1、英语写作基础上课的要求1 1 准备白纸，准备白纸，A4A4最好，准备一个夹最好，准备一个夹子，铅笔子，铅笔2 2 多说英语多说英语3 3 按时交作业按时交作业Writing makes an exact Writing makes an exact man.man.总纲：语法被误解了总纲：语法被误解了语言语言=规则规则+词汇词汇1 逻辑：单复数，主动被动，时间，逻辑：单复数，主动被动，时间，动作类别，具体动作动作类别，具体动作2 功能：功能：subject 主语主语adj+(S)adj+adv+V+O+adv3标志：标志：冠词冠词 助动词，并列连词，从属连词助动词，并列连词，从属连词举例证明逻
2、辑虚拟语气（和现在相反的虚拟语气）If 过去式，主句S+would,should,could,might+V第一章格式第一章格式标题=话题+控制词（我的课堂要求）标题形式1 一个完整陈述句子2一个完整问句3名词短语4标点问号是可用的，别的最好不用，引号和逗号看情况1 My First Visit to the Mountain Resort肯定句2 What Can Smoking Do to Us?直接疑问句3 What Reform Means to China 间接疑问句4 William S.Hart and the Early Weatern Film句号，单引号（标题单引号，引言双
3、引号5 The Stylistic Influence of “The Old Man and the Sea”大写句子专有名词An anonymous source with close ties to+An anonymous source close to+An article quoted from(in)CD published on May 6th,20101 He said,“My trip to the Summer Palace was interesting but tiring.”She answered,“At weekend.”2“My trip to the Sum
4、mer 2“My trip to the Summer Palace,”he said,“was Palace,”he said,“was interesting but tiring.”interesting but tiring.”大写顺便看看引号大写顺便看看引号3 She said3 She said，“Tom said then,Tom said then,Jenny is a dumb Dora.”Jenny is a dumb Dora.”Dear Sir or Madam,Dear Sir or Madam,Dear Sir or Madam:Dear Sir or Madam:
5、第 二 章第 二 章 名 词 模 块名 词 模 块第一节第一节 名词的数名词的数1 1马比耗子大。马比耗子大。2 2金子比银子贵。金子比银子贵。3 3苦难是朋友。苦难是朋友。名词的类指 物质名词的类指 抽象名词的类指Spring Festival Gala is held on the eve ofSpring Festival Gala is held on the eve ofChinese New Year.GalaChinese New Year.Gala是可数，可是在提到是可数，可是在提到 Spring Spring Festival Gala Festival Gala 作为通指概
6、念，不加冠词的，除非说是作为通指概念，不加冠词的，除非说是20112011春晚春晚普通名词组成的专有名词普通名词组成的专有名词小张去公园给猴子拍照片。小张去公园给猴子拍照片。Mr.Zhang went to the park to take photos of monkeys.思考思考1快毕业了，大学生在找工作。2我们班女生爱穿裙子。3当女人爱上男人，她们就失去了理智。4中秋节真的让人想家。nostalgic 2 名词的逻辑单复数,冠词,代词,数词 用手捂脸TOM一拳打Jerry在脸上（总-分）Tom hit Jerry in the face.第二节第二节 名词的分类名词的分类1 1专有名词
7、专有名词我们有两个我们有两个JohnJohn。有个叫有个叫John John 的找你。的找你。Some John Some John（A JohnA John）called on/visitedcalled on/visited你真是雷锋。你真是雷锋。You are a Lei Feng.You are a Lei Feng.第二节名词的分类第二节名词的分类普通名词1个体名词2集合名词3物质名词4抽象名词物质名词物质名词Smoke 烟雾还是具体一缕烟，一支烟Grass一叶草 a blade of grassFire火灾可数，火炉可数A fire broke out in the kitchen
8、.They sit around the fire.不可数变可数不可数变可数2.1 2.1 不可数变可数不可数变可数1)种类我爱各种食物。I love foods.2)个体brick gold golden glass3)转义4)抽象变具体power beauty我有很多种钢。I have steels.他朝我扔一个石头。He throws a stone at me.What I need is an iron.Your are a trouble.北语就是一个小联合国。BLCU is a UN in miniature size.2.2 可数变不可数1 go to（be at）school
9、 prison church hospital home（特殊）to have too much family to have too much winter to have too much mouth to have too little ear to have room forTo have too heavy family to burden to have a too long spell of cold weatherto talk too muchto be not inclined to listen to othersto have a need for3 Much of a
10、 fool enough of a 3 Much of a fool enough of a man man 4 by4 by通信，交通通信，交通 car air sea land car air sea land snail mailsnail mail Much of a fool He is as much of a fool to give up his lawful rights.Much of a man He is much of a man to face the adverse situation.第三节 名词的功能3.13.1主语和宾语主语和宾语Tom loves you.
11、Tom loves you.She doesnt like naughty children.She doesnt like naughty children.The peach tastes sweat.The peach tastes sweat.The dude/guy/buddy/man is towering.The dude/guy/buddy/man is towering.I love pears.I love pears.哪个是主语？一定是主语的：看清楚动词性质I love you.及物动词及物动词She doesnt like naughty children.及物动词及物
12、动词The peach tastes sweat.系动词系动词The dude/guy/buddy/man is towering.be动词动词I love pears.及物动词及物动词3.2 所有格所有格的意义基本等同形容词性物主代词猫的问题Toms catTom and Helens cat is a cute creature.Tom and Helens cat depend on each other in difficulty.Toms and Helencats 其他基本变法其他基本变法1若名词已有复数词尾又是s，只加“”students 2不定代词后接 else,所有格放在 e
13、lse 上。例 somebody elses bag3 表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。the tailors 裁缝店，the barbers理发店，go to the doctors上诊所，at my uncles在我叔叔家4 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“s”或“”来表示 所有格。如：todays newspaper,half an hours rest,two weeks work,ten minuteswalk,Chinas population,Shanghais industry5 无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关
14、系。the students of their school,the teachers of Grade 26 表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of所有格”来表示所属关系。例如：He is an old friend of my fathers.This is a picture of Marys.其他修饰词 练习练习我父亲的一个老朋友 An old friend of my father我姨妈那个可爱的孩子 That lovely baby of my aunts我姐姐两个同学Two classmates of my sisters我老公的任何朋友Any friend
15、 of my friends对比a portrait of Mr Browns 一张由布朗先生画的或收藏的肖像a portrait of Mr Brown 一张布朗先生的肖像a criticism of Mr Hamiltons 汉密尔顿先生作的一次批评a criticism of Mr Hamilton 对汉密尔顿先生的一次批评文体风格The chimney of the factory The application of the theory to the practical production proves effective.The warmth of the room drive
16、s me sleepy.The mastery of English requires dilligence.介词介词+名词名词1介词+名词=adj or adv2 for instance,for exampleI like friut,for instance,apples,pears and peaches.3 at hand （时间，距离）很近on hand 现有，手头有In hand 在处理的，掌控 in the hands of 受控制形容词形容词1修饰名词，只有形容词的累加，不借助并列连词2 冠词,指示代词,形容词性物主代词,名词所有格,（互相排斥）这几个词都是限定词，一类限定词
17、，（互相排斥）3.好美小高状奇新，彩色国料特别亲第三章 动词模块动词的逻辑语态就是逻辑关系N-V 主谓关系-主动句ving or to doN-V动宾关系-被动句ed时态的根本是时间先后完成与未完成动作类别与具体动作动词分类动词分类1及物不及物2动态动词与静态动词1.21动态动词延续write，run，watch瞬间knock,open,shut，finish，buy，borrow转换 come,go,arrive,leave,become,turn,grow,change,get(=become)，depart 感觉 ache，hurt 1 延续动词涉及是动作类别还是具体动作He write
18、s a letter.(错）He is writing a letter.(具体动作）Does he run or walk?He walks.(动作类别）瞬间动词瞬间动词瞬间动词进行时是转义He is tapping on the door.不停地敲门He is shutting the door.不断摔门1）If God shuts a door,he will open a window for you.2）When one door shuts,another opens.He is to shut the door.3）God never shuts one door but he
19、opens another.天无绝人之路 转换动词转换动词1)come,go,become,turn,grow,get(=become)，其实这都是系动词Come true go worse become dangerous2)come go leave depart arrive 位置转换3)Change感觉动词Hurt ache My eyes are burning.1.22 1.22 静态动词静态动词 1“存在”和“拥有”：be,have,own,belong,exist,hold(容纳)，resemble（长得像）2 度量 cost,weigh,measure 3 五官感觉 see,
20、hear,taste,smell,feel，sound4 心理状态believe,think,know,remember,forget,understand,love,like,hate,detest 静态动词进行时静态动词进行时1.转义I He is being silly.故意地，但是不能故意 tall，negro2实义动词含义I am having lunch.=eating3感情色彩always，constantly continually，forever 4越来越He is resembling his father.1.23 动作类指还是具体动作1)He writes a lett
21、er.一定是错的2)He writes a letter everyday.3)He is writing a letter.4)He wrote a letter.5)She didnt respond to it,so he has written another ten letters.1.3 逗号的意义以及分号1)逗号的意义是相当于语气的停顿，不承担句法syntax功能，不能直接连接句子，必须要搭配连词。在一个句子中，最后累加相同成分，最后逗号是and，or 代替的2)分号可以连接两个分句。两个分句，如果用逗号，一定要配连词1.4 两个动词谓语动词的叠加1)我冲出教室，跳过篱笆，在操场
22、猛跑。2)我冲出教室，跳过篱笆，在操场猛跑来表达我内心的喜悦。3)他跳但是一下跌倒了。4)我没冲出教室，跳过篱笆，在操场猛跑来表达我内心的喜悦。思考思考1）and,or,but 都可以并列什么？特殊一点冠词承前省略 Are you a teacher or student?2)下边句子的否定句1.5实义动词与be动词1.51实义动词实际动作意义的动词1.52 Be 动词用来表示主语性质或状态，只有be一词，可以接名词，形容词，副词（时间，地点等）介词词组，代词，不定式，动名词，ed分词，从句句子变短语句子变短语The boy is a singer.The girl is dangerous.
23、The bike is there.The picture on the wall.This is him.The actress is to play a part as Jingqiu in.The man is beaten by Daijun.The film is moving.The skill is swimming.1）持续系动词 keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,Stay healthy stay safe keep fit keep healthyThe house stands empty.The town lies in ruins.试比较
24、She stands still.思考后接词性？Adj为主，特殊的名词1.53 1.53 系动词系动词接词特别一点的接词特别一点的Prove turn out其实是个省略了to be如何变句子The cloth feels soft.The cloth feeling softThe house stands empty.The house standing empty.1.6 时态意义（逻辑内涵）时间先后，完成与未完成，动作类别与具体动作,主动与被动(语态）1.61一般现在时 1 1常用时间标志常用时间标志 oftenoften，usually,every day,nowusually,ev
25、ery day,now，seldomseldom2 2 表计划的终止性动词，现在表将来表计划的终止性动词，现在表将来begin,start,come,go,have,arrive,return,begin,start,come,go,have,arrive,return,stop,open,close,take off,see sb.offstop,open,close,take off,see sb.offWhen does the train arrive?When does the train arrive?1.621.62一般过去式一般过去式1）没有前因后果的完成。老李回家了。Tom去
26、了图书馆。2）过去是现在不是。I was young。3）过去发生的事情。1.631.63现在完成时现在完成时过去发生的事情对现在有影响。1)1)常用常用forfor和和sincesince表示一段时间的状语或表示一段时间的状语或so so far,now,today,thisweek/year,already,yet,far,now,today,thisweek/year,already,yet,ever,just,before ever,just,before等等.during.during特别特别2)2)come,go,die,buycome,go,die,buy等的完成时不能与等的完成
27、时不能与 for,since for,since 等表示一段时间等表示一段时间的词连用。的词连用。Have been doing Have been doing（不确定完成（不确定完成 ，有可能继，有可能继续）续）1.641.64一般将来时一般将来时Will 书面Be going to 口语，计划不变Be about to 最快Be to 最正式Will be doing 最形象By 2020,all the citizens in China will have been entitled to the benefits of social security.截止到将来某一点会发生的事情1.
28、651.65过去完成时过去完成时A,B两件事，B事发生在过去，A事发生在B事前。A事就是过去完成时。进行时 Be+ving 1 未完成2 表达情绪,同 always，often，forever（永远、不断），continually3 表将来 I am hoping that I can hear from you4 持续1.7 副词 中位副词 often，always，seldom，hardly，情态动词，be动词后，实义动词前We ate steak happily on Saturday at Lis house.(Manner,place,time)第四章 句子模块句子汉英对照句子汉英对
29、照1.11.1主语主语1.111.11汉语主语汉语主语 在汉语里，主语一般可以理解为一个话题在汉语里，主语一般可以理解为一个话题 方位词：桌子上有一本书。1.12 英语主语名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当 时间，地点，方位词组，一般都不可以做主语，只能做状语。1.2 谓语1.21 汉语谓语谓语是陈述主语的，说明主语怎么样或是什么，因此谓语通常由动词、形容词或副词，名词充任 1.31.3英汉主谓转换英汉主谓转换1 1）汉语的谓语动词，）汉语的谓语动词，2)2)无动词谓语的，无动词谓语的，（特别的，表示日期、节令、天气，（特别的，表示日期、节令、天气，补出形式主语补出形式主语itit）3 3
30、）“有有”1.4 副词顺序英文顺序状语+（定语）主（定语）+中位状语谓+（定语）宾（定语）+状语顺序是方式+地点+时间汉语顺序状语+（定语）主+状语+谓+（定语）+宾1.5 主语的确定1.51主语的确定1)那个地方（有个金矿）2)明年5月以前,就结婚了。3)100元，她买了一双鞋。4)调查研究发现真相。5)细心，你才可以不犯错。6)通过王教授的帮助，我们获得了实验的成功。7)运用科学的办法解决实际问题。1）There is a gold mine at that place.2）The marriage cerimony will have been held before next May.
31、3）With 100 yuan,she bought a pair of shoes.4）Through investigation and study,we can disclose the truth.5）With care,you can avoid making mistakes.6)With the help from Professor Wang,we have made a successful experiment.7)By adopting a scientific method,we can sovle practical problems.总结：时间，地点，方式，手段在英
32、文中不做主语。1.521.52客观的风格客观的风格英文更注重客观事实，抽象思维1)这时我激动得说不出话来。2)我突然有了一个想法。1）Words failed me at the moment.2）An idea suddenly occurres to me.3）北京地区由于近年加强了植树造林，在一些地方飞来了稀有的鸟类。The expansion of woods in some places around Beijing these years attracts quite a few rare birds.Quite a few rare birds come to settle do
33、wn in some places around Beijing thanks to the expansion of woods there these years.5）重点是普及义务教育，积极发展职业教育和成人教育。We must lay emphasis on making compulsory education universal,vigorously developing vocational and adult education.Our emphasis must be laid on.5）他亲自主持了党中央召开的全国大会，大会上他说：每个干部必须做人民的公仆。He presi
34、ded over the National Conference convened by the Party Central Committee at which he said that every cadre must be a public servant.“Every cadre must be a public servant,”he said at the Partys National Conference he presided over.6）他们公司在产品的包装和宣传上明显比不上竞争对手。The packing and advertising propaganda of th
35、at company cant obviously compare with their competitor.Their company is obviously inferior to their rival in product packaging and advertising.1.6 两个基本逻辑结构Information structure=given information+new information我买一个包。包花了我300块。300块是爸爸给的。他们在山上建了个庙。庙里有个老和尚。老和尚养了一只小狗。小狗叫旺财 There be There be 句型句型There is
36、 a car.The left window of the car was broken.1.611无灵主语Now,It is widely(commonly,generally)believed(thought，held，accepted，felt，recognized，acknowledged)that S+V+O事件的原因和结果同时出现时，事件的原因和结果同时出现时，英汉差异，英语结果在英汉差异，英语结果在前时候多一些。前时候多一些。形式宾语Make it possible Think it importantIt=to do,that 从句，动名词这笔钱使得我们可以顺利建立这个公司。T
37、he money has made it possible for us to set up the company.我们觉得节省能源是很重要的。We think it important to save energy.1.62 1.62 强调（句首）强调（句首）1.621倒装，1).全部倒装(Full Inversion),又称主谓倒装(Subject-verb Inversion)。Here are some letters for you.Down poured the rain.Into the coach scrambled the children.(1)用于由here,there
38、,now,then 等副词引导的句子，通常称作把时间状语或地点状语提前的倒装句，其谓语动词通常跟在时间状语或地点状语之后。Then came a new idea that S+V+O(2)当句子的主语较长而谓语较短时，常将状语放在句首，主谓全部倒装使句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻。Faint grow the sound of the bell.2).2).部分倒装部分倒装(Partial Inversion(Partial Inversion)(1)句首是否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，常用部分倒装。n o s o o n e r t h a n,h a r d l y,（s c a r c e
39、 l y,hardly）when,一。就。No sooner has we stepped on the train than it sets off.前句完成时，后句一般时(2)(2)句首是句首是 only only 引导的状语引导的状语Only in this way can we solve the problem.(3)sothat 结构中的 so 置于句首时，需要部分倒装。So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him.to such a degree/extent,to such an extreme,to such a poin
40、t,with every justification,with good reason 等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。(4)用于以 neither,nor 开始的省略句，表示“也不”；用于以 so 开始的省略句，表示“也如此”。He did not like rock music,neither did I.试着比较I will go there,so will I.I am hungry,so am I.I want to eat noodles with bean paste and I do so.Noodles with soybean sauce/paste1.6221.622强调句强
41、调句It is/was+被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+that/who（当强调主语且主语指人）+其它部分。翻译1）是Tom 昨天打碎了Jack家的那个窗户。It is Tom who broke.2）是孩子带给人类希望。It is children who bring hope for human beings。1）it isthat(who)通吃2）时态的统一3)数的统一.It is yesterdayyesterday that he met Li Ping.1.623 what1.623 what从句从句我不得不离开北京。I have to leave Beijing.What
42、I have to do is(to)leave Beijing.特殊What we have are nine dogs.1.7基本句子结构1.71基本句子结构1)S+V2)S+V+A3)S+V+O4)S+V+O+A5)S+V+O+O6)S+V+O+C(complement)7)S+V+C推荐推荐6)S+V+O+C7）S+V+CThe sun rose red.He went home,tired and hungry.He was left,high and dry.She woke up one day a mother.You woke up one day an old man no
43、t a you guy.1.72 1.72 简单句简单句简单句：只有一个主谓的句子，叫做简单句。（并列，逗号）and or butMary，Jane and I decide to go to karaoke.You have an apartment,a car and a wife.I dont have a smoke,a beer or hidden reserves.1.721 1.721 拉拢：并列谓语拉拢：并列谓语and or but and or but 我冲出教室，跳过篱笆，在操场猛跑来表达我内心的喜悦。I rushed out of the classroom,jumped
44、 over the fence and dashed in the sports field to express my ecstasy.He jumped but fell down to the ground.我没冲出教室，跳过篱笆，在操场猛跑来表达我内心的喜悦。I didnt rush out of the classroom,jump over the fence or dash in the sports field to express my ecstasy.1.7221.722打击：非谓语应用打击：非谓语应用He entered the room,carrying a book.
45、1.723残缺句子请大家在书上做练习。1.731.73为什么要有从句为什么要有从句 连词的意义和连接性副词都是表达逻辑，连接性质的副词不能象连词一样分句或主从复合句之间用逗号连接。也就是说它们不能连接两个分句或引导从句。它们引导的句子与前面的句子之间要用分号或句号，而它们与引导的句子之间往往用逗号。连接副词分类连接副词分类1)表示顺序的，如first,in the first place,then,finally,in the end等等。尤其要注意then.如：2)表示递进关系的，如in addition,what is more,furthermore,moreover等。注意in add
46、ition 与in addition to 的区别：in addition 是副词性质；而in addition to 是介词性质，后面必须接宾语。3)表示转折关系的，如 however,nevertheless,nonetheless,on the contrary,in contrast,等等。要注意不要把however 当成连词：4)表示结果的，如therefore,consequently,thus,hence,as a r e s u l t 等。尤 其 要 注 意therefore,thus等不是连词以及hence的用法。如：5)举例的，如for example,for insta
47、nce,takefor example等。注 意，f o r e x a m p l e,f o r instance 是副词性质，举例说明时，前面要用句号；takefor example本身是一个句子结构。6)表示条件的，意思为“否则”，如otherwise等，注意它们不是连词。1.74 Run-on1.74 Run-on串句串句1）Run-on sentence 串句：修改串句有三种方法：1）将其分成两个句子；2）用连词连接两个句子；3）用分号连接两个句子。1.8 并列句（并列连词（并列连词and but so for or nor and but so for or nor）其基本结构是
48、其基本结构是“简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词+简简单句单句”。并列连词有：。并列连词有：and,but,or,and,but,or,soso，forfor等等.并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。的关系。它们之间用连词连结。平行结构平行结构and,or和but都是连词，在句中连接两个或两个以上的并列成分。可连接两个词，两个短语，两个分句，但所连接的两个成分必须一致，绝不能一个是词，一个是句子。N o t o n l y b u t a l s o neither.nor bo
49、th.and not.but She loves not because SVO but because SVOAs adj as morethan平行结构句型The students are as bright as those in your school.The population of China is ten times more than that of Japan.替代可数与不可数1.9 复合句1.91宾语从句 一个句子做了整个主句的宾语。该句子就是宾语从句。我说我是一个老师。I said I was a teacher.她说你真是一个老师么？She asked if/weth
50、er I was a teacher(or not)她说那您什么时候毕业的啊？She asked when I had graduated.1.9111.911宾语从句宾语从句=S+V+=S+V+标志词标志词+陈述句陈述句1)标志词(1)That 肯定句标志，不承担任何语义成分，注意与that在定语从句区别(2)whether/if 一般疑问句标志，承担语气功能“是否”(3)who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever，when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however 承
