formyl”10.醛AldehydesC-C-C-COHC CCCCCOHCH3COHabcabc)3-methyl-4-phenylpentanal2-isoprop
27、ylcyclopentanecarboxaldehydeacetaldehyde10、醛AldehydesTrivial names are widely used for aldehydes with 1-5 carbon atoms:Formaldehyde（甲醛）Formyl(甲酰基）Acetaldehyde AcetylPropionaldehyde Propionyl Butyraldehyde ButyrylValeraldehyde Valeryl10、醛Aldehydes4-ethyl-4-pentenalpropanedial2-methylcyclohexane-carba
28、ldehydeH2CCCH2H2CC2H5CHOOHCH2CCHOCHOCHObenzaldehydeOHC-CH2CH2CH2-CH-CH2-CHOCHO1,2,5-pentanetricarbaldehyde3-formylheptanedial10、醛Aldehydes 11.酮ketonesnSystematic name:replace the final letter“e”in the name of alkane with“-one”.n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母”e”，加上后缀“one”.n As a substitute(C=O)“oxo”11.酮ketonesn
29、Trivial name:write the names of the groups R and R,followed by the word“ketone”.n俗名法：写出取代基（R、R）的名字+ketone 3-pentanone4-methyl-4-hexen-2-oneH3CH2CCH2CCH3OH3CCH2CCHCH3OCH3 11.酮ketones11.酮ketones1,3-cyclopentanedioneacetophenonemethyl phenyl ketone3-phenylcyclopentanoneOOH3COOO5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-o
30、neOCCH2CH3O2-propionylfuran2-propanoylfuranethyl 2-furyl ketoneCCH3CCH3CCH3OOO1,2,4-triacetylbenzene11.酮ketones11.酮ketones4-(4-oxohexyl)-1-benzoic acid4-methyl-3-penten-2-one5-isobutyl-3-cycloheptenoneHOOCCH2H2CCH2CCH2CH3OH3CH3CHOCH3OCH2CHH3CCH312.羧酸Carboxylic acidsnSystematic name:Replace the final
31、 letter“e”in the name of the hydrocarbon with“-(o)ic acid”or“carboxylic acid”.n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母”e”，加上后缀“-(o)ic acid”或者“carboxylic acid”.12.羧酸Carboxylic acids3-butynoic acid2-isohexenoic acidH3CCHCHCH3HCCOOHHCCH2CCOOHCH3CH2CH2COOHbutanoic acidbutyric acid12.羧酸Carboxylic acidsHOOCCl2-chlorocyclopen
32、tane-1-carboxylic acidCH3-C-ClClCCHCOOHH(Z)-4,4-dichloro-2-pentenoic acidCH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH-CH2-COOHCOOHCH2COOH2-ethyl-4-(carboxymethyl)hexanedioic acid12.羧酸Carboxylic acidsNCC-C-OHCOOHCOOHCOOH3-(p-cyanophenyl)-2-3-cyclohexene-1,2-hydroxypropanoic acid dicarboxylic acid Some trivial names for acids w
33、ith low molecular weight:formic acid acetic acid propionic acid butyric acid valeric acidmaleic acid(马来酸,顺丁烯二酸)fumaric acid(富马酸,反丁烯二酸)13.酰胺 AmidesnSystematic name：Omit the final letter“e”in the name of alkane,and then add the suffix“amide”or carboxyamide to the end of the name.n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母”e
34、”，加 上 后 缀 “a m i d e”或 者“carboxyamide”.13.酰胺 Amides Trivial names for amides containing C1C5 carbon atoms:formamide acetamide propionamide butyramide valeramide 13.酰胺 Amides CONH2C-C-C-C-N-C-CCO CCONHCH3CONHCH3benzamideN-ethyl N-methyl-isopentanamideN,N-dimethyl-2,5-cyclo-hexadiene-1,4-dicarboxamide
35、 C NOCH3CH3HN,N-dimethylformamideCH3CH2CH2C-NH2ObutanamideCH2=CH-CH-CH=CH-C-NHCH2-CH3CH3ON-ethyl-4-methyl-2,5-hexadienamideC NH2Ocyclopropanecarboxyamide 13.酰胺 Amides 13.酰胺 AmidesN,N-dimethylbenamidep-acetamidobenzoic acidCONCH3H3CHOOCNHC OCH3 14.酯EsternSystematic name：Omit the final letter“e”in the
36、 name of alkane,and then add the suffix“(o)ate”or “carboxylate”to the end of the name.n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母”e”，加 上 后 缀 “(o)a t e”或 者“carboxyate”.14.14.酯EsterEsterethyl butanoate isopropyl benzoateH3CH2CCH2COH2CCH3OCOCHCH3CH3Oethyl cyclopentanecarboxylateCH3-CH-CH2-CH2-C-OCH3Ocyclopentyl 4-methylpenta
37、noateCOC2H5OH3CC-O-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3OCH3(2-methylbutyl)-3-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate 14.14.酯EsterEster15.羧酸盐The salts of acids/Carboxylate saltsnSystematic name：The name of cation+alkane +“-(o)ate”or“carboxylate”.potassium isohexanoatelithium cyclopentanecarboxylateCOOLiH3CCHCH2CH3H2CCOOKCH3C-ONaOsod
38、ium acetate15.羧酸盐The salts of acids/Carboxylate saltsCOONaClNO2C-C-C-C-C-C-COONH4CC Csodium 2-chloro-4-nitrobenzoateammonium 2-ethyl-6-methylheptanoateCOOKpotassium 2-cyclo-hexenecarboxylate 16.酸酐Carboxylic anhydridesnSystematic name：The name(s)of the Alkane+“(o)ic”anhydridebutyric propionic anhydri
39、debutanoic propanoic anhydrideCH3-CH2-CH2COCCH2CH2CH3OOC3H7COCC2H5OObutyric anhydridebutanoic anhydriderulerule：carboxylic carboxylic acidsacids carboxylic carboxylic anhydride anhydride。benzoic anhydrideCOCOOCOCOOcyclohexanecarboxylic anhydrideOOObutanedioic anhydride 16.酸酐Carboxylic anhydrides 17.
40、酰氯Acyl halidesnSystematic name：Omit the final letter“e”in the name of alkane,and then add the suffix“oyl halide”to the end of the name.butanoyl chlorideH3CH2CCH2CClOCFObenzoyl fluorideH3CHCCHH2COBr3-pentenoyl bromide 17.酰氯Acyl halides 18.腈NitrilesnSystematic name：Add the suffix“(o)nitrile”or“carboni
41、trile to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon.nTrivial names of nitriles containing C1C5 carbon atoms:hydrocyanic acid acetonitrile propiononitrile butyronitrile valeronitrile 18.腈Nitriles3-pentynenitrilecyclopentanecarbonitrile1,3,5-hexanetricarbonnitrile1,3,5-tricyanohexaneH3C CC CH2CNCNH3CCHCH2
42、CHCH2CH2CNCNCN 19.内酯和内酰胺 Lactones and lactamsnSystematic name：Add the suffix“(o)lactone”or“(o)lactam”to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon.4-butanelactone4-butyrolactoneOOOO5-petanelactone5-valerolactoneOCC2H5O5-heptanelactoneNHO4-butanelactam4-butyrolactamN-CH3ON-methyl 5-pentanelactamN-methyl
43、5-valerolactam 19.内酯和内酰胺 Lactones and lactams20.缩醛和缩酮 Acetals and ketalsnSystematic name：The name of dialkyloxy OR”+the name of the hydrocarbon.nTrivial names：The name of aldehyde or ketone+the name of the alkyl group R”+the suffix acetal.C CR RR R(OOR R)2 2 20.缩醛和缩酮 Acetals and ketalsn2,2-diethoxyb
44、utanen2-butanone diethylacetalH3CCCH2CH3OOC2H5C2H5CHNO2OO CH3CH3m-nitrobenzaldehyde dimethylacetalCH3CH2CH2CH2CHOO1-ethylenedioxypentanepentanal ethyleneacetal21.亚胺IminesnSystematic name：N-+the name of R3 group+the name of the hydrocarbon(omit final letter“e”)+the suffix“imine”.1R2RCNR3 N-methyl 2-p
45、entanimineH3CH2CCH2CNCH3CH3cyclohexanimineNH 22.氢过氧化物-HydroperoxidesnSystematic name：The name of the R group+the suffix“hydroperoxide”.ethylhydroperoxideH3CH2COOHt-BuOOHtert-butylhydroperoxide(TBHP)23.过氧化二乙醚Ether peroxides(ROOR)nSystematic name：The name of R group+the name of R group+peroxidemethyl propyl peroxidediethyl peroxideH3COOC3H7C2H5OOC2H5 24.过氧酸 Acid peroxidesn Systematic name：Omit“ic acid”in the name of the acid+the suffix“(o)hydroperoxide”.acetohydroperoxidehexanohydroperoxidebenzohydroperoxideRCOOHOH3CCOOOHCOOOHCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOOH
