1、第二部分 词 类 梳 理表示人、物、事、时间、地点等实体或抽象概念的词叫作名词。名词专有名词:表示国家、人名、地名、组织、机构、语言、月份、星期、节日等专有名称,首字母要大写。如:China,Mike,Beijing,World Trade Organization(WTO),English,March,Sunday,Teachers Day普通名词可数名词个体名词。如:girl,lake,book集体名词。如:family,class,police,people不可数名词物质名词。如:milk,rice,bread抽象名词。如:homework,news,weather1.可数名词的单数形式
2、前面要用可数名词的单数形式前面要用a/an,表示特指的时候,表示特指的时候,前面要用前面要用the,谓语动词用单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式。如:I can see a cat in the tree.我能看见一只猫在树上。Could you please give me an orange?你能给我一个橙子吗?The girl is a Chinese.那个女孩子是一个中国人。2.不可数名词不能按个数来计算,前面不能加不可数名词不能按个数来计算,前面不能加 a/an,但是特指时,但是特指时,也要加也要加 the,在句子中谓语动词对应地要用单数形式,在句子中谓语动词对应地要用单数形式。如:No
3、news is good news.没消息就是好消息。There is lots of rice in the bag.袋子里面有很多大米。The milk in the bottle is fresh.瓶子里的牛奶是新鲜的。【注】不可数名词不能用 many 表示“许多”,而要用much 或者 lots of 等来表示。3.集体名词中有的词只能当复数看待集体名词中有的词只能当复数看待。如:The Chinese people are hard-working.中国人是勤劳的。The police are looking for the lost boy.警察在寻找失踪的男孩。【注注】也有些集体
4、名词被看作一个整体时,其谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式,但若强调构成这个集体的各个成员时,其谓语动词应用复数形式。这类词包括family,class,team,group等。如:My family is a large one.我的家庭是个大家庭。My family are watching TV now.现在我家人正在看电视。返回目录1.可数名词复数形式的规则变化。可数名词复数形式的规则变化。(1)一般情况下在末尾直接加-s。如:mapmaps,bagbags(2)以s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词,在末尾加-es。如:busbuses,boxboxes,dishdishes,watchwatch
5、es(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加-es。如:familyfamilies,flyflies【注注】以元音字母加y结尾的名词,y不变,直接在末尾加-s。如:boyboys,monkeymonkeys返回目录(4)以o结尾的名词,变复数时,一般情况下在末尾加-s。如:photophotos,pianopianos,zoozoos【注注】小学阶段有两个以o结尾的名词,变复数时,要在末尾加-es。它们是:potatopotatoes,tomatotomatoes(5)以f,fe结尾的名词,变f,fe为-v,再加-es。如:halfhalves,knifeknives,leaflea
6、ves,wolfwolves返回目录2.可数名词复数形式的不规则变化可数名词复数形式的不规则变化。(1)单复数同形。如:deerdeer,sheepsheep,fishfish(2)oo变为ee。如:footfeet,toothteeth,goosegeese【注】book,school等词变复数时,直接在末尾加-s。如:bookbooks,schoolschools返回目录(3)a 变为e。如:manmen,womanwomen【注】用man,woman修饰名词时,被修饰的名词为复数形式时,man和woman也要相应的改为复数形式。如:a man doctorsix men doctors,
7、a woman teachernine women teachers(4)加词尾变复数。如:childchildren,oxoxen(5)特殊变化。如:mousemice返回目录(6)表示“某国人”的名词变复数时,其变化规则有如下窍门:中日不变英法变,有man,woman 的变men,women(German除外),其余后面加-s。如:ChineseChinese JapaneseJapanese EnglishmanEnglishmenEnglishwomanEnglishwomen FrenchmanFrenchmen FrenchwomanFrenchwomen GermanGerman
8、s AmericanAmericans返回目录1.much/some/a little/little/a lot of/lots of/plenty of等不可数名词。如:some water a little milk a lot of money 2.一般用“数词量词of不可数名词”来表示不可数名词的量。如:a piece of news two pieces of advice a glass of winethree cups of tea a drop of water three bottles of milk【注】这种表达形式用在句子中,谓语动词的形式需随量词的变化而变化。如:T
9、here are three cups of tea on the tea table.茶桌上有三杯茶。A drop of water drops on my head.一滴水滴到我的头上。返回目录名词的所有格表示人或物的所属关系,意为“的”。所有格的形式有以下几种:1.s所有格所有格由名词后加s或构成,多用来表示有生命的人或动物的所属关系。其用法如下:(1)用于有生命的名词之后。如:Marys coat my sisters room the ducks food【注】若名词已是复数形式,词尾又是以s结尾,只需加。如:the girls dresses the boys ball返回目录若一
10、样事物为两人共有,则在后一个人名用所有格表示。如:Amy and Anns mother 艾米和安的妈妈(表示Amy和Ann是亲姐妹,她们的妈妈是同一个人)如果不是两人共有,而是各自所有,则两个名词都用所有格,且其后的名词应为复数形式。如:Amys and Anns mothers艾米的妈妈和安的妈妈(表示Amy和Ann的妈妈不是同一个人)(2)用于表示天体的名词之后。如:the suns heat the moons light 返回目录(3)用于表示时间、度量与货币的名词之后。如:ten minutes walk todays newspaper(4)用于表示店铺或某人的家时,所有格后面常
11、省略它所修饰的名词。如:the bakerys 面包店 my grandparents 我爷爷奶奶的家返回目录2.of所有格所有格“名词of名词”构成of所有格,多用来表示无生命的东西或事物的所属关系。如:a map of China the door of the house3.双重所有格双重所有格“of名词s”构成双重所有格,表示整体中的一个或部分。如:a friend of my fathers(one of my fathers friends)a lovely baby of Mrs Greens 返回目录【例1】Sort and write.将方框内的名词按要求分类,并将其字母编号
12、写在横线上。考查可数名词与不可数名词的分类A.monkey B.book C.student D.milk E.baby F.rice G.paper H.weather可数名词:_ 不可数名词:_解析解析:此类题要求学生掌握可数名词与不可数名词的定义及其区分方法。可以直接用数量表示的是可数名词,液体、纸张、信息等物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词。答案答案:可数名词:A B C E 不可数名词:D F G H返回目录一、Read,tick or write.找出不可数名词,在横线上画“”,并将可数名词变为复数形式。1.homework _ 2.half _ 3.advice _4.money _
13、 5.knowledge _ 6.book _ 7.blood _ 8.music _ 9.chicken _ 10.heat _ 11.mouth _ 12.bread _ 13.information _ 14.milk _ 15.cow _ 16.tear _举一反三 halvesbooksmouthscowstears【例2】Sort and write.仿照例子,将下列单词分类。考查名词的分类A.China B.blue C.rabbit D.black E.duckF.Canada G.sheep H.tiger I.Germany J.brown CountriesAColour
14、sAnimals解析解析:此类题考查学生对单词根据含义或属性等方式分类的能力。学生必须对单词的词义有充分的了解,才能将其准确归位。因而平时在记单词的时候,单词的词形、词音、词义及其用法都要用心记牢。答案:答案:CountriesA F IColoursB D JAnimalsC E G H二、Sort and write.将下列单词分类。举一反三Monday,PE,Friday,Chinese,English,yellowelephant,red,monkey,green,Wednesday,fish1.Weekdays:_2.Subjects:_3.Colours:_4.Animals:_M
15、onday Friday WednesdayPE Chinese Englishyellow red greenelephant monkey fish返回目录【例3】Read and fill.用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。1.There are four_(child)playing football.2.How many_(knife)do you have?考查可数名词的单复数变化以及单词或词组的含义及运用解析解析:此类题考查可数名词的复数变化形式。第1小题There are 后跟名词的复数形式。那么child通过不规则变化得到其复数形式为children。第2小题How many后
16、跟名词的复数形式。名词复数形式的规则变化有那么一条:以f或fe结尾的单词,把f或fe变为v,再加-es,因此knife的复数形式是knives。答案答案:1.children 2.knives返回目录三、Read and write.写出下列可数名词的复数形式。1.family _ 2.wolf _ 3.baby _4.box _ 5.woman _ 6.man _ 7.foot _ 8.tooth _ 9.fish _ 10.sheep _ 11.mouse _ 12.bus _举一反三familieswolvesbabiesboxeswomenmenfeetteethfishsheepmi
17、cebuses返回目录【例4】Read and fill.根据句意或括号内的提示,填写单词,完成句子。1.There are four _(季节)in a year.2.Three and four _ seven.3.The fifth month of a year is _.4.That blue bottle is _(Mike).返回目录解析解析:名词在句子中使用时,要考虑的不只是单词的拼写,还要考虑该名词的数,也就是其单复数,以及名词所有格等信息。第1小题要填的单词前面有数量 four,可知要填入单词的复数形式,而这往往是学生最容易疏漏的地方;第2小题three 和four 所表示
18、的都是大于1的数,但是本题中 three and four 合成一个概念,意为“三加四”,所以谓语用单数形式;第3小题是一个纯粹的词义解释题;第4小题That blue bottle 和Mike 不能对应,两者只能是所属关系,故要填入名词所有格形式。答案答案:1.seasons 2.is 3.May 4.Mikes 返回目录四、Read and fill.根据中文提示,填写单词,完成句子。1.The elephant has two long _(牙齿).2._(教师节)is on September 10th.3.I have lots of _(番茄和土豆)here.举一反三teethTe
19、achers Daytomatoes and potatoes返回目录【例5】Read and choose.趣味英语选择。()1.A word has all the 26 letters in it.It is“_”.A.family B.book C.alphabet()2.“Dont play a double game.Its not good.”中画线部分的中文意思是_。A.说双关语 B.耍两面派 C.玩双重游戏返回目录解析解析:这类题类似于脑筋急转弯,题目可能以这样的单选形式出现,也可能在短文阅读中出现。建议在平时的学习和阅读中多积累。答案:1.C 2.B返回目录五、Read a
20、nd fill.趣味英语填空。1.Q:There is a saying(谚语),“Love me,love my dog.”Whats the Chinese meaning(意思)?A:Its _(in Chinese).举一反三爱屋及乌爱屋及乌2.Q:Jim,Tom and Sam have seventeen apples.Jim wants one half(二分之一)of them.Tom wants one third(三分之一)of them.Sam wants one ninth(九分之一)of them.At last,how many apples can Sam get
21、?A:He can get _.two一、Read and write.写出下列名词的复数形式。1.class_ 2.bus_ 3.box_ 4.leaf_ 5.knife_ 6.baby_7.factory_ 8.boy_ 9.tomato_ 10.potato_ 11.photo_ 12.peach_classesbusesboxesleavesknivesbabiesfactoriesboystomatoespotatoesphotospeaches13.sheep_ 14.library_ 15.man_ 16.woman_ 17.foot_ 18.child_sheeplibrari
22、esmenwomenfeetchildren返回目录二、Read,circle and correct.下面每个句子中有一处错误,请圈出来,并把正确答案写在横线上。1.There are some butterflys on the table._2.This is Alice dress._3.I like tomato very much._4.The house is my brother._5.He has visited many country._6.They are Englishs._7.This is Tom red bike._ butterfliesAlices toma
23、toesbrotherscountriesEnglishToms返回目录三、Read and fill.用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。1.There are some _(child)in the classroom.2.Is this an _(egg)?3.I can see seven _(wolf)in the zoo.4.Look!I have two _(box).5.How many _(sheep)are there in your farm?childreneggwolvesboxessheep6.I want to buy two _(dictionary).7.They
24、re _(postman).They work in the post office.8.The cat is chasing(追赶)two _(mouse).dictionariespostmenmice四、Read and choose.选出下列单词中不同类的一项。()1.A.panda B.tiger C.giraffe D.pencil()2.A.schoolbag B.ruler C.plane D.eraser()3.A.foot B.hand C.teacher D.ear()4.A.guitar B.violin C.piano D.student()5.A.sunny B.M
25、onday C.Tuesday D.Friday()6.A.tomorrow B.yesterday C.today D.summerDCCDAD()7.A.doctor B.nurse C.zebra D.policeman()8.A.banana B.bike C.apple D.watermelon()9.A.mouth B.pen C.eye D.nose()10.A.cinema B.rainy C.museum D.hospitalC BBB五、Read and choose.单项填空。()1.My name is _.A.Wang Xiao Lin B.Wang Xiaolin
26、C.wang xiao lin()2.All the _ in the hospital got a rise(加薪)last month.A.woman doctors B.women doctor C.women doctors()3.Mike:Are there any _ on the farm?John:Yes,there are some.A.horse B.duck C.sheepBCC返回目录()4.Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident(事故)yesterday.A.tooth B.feet C.hand()5.They are thir
27、sty.Give them _.A.some bottles of waters B.some water C.a water()6.The police _ helpful.A.is B.are C.amBBB返回目录()7.My brother is reading _.A.todays a newspaper B.todays newspaper C.today of newspaper()8.The girl is Susan.She is _.A.friend of my sister B.my sisters a friend C.a friend of my sisters()9
28、.There are three _ and seven _ in the picture.A.cows;sheeps B.cow;sheeps C.cows;sheepBCC返回目录()10.My_ skirt is so pretty.A.sister B.sisters C.sisters()11.Mr Green is _ father.A.Jim and Jacks B.Jims and Jacks C.Jims and Jacks()12._ rooms are both very clean.A.Kates and Joans B.Kates and Joan C.Kate an
29、d JoansCAA 返回目录()13.I want to buy _.A.two bottles of ink B.two bottle of inks C.two bottles of inks()14.“My sister has a sweet tooth.”中“has a sweet tooth”的中文意思是“_”。A.有一颗甜牙 B.有一颗蛀牙 C.喜欢吃甜食()15.“Johns bedroom is at sixes and sevens.”中画线部分的中文意思是“_”。A.六神无主 B.乱七八糟 C.整整齐齐AC B返回目录六、Read and write.按要求完成下列句子
30、。1.This woman is a nurse.(改为复数句)_2.There are some old cars behind the house.(改为单数句)_3.He has a new book.(改为复数句)_These women are nurses.There is an old car behind the house.They have new books.返回目录4.Are these your English-Chinese dictionaries?(改为单数句)_5.Is there a sheep on the hill?(改为复数句)_Is this your English-Chinese dictionary?Are there any sheep on the hill?