1、Non-defining attributive clauses非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1.Which of the attribute clauses contain information about the subject and which contain extra information?2.If you take away the attribute clauses,do the sentences still make sense?Why or why not?Read the following sentences and think about the questi
2、ons:1)The power of the Yangtze River,which is the worlds third longest river,has been harnessed by the Three Gorges Dam.2)The Three Gorges Dam,which is the biggest construction project in China since the building of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal,has been built to control flooding and provide hy
3、dro-electric power for the central region of China.3)Mao Zedong wrote a poem in which he dreamed of“walls of stone to hold back clouds and rain”.4)More than a million people who lived in the region have moved from their homes.观察下面句子，试着归纳非限制性定语从观察下面句子，试着归纳非限制性定语从句的用法及关系词。句的用法及关系词。1)Mrs.Smith,who has
4、a lot of teaching experience,will be joining us in the spring.2)Mary,who/whom we were talking about earlier,has just walked in.3)The winner was a Brazilian player,whose name I have forgotten.4)The dam,which is the biggest in the world,is 3,830 metres long.5)You lent me some money,which I never repai
5、d you.6)One of the boys kept laughing,which really annoyed Jane.7)In 1963 we moved to Boston,where my grandparents lived.8)The Queens last visit was in May,when she opened the new hospital.定语从句分为定语从句分为限制性限制性定语从句和定语从句和非限制非限制 性性定语从句两种：定语从句两种：限制性定语从句限制性定语从句紧跟先行词紧跟先行词,与先行词之与先行词之间一般不加间一般不加_;非限制性定语从句非限制性定
6、语从句与主句之间通常用与主句之间通常用_分开分开,是先行词的附加说明，去掉是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思了也不会影响主句的意思。逗号逗号逗号逗号引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as,which,who,whom,whose等，作定语从等，作定语从句的句的_。关系副词有。关系副词有when,where等，作定语从句的等，作定语从句的_。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省。不能省。主语、宾语、定语主语、宾语、定语状语状语Differences between the Attributive Clauses an
7、d Non-defining Attributive Clauses.Look at the following sentences and tell the differences between them.1.His father,who works in Beijing,came back yesterday.他在北京工作的父亲昨天回来了。他在北京工作的父亲昨天回来了。2.Shanghai,which is in East China,is developing quickly.中国东部的上海正迅速发展着。中国东部的上海正迅速发展着。Conclusion 1当先行词是当先行词是地名地名、
8、人名人名、世界上独世界上独一无二的事物一无二的事物或或家庭唯一成员家庭唯一成员时，时，通常只用通常只用非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句修饰修饰。1.I have a sister who/that works in a hospital.我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。（不只一位姐姐）（不只一位姐姐）2.I have a sister,who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐我有一位姐姐,她在医院工作。她在医院工作。（只有一位姐姐）（只有一位姐姐）3.The magazines here which/that have nice pictures in
9、them were written by him.里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他编编写的写的。4.The magazines here,which have nice pictures in them,were written by him.所有的杂志都是他所有的杂志都是他编编写的写的,里面都有漂里面都有漂亮的图画。亮的图画。Conclusion 21.限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句与先行词先行词关系密切关系密切 是先行词不可缺少的部分是先行词不可缺少的部分,如果去掉如果去掉 它它,主句意思往往主句意思往往不明确不明确。2.非限制性定语从句是对先行词的非限制性定语从句
10、是对先行词的_,去掉它也不会影响主去掉它也不会影响主句的意思。句的意思。补充或说明补充或说明1.This is the house(which/that)we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。2.The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这房子很漂亮这房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。是我们上个月买的。3.He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.他似乎没领会我的意思他似乎没领会我的意思,这使
11、我心烦。这使我心烦。Conclusion 31.限制性定语从句可以由限制性定语从句可以由关系关系代词、代词、关系副词来引导关系副词来引导,关系代词作宾语时关系代词作宾语时 _省略省略。2.非限制性定语从句既可修饰非限制性定语从句既可修饰_,又可修饰又可修饰_,不可用不可用that引导引导 且关系代词且关系代词_省略。省略。可以可以先行词先行词整个主句整个主句不可以不可以1.as 和和which在引导非限制性定语从句在引导非限制性定语从句时时,as和和which可代替可代替整个主句整个主句,相当于相当于and this或或and that。这两个关系代词。这两个关系代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意
12、思都可指代主句所表达的整个意思,且在且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。John said hed been working in the office for an hour,which was true.As we all know,he is good at English.2.as和和which引导非限制性定语从句的引导非限制性定语从句的 不同之处在于不同之处在于:as引导的定语从句可置于引导的定语从句可置于_,而而 which引导的定语从句不可放在引导的定语从句不可放在 _。句首句首句首句首1.Alice received an invitation fr
13、om her boss,_ came as a surprise.2.The weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expect.3._ is expected,the England team won the football match.AswhichwhichI.Fill in the blanks with which or as.4.It rained hard yesterday,_ prevented me from going to the park.5._ we can see,the smok
14、e came from the little dustbin.whichAs1.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,_,of course,made the others envy him.A.who B.that C.what D.whichII.Choose the best answers.2.There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.A.where B.which C.when D.that3.Great chan
15、ges have taken place in that school.It is no longer what it was 20 years ago,_ it was so poorly equipped.A.when B.which C.what D.that4.The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,_ is often the case in other countries.A.it B.that C.as D.so5.Mr.Smith will mo
16、ve into his new house next Sunday,_ it will be completely finished.A.by the time B.on that time C.on which D.by which time6.Have you seen the film“Titanic”,_ leading actor is world-famous?A.its B.its C.whose D.which7.Is there a department store around _ I can get a birthday present for my daughter?Y
17、es,just across the street.A.here B which C.where D.it1.This is one of the most interesting films _ shown last week.This is the very one of the most interesting films _ shown last week.A.which was B.that was C.which were D.that wereBDIII.Compare and choose the best answers.2.He has two sons,_ are col
18、lege students.He has two sons,and _ are college students.A.both of which B.both of whomC.both of them D.both of itCB 3.He still lives in the room _ window faces to the east.He still lives in the room,the window _ faces to the east.He still lives in the room _ is in the north of the city.He still liv
19、es in the room _ there is a beautiful table.A.which B.whose C.where D.of whichDBAC4._ we all know,China is rich in natural resources._ is well-known that China is rich in natural resources._ is well-known,China is rich in natural resources.A.Which B.As C.It D.ThatBCB5.Is this museum _ he visited las
20、t month?The teacher tells us that _ cleans the blackboard is to be praised.A.that B.the one C.which D.the one whoBDContraction of attributive clauses定语从句的缩略形式定语从句的缩略形式a I met a man my grandfather worked with thirty years ago.b I met a man who my grandfather worked with thirty years ago.c I wanted to
21、 visit the house that my grandparents live in.d The bus which I took back to my birth place was full of visitors for other parts of China.Read the following sentences and answer the questions.1 Do the first two sentences mean the same thing?2 In the first two sentences,who is the subject or the verb
22、 work the man or the grandfather?3 Can the words that and which be removed from the third and fourth sentences without changing the meaning?Yes,they do.The grandfather.Yes,they can.有些定语从句可以缩略为各种短语，如有些定语从句可以缩略为各种短语，如分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语及动词不定式短语等，且句意不词短语及动词不定式短语等，且句意不受影响。我们称这一语法现象为受影响
23、。我们称这一语法现象为定语从定语从句的缩略句的缩略。有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词(who,which,that)和部分谓语和部分谓语(am,is,are,were)等，从而使之缩略为现在分词短语或过等，从而使之缩略为现在分词短语或过去分词短语作去分词短语作_。e.g.1)I know the men(who are)sitting in that car.2)The boys helped the people(that were)hurt in the accident.3)The problem(which is)bothering ever
24、ybody is the lack of money.4)The book(that has been)given to him is an English novel.后置定语后置定语有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词为分词。这类定语从句一般缩略为变动词为分词。这类定语从句一般缩略为现在现在分词短语分词短语，且在缩略时要考虑现在分词的时态，且在缩略时要考虑现在分词的时态和词态特征。和词态特征。e.g.The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking.The man own
25、ing that car will be fined for illegal parking.Bill,who had taken chemistry in high school,offered to help him.Bill,having taken chemistry in high school,offered to help him.Cross out the relative pronouns where possible.1.They come from a village that was submerged in the reservoir.cant remove“that
26、”2.There are many people who prefer to live in villages.cant remove“who”3.The dam that we saw in the film wasnt the Three Gorges Dam.can remove“that”4.Ive got a book that has lots of information about Zigui County.cant remove“that”5.The students that I met near the reservoir were from Vietnam.can re
27、move“that”6.I received an email from my cousin who lives near the Three Gorges Dam.cant remove“who”Make each pair of sentences into one sentence.Example:The mountain is the highest in the region.We climbed it.The mountain we climbed is the highest in the region.1.The dam provides a large amount of p
28、ower.They built it on the river.The dam(which/that)they built on the river provides a large amount of power.2.The power station was very modern.We visited it.The power station(which/that)we visited was very modern.3.The village is near the lake.My grandparents used to live in it.The village(which/th
29、at)my grandparents used to live in is near the lake.4.The boat went from Wuhan to Zigui.I took it.The boat(which/that)I took went from Wuhan to Zigui.1.Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator,_ it will keep for two or three weeks.A.when B.which C.where D.while2.Julia was good at Germa
30、n,French and Russian,all of _ she spoke fluently.A.who B.whom C.which D.that CC3.The old town has narrow streets and small houses _ are built close to each other.A.they B.where C.what D.that4.That evening,_ I will tell you more about later,I ended up working very late.A.that B.which C.what D.whenD B
31、 5.After the flooding,people were suffering in that area,_ urgently needed clean water,medicine and shelter to survive.A.which B.who C.where D.whatB6.I wish to thank Professor Smith,without _ help I would never have got this far.A.who B.whose C.whom D.whichB 7.We live in an age _ more information is
32、 available with greater ease than ever before.A.why B.when C.to whom D.on whichB 8.Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future.A.on which B.by which C.to which D.from whichC 9.Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.A.which B.that C.when D.whereD 10.I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends,_ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.A.which B.where C.who D.thatB 1.Remember the rules of Grammar.2.Finish the exercises 2,3 on page 54.
