1、1What is he doing?Where is he?Lead-in:“See the trees but no forest”!Skills of doing Global comprehension He Lingzhi from Mingde senior middle schoolI.I.题型特点题型特点:这类试题主要考查学生把握全文这类试题主要考查学生把握全文主题主题和和理解理解中心思想中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章的能力，也包括分析归纳文章的的段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点点的能力。这种试题要求考生能把握文章的的能力。这种试题要
2、求考生能把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心句；要求能较总体，并真正理解主题和中心句；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，难度较大，属于高层次题。维的方法，难度较大，属于高层次题。II.II.题干表现形式：题干表现形式：1).主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式:The main idea of the passage isThe passage is mainly aboutThe passage is mainly discussesWhich of the following statements best
3、 expresses the main idea of the passage?What is the passage mainly about?2).目的类主旨大意题目的类主旨大意题The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to The passage is meant to.The purpose of this article is to 3).标题类主旨大意题标题类主旨大意题The best title for the passage might beThe best title for the passage would b
4、e 5 III.III.错误选项的特点错误选项的特点:以偏概全以偏概全.只是局部信息只是局部信息,或是一句没或是一句没有展开论述的话有展开论述的话.过于笼统过于笼统.即归纳的主题太泛即归纳的主题太泛,与细节与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.把观点强加与作者把观点强加与作者.读者往往根据自己读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解的见解.无关信息无关信息,既在文章中没有提到或找不既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息到语言依据的信息 6 从前面所述可知，查找主旨、标题时，我们要学习识别文从前面所述可知，查找主旨、标
5、题时，我们要学习识别文章中最基本章中最基本,最具有概括力的信息。这种信息应能归纳和概括文最具有概括力的信息。这种信息应能归纳和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性。中其它信息所具有的共性。eg1：Choose the most general word.A)chemist B)physicist C)scientist D)biologist eg2：Choose the most general sentence.A.The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m.daily.B.There are many reasons why gu
6、ests feel at home at the Glorietta Bay Inn.C.The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board.D.There are a number of extra services at the Glorietta Bay Inn including baby-sitting.7eg3：Read the following and choose the title that best expresses the ideas of the passage.There is a simple economic
7、 principle used to determine prices.It is called the law of supply and demand.Supply means the amount of,or access to,certain goods.Demand represents the number of people who want those goods.If there are more goods than wanted,the price of them falls.On the other hand,if the demand for those goods
8、is much greater than the supply,then price rises.Of course manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices.A.Economic Principles B.Law of Supply and Demand C.More Goods,Lower Prices D.Fewer Goods,Higher Prices 该问题中该问题中,A 泛指经济规律泛指经济规律,面过宽；面过宽；C和和D只是供需规则的两个单只是供需规则的两个单独方面独方面,不能包含全部不能包含全部,面太
9、窄。正确答案是面太窄。正确答案是B,因为这正是短文自因为这正是短文自始至终讨论的主题。始至终讨论的主题。IV.IV.应试技巧应试技巧 了解主题句的特点了解主题句的特点：主题句所表达的意思具有主题句所表达的意思具有概括性、抽概括性、抽象性；象性；句子句子结构简单结构简单明了明了,作者一般不会采作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句主题句；文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释的进一步解释,说明说明,论证或扩展。论证或扩展。9Skills of Skimming:Skills of Skimming:1.顺行顺行快
10、速快速向前移动眼睛，千万不要停顿或复视；向前移动眼睛，千万不要停顿或复视；2.把注意力集中在把注意力集中在关键词关键词上，即名词、动词、上，即名词、动词、形容词、数词、副词等；形容词、数词、副词等；3.将关键词扩大为能表达概念的词组，即将关键词扩大为能表达概念的词组，即语意群语意群，按语意群进行阅读；按语意群进行阅读；4.遇到生词遇到生词尽量猜尽量猜，猜不出的生词，可跳过去；，猜不出的生词，可跳过去；5.对关键词进行数量上的加工，对关键词进行数量上的加工，筛选筛选出最能表达出最能表达 作者意图的关键词及概念；作者意图的关键词及概念；6.初次练习时，可将初次练习时，可将关键词划出来关键词划出来，
11、待读完一遍之后，待读完一遍之后，回过头来将所划的关键词从头再看一遍。练习一段时回过头来将所划的关键词从头再看一遍。练习一段时 后，在阅读中尽量用脑子记下来。后，在阅读中尽量用脑子记下来。如何寻找主题句如何寻找主题句?People have different tastes in food.Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat.Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal.Oth
12、ers prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti,eggplant,and fresh fruit.Others could live on what were called fast-foods:a hamburger or hot dog,French fries and a soft drink.（1）主题句在段首）主题句在段首。（。（）一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头（一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头（60-90%），），其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文其后的句子则是论证性
13、细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。11(07湖南湖南D)One of our biggest fears nowadays is that our kids might some day get lost in a“sea of technology”rather than experiencing the natural world.Fear-producing TV and computer games are leading to a serious disconnect between kids and the great outdoor
14、s,which will changes the wild places of the world,its creatures and human health for the worse,unless adults get working on childs play.72.In writing this passage,the author mainly intends to_.A.blame children for getting lost in computer games B.encourage children to protect parks fromencroachment
15、C.show his concern about childrens lack of experience in nature D.inspire children to keep the sense of wonder about things around(07安徽安徽 A)Many facts suggest that children are overweight and the situation is getting worse,according to the doctors,I feel there are a number of reasons for this.The ab
16、ove are the main reasons for this problem,and therefore we have to encourage young people to be more active,as well as steering them away from fast food shopsand bad eating habits.58.The main purpose of the text is to _.A.tell a story B.provide facts C.give advice D.compare opinions （2）首尾呼应）首尾呼应为突出主
17、题为突出主题,作者先提出主题作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出结尾时再次点出主题主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常常,前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。13(首首)Most young architects-particularly those in big cities-can only dream about working in a building of their own.And making that dream come t
18、rue often means finding a building no one else seems to want,which is exactly what happened to David Yocum and his partner,Brain Bell.（尾）（尾）Yocum and Bell,who have just completed an art gallery for the city,feel that the experience from the decoration of their building,focusing on the inside rather
19、than the outside,has influenced their work.It has also given these architects a chance to show how they can make more out of less.(08Hunan)64.The main idea of the passage is that _.A.people can learn a lot from their failuresB.it is worthwhile to spend money on an old buildingC.people should not jud
20、ge things by their appearanceD.creative people can make the best of what they have（3）主题句也会出现在段尾。）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证层层推理论证,最后自然得出结论最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。（常有即段落的主题。（常有As a result，thus，therefore，thereby，consequently,however,but，in fact等词）等词）（08湖南湖南 D）Celebrity(名人名人)has become one of the mos
21、t important representative of popular culture.Fans used to be crazy about a specific film,but now the public tends to base its consumption(消费消费)on the interest of celebrity attached to any given product.Besides,fashion magazines have almost abandoned the practice of putting models on the cover becau
22、se they dont sell nearly as well as famous faces.As a result,celebrities have realized their unbelievably powerful market potential,moving from advertising for others products to developing their own.72.The passage is mainly about_.A.celebrity and personal style B.celebrity and markets potential C.c
23、elebrity and fashion designD.celebrity and clothing industry15（0808江西）江西）Intellectural property(IP)is a product of the mind that has commercial value.IP rights protect an artist from having his/her creative ideas copied by another.Many years ago,IP rights were easily protected since it was very diff
24、icult to obtain intellectual property without paying for it.However,a lot of IP,including songs,films,books and artwork,can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet.This practice has now taken the world by storm,dramatically affecting the way in which we view IP rights.71.A possible tit
25、le for this passage could be_.A.A History of IP Rights.B.Ways to Protect Your IP Rights.C.The Present and the Future of IP D.IP Rights and Our Attitudes Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat.Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark.In fact
26、,the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations.Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand.A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（4）短文中间 通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.17(06湖南湖南D)The discovery of a dwa
27、rfed(矮个的矮个的)human being who lived in Flores,Indonesia,up to 18,000 years ago is changing the way we think about the human family.This Flores Human was three foot tall and her brain was smaller than that of the average chimp(黑猩猩黑猩猩),yet she and her relatives apparently lived fully human lives.They se
28、em to have made tools,worked together to find food and cook it,and perhaps even buried their dead with ceremony.69.This passage mainly talks about_.A.the tools made by Flores Human B.the language used by Flores Human C.the evolution of Flores Human D.the major surprising findings about Flores Human（
29、5）无主题句即主题句隐含在全文中,没有明确的主题句.必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。A bus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic.All day long,the driver answers the same questions without becoming angry.Every few minutes a bus driver has to ask pa
30、ssengers to step to the back of the bus.In spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who cause delays,a bus driver is expected to cover his or her route on schedule.这一段的隐含主题句可概括为：这一段的隐含主题句可概括为：Driving a bus is hard work20(08湖北湖北)One August afternoon,Richard Allen dropped off his last passen
31、ger,Mrs.Carey.Lifting two grocery bags,he followed her across the yard and stood on the step of her house.Glancing up,he saw a large wasp(黄黄蜂蜂)nest under the roof.Allen ran for his mini-bus.Too late;they were upon himAt last he reached the station.Two firemen ran out.Allen felt their hands grasp him
32、 before he hit the ground.You made it,he thought.72.Which would be the best title for the passage?A.Allen,A Helpless Driver B.Wasps,Bloody KillersC.A Race Against Death D.War Against Wasps应试技巧应试技巧:1.1.依据依据标志词标志词（Thus,However,yet,in fact等）等）高频词高频词 寻找概括性抽象性的寻找概括性抽象性的主题句主题句；2.2.正确选项正确选项的特点的特点 含有含有抽象名词和
33、概括性抽象名词和概括性词语：词语：四个选项中四个选项中,含有含有 approach,concept,chance,opportunity,various,both,general,many,difficult,way,necessity,necessary,importance等词的选项一般是正确选项；等词的选项一般是正确选项；四个选项中四个选项中,内容相近或完全相反内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往的两个选项中往往 有一个是正确选项；有一个是正确选项；那些那些概括全文概括全文,内容全面内容全面,含义深刻含义深刻,说明道理说明道理的选项的选项 一般是答案项一般是答案项,而选项内容片面而选项内容片面,单一的内容一般是错单一的内容一般是错 误选项。误选项。
