1、高考英语写作新题型备考技巧高考英语写作新题型备考技巧 概要写作概要写作+概写综合训练概写综合训练 高考英语综合写作题型除了读后续写外, 另一种便是概要写作。 概要写作也是综合写作任务的一种常见 形式, 被广泛应用于教学和评估活动中。概要写作的目的不仅是要重述原文的主旨要义, 还要在不改变原文 意思的前提下变换词汇和句子结构, 也就是要使用自己的语言写概要。 一一 概要写作的考纲说明和题型介绍概要写作的考纲说明和题型介绍 1. 了解考纲说明了解考纲说明 根据教育部考试中心的相关说明, 概要写作中, 提供给考生一篇 350 以内的短文, 要求其基 于该短文写出一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。 2.
2、明白试题选材的特点明白试题选材的特点 提供给考生阅读的短文词数在 350 以内；所选材料体裁虽然没有限制, 但是多以说明文、 议论文为主, 偶尔也会有记叙文或夹叙夹议的阅读材料。考试说明所给的样题是一篇科普知识 类的文章, 句子结构复杂, 难度较大。 3. 熟知概要写作的评分标准熟知概要写作的评分标准 （一）概要写作考查要求：（一）概要写作考查要求： （1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况； （2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性； （3）上下文的连贯性； （4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。 总之总之, 概要应具有独立性独立性和自明自明性性, 拥有与文章等量的主要信息, 即不阅读全文, 就能获得必 要的信息
3、；其次概要不容赘言不容赘言, 故需逐字推敲；最后概要内容必须完整、一目了然必须完整、一目了然。 （二）概要写作高考评分标准（二）概要写作高考评分标准: 第五档第五档 (2125) 理解准确, 涵盖全部要点。 能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分, 使所完成的概要结构紧凑。 完全使用自己的语言。 备考技巧 1 第四档第四档 (1620) 理解准确, 涵盖绝大部分要点。 所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误, 但完全不影响意义表达。 比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分, 使所完成的概要结构紧凑。 有个别整句抄自原文。 第三档第三档 (1115) 理解较为准确, 涵盖大部分要点
4、。 所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误, 但不影响意义表达。 应用简单的语句间连接成分, 使上下文内容连贯。 出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。 第二档第二档 (610) 理解有误差, 仅涵盖半数要点。 有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误, 影响了意义的表达。 较少使用语句间的连接成分, 全文内容缺少连贯性。 出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。 第一档第一档 (15) 没有理解原文, 造成概要内容与原文主题不符。 有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误, 严重影响了意义的表达。 缺乏语句间的连接成分, 全文内容不连贯。 多个句子抄自原文。 0 分分 白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。 注意：注意： 理解
5、准确, 涵盖全部要求, 完全使用自己的语言完全使用自己的语言, 避免抄原句避免抄原句, 准确使用相应的语法结构 和词汇, 得分相应比较高。相反, 如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象, 得分档 次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。 二二 概要写作的能力要求和特点概要写作的能力要求和特点 1. 把握读后续写的能力要求把握读后续写的能力要求 和读后续写一样, 概要写作是一种读写结合任务, 也体现了读与写的融合。但相比其它形式的 读写结合任务, 概要写作更偏重对考生阅读理解和思维能力的考查, 要求考生具有分析、综合、 概括和建构等高阶思维能力。这些能力是考生进入高校继续学习的必备
6、基础, 所以考生在平时写 作训练中, 要有意识地培养这些高阶思维能力, 对概要写作有很大帮助。下表是概要写作的能力 要求和考查。 阅读能力 1. 能理解原文内容, 区分内容要点和细节信息； 2. 能准确、客观地理解原文主旨和内容要点； 3. 能准确理解原文内容要点之间的逻辑关系。 写作能力 内容产出： 1. 能覆盖原文所有内容要点； 2. 能准确、客观地表述原文内容要点及其逻辑关系。 语言运用： 1. 能以原文四分之一至三分之一的篇幅概括其内容要点； 2. 能使用自己的语言； 3. 能使用准确、恰当的词汇和句子结构。 篇章结构： 1. 能合理组织原文要点； 2. 能使用恰当的连接手段使概要内容
7、完整、连贯。 思维能力 1. 能理解、分析、综合并概括原文所述的知识、观点等； 2. 能理清原文的逻辑框架并概括性地重建该逻辑框架。 2. 研读概要写作的特点研读概要写作的特点 概要写作, 简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括, 写出文章的中心大意, 也可称之为摘要。写 概要时, 读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来, 而不是抄袭文章的 原句, 更不是把细节性信息作为中心, 而是要通过对文章中的单词、 词组和句子进行合理转换, 对 文章的具体信息进行概括, 再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的 概括和准确获取关键词的能力, 同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括
8、文章重要信息的能力以及对文章 整体结构的把握能力。 因此, 概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达, 是二者的有机结合体, 是阅读 理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。 三三 概要写作的备考指导概要写作的备考指导 （一）（一） 平时平时备考建议备考建议 1. 平时在训练概要写作时, 先从以下几个方面入手。 首先首先要仔细阅读短文, 掌握文章主旨和结 构, 明确各段的大意。 其次其次从宏观上把握全文的主旨和结构。 新高考的概要写作是写全 文概要, 不是写某一部分的概要, 或者就某些问题写出要点。 再则再则列出原文要点, 分析原 文的内容和结构, 将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主 题
9、密切相关的部分； 2. 根据阅读材料的不同, 找出具体的内容要点。阅读材料的文体特点, 找出其内容要点。 (1) 议论文：议论文：找出论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。若文中有一分为二 的观点的,两种观点都要概括, 不要漏掉其中一方的观点。 (2) 说明文和新闻报道：说明文和新闻报道：通常会有中心句(多在首段), 写概要时要注意要找出中心句, 抓住 关键词。对现象分析型说明文, 要找出“现象”、“造成这种现象的原因”、“解决这种现 象或问题的措施或建议”。 (3) 记叙文：记叙文：找出时间(when), 地点(where), 什么人(who), 做了什么事(what), 结果怎么样
10、 (how)等要素, 文章揭示了什么? (包括作者的看法、观点、感悟, 或写作目的) 3. 概要应包括原文中的主要事实包括原文中的主要事实, 略去不必要的细节略去不必要的细节；安排好篇幅的比例, 概要应同原文保 持协调, 即用较多的文字写重要内容, 用较少的文字写次要内容； 4. 在找出文章的内容要点后, 就要用自己的话转述原文的内容要点。考生要注意采用同义替同义替 换、语态转换、合并句子等方式换、语态转换、合并句子等方式, 避免抄袭之嫌。避免抄袭之嫌。不排斥用原文的某些词句, 但不要照搬 原文的句子, 如果不能完全用自己的话语表达, 至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换, 如果 结构上也能有一些转
11、换会更好； 5. 学会利用过渡词句过渡词句将概要的点与点串联起来, 做到起承转合起承转合的效果。 6. 计算词数计算词数, 看是否符合规定的词数要求。 7. 将阅读和写作结合起来。平时在做高考真题阅读时在做高考真题阅读时, 训练自己快速训练自己快速定位主题的能力并定位主题的能力并养成养成 用大约六七十个词概括其内容要点的习惯用大约六七十个词概括其内容要点的习惯, 并思考, 假如命题人利用这篇文章来命制读写 任务题, 可能如何命题；如果这样命题, 我们应如何用英语来表达。 （二）（二） 提高概要写作档次的五招提高概要写作档次的五招 1. 表达精练简洁。表达精练简洁。因为字数要求, 能用非谓语动词
12、做定语或状语时可以不用定语或状语从句。 2. 避免低级错误。避免低级错误。避免语法和拼写的低级错误, 避免被扣印象分。 3. 句子错落有致。句子错落有致。根据表达需要, 交叉使用长句与短句、简单句与复杂句。 4. 句式多种多样。句式多种多样。多样化句式, 方能显示较强的语言功底, 大大提高作文档次。 (1) 用 it is/was.that.强调句式； (2) 用作状语的介词短语开头的完全倒装句或用以 only in this way 等开头的部分倒装句； (3) 用 with 的复合结构(with+宾语+宾补)作状语或定语； (4) 用非谓语动词； (5) 用 what 引导的名词性从句；
13、(6) 用独立主格结构； (7) 恰当运用感叹句、被动句等； (8) 适当运用 however, in my opinion, fortunately, personally 等插入语； (9) 尽量用短语代替单词来表达同样的意思; (10) 恰当使用关联词语, 做到过渡自然, 结构紧凑, 篇章连贯。 变换句式也能提升读后续写的档次水平, 具体办法请详见本专题前几章学案的讲解。 5. 做到赏心悦目。做到赏心悦目。注重书写美观, 保持卷面整洁, 提高印象分。 （三）（三） 概要写作的答题步骤概要写作的答题步骤 1. 确定主题句。确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句, 一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己
14、组合。 2. 寻找关键词。寻找关键词。分析主题句意义, 确定关键词, 关键词一般体现为名词、形容词, 关键词的数 目决定了概括的信息浓度。 3. 确定时态和人称。确定时态和人称。如果阅读材料是过去时, 那么基本时态用过去时；如果是现在的, 那么基 本时态用现在时。但模板的开头语一般为现在时, 如：The passage tells us that一般情况 下采用第三人称来写作。 3. 重构主题句。重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推, 反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的, 它基本决定了概括的质量。 4. 重组支撑句。重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主
15、题句, 可以是补充过程或者提供证据。3、4 两个步骤其实就是改写改写阅读材料的主题句和支撑句。 口诀：口诀： 简单概括, 缩长间短, 省却细腻。 (见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子) 5. 检查润色草稿。检查润色草稿。考生需要确保自己的初稿准确完整, 再考虑誊抄。考生可以从以下几个方 面来进行检查和润色： a. 主次是否分明, 主题句和支撑句比例、顺序是否安排得当； b. 逻辑关系是否清晰, 前后观点是否一致； c. 人称时态和概要字数是否符合要求； d. 查语法是否正确, 特别是时态、主谓一致等, 确保“语言规范”； e. 是否使用一些较为丰富、高级的句型和恰当的连接过渡词句等。
16、 四四 概要写作具体的方法技巧概要写作具体的方法技巧 （一）（一）. 打磨重组、改写句子的能力打磨重组、改写句子的能力 考生重组、改写句子的能力直接影响着概要写作的好坏, 所以考生在平时训练时就要下意 识提高自这些能力。由于本专题前几章学案已经具体阐述了造句改写的能力, 这里就不再赘述, 具 体请详见前几期学案。这里只简单列举几个技巧。 1. 同义替换法同义替换法 Tom thought of an idea. An idea occurred to Tom. 2. 正话反说法正话反说法 I think wealth is less important than health. I dont
17、think wealth is more important than health. You will fail. You wont succeed. 3. 词性转换法词性转换法 Your suggestions are very valuable. Your suggestions are of great value. 4. 介词短语法介词短语法 We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us. With so many people helping us, we are sure to fin
18、ish it in time. 5. 句式变化法句式变化法 (1)语态变换 It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today. Computers are widely used in the world today. (2)简单句变复合句 The weather turned out to be very good. This was more than we could expect. The weather turned out to be very good, which was more t
19、han we could expect. (3)连词衔接法 注意使用一些短而精的连词, 如 but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。 He insisted on staying. He was not willing to go. He insisted on staying rather than/instead of going. (4)词序改变法 Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests
20、 were present at the meeting. Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests. (5)特殊句式法 Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too. Jim wants to go boating, and so do his parents. （二二）. 提高定位主题句的能力提高定位主题句的能力 主题句是概括文章或段落中心思想、反映作者写作意图的一个概括性的句子主题句是
21、概括文章或段落中心思想、反映作者写作意图的一个概括性的句子, 是文章整体 或段落的核心所在。同时, 主题句又由若干个扩展句来支持、说明、论证和延伸主题句又由若干个扩展句来支持、说明、论证和延伸, 使整个文章或 段落所表达的意思更为清晰地体现出来。然而, 主题句的位置不是固定不变的, 它可以位于段首, 段中、段尾。主题句位于段首的情况比较多见。开门见山, 直接点明段落主题, 有助于确定段落 的主线, 使各个发展句围绕段落主题自然展开；说明性与论说性段落尤其如此。扩展句又可以通 过时间、空间、举例、对比、定义、因果等手法来进行陈述。概要写作提供的阅读材料的段落数概要写作提供的阅读材料的段落数 通常
22、会决定要点数通常会决定要点数, 因此因此, 考生在平时的阅读训练和概要写作训练时, 要有意识地区分文章和段 落的主题句和扩展句, 学会快速把握段落的结构和主旨走向, 这对概要写作的能力提升大有裨益。 请尝试分别找出以下三个段落的主题句。 1. This location did have a number of advantages. The district officer was happy to have the guests; the local native chief made them welcome. The location, in high open country wit
23、h a magnificent view down through a gap to misty plains beyond, was beautiful, and the accommodations provided were good. 2. Californians and New Englanders are both Americans. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their way of life. Mobility
24、, both physical and psychological, has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is a mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders. 3. The Amazon River is the widest river in the world, with one-fifth of all the fresh water on earth moving through its mouth. In l
25、ength it is second only to the Nile, and if stretched across the United States, it would reach from New York to Los Angeles. In addition, the Amazon covers the largest area of any river. Therefore, it can be argued that the Amazon is the mightiest river on earth. 上述段落的主题句分别位于句首、句中和句尾。 （三）（三）. 不同文体的概
26、要写作方法不同文体的概要写作方法 在概要写作前, 我们要通读短文, 确定其内容是属于那种类型, 然后选择确当的模板。注 意：不要关注一些次要的细节却遗漏重要的要点, 尽量少使用原文语句, 多用自己的概括性的语 言, 3 到 5 个句子即可。 说明文说明文 1. 说明文的段落划分说明文的段落划分: . 描述某事物的性质功用等：性质描述某事物的性质功用等：性质/定义定义功用功用/功能功能应用应用/利好利好 可参考模板：(in the passage ) the writer introducesto us, especially its, from which we know . 针对某问题提出解
27、决办法或措施：问题针对某问题提出解决办法或措施：问题成因成因解决方法解决方法/措施措施 可参考模板：The passage tells us.Therefore, the author tells us how to., including . 介绍某现象及其原因结果：现象介绍某现象及其原因结果：现象原因原因结果结果 可参考模板：The author talks about, which is caused by. As a result (consequently), 2. 请尝试为下篇说明文进行概要写作请尝试为下篇说明文进行概要写作: These days a green building
28、 means more than just the color of the paint. Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices. Green building means “reducing the impact of the building on the land”, Taryn Holowka of the U. S. Green Building Council in Washington, D. C. said. According to Ho
29、lowka, building account for 65 percent of total U. S. electricity use. But green building can reduce energy and water use. Also, the buildings are often located near public transportation such as buses and subways, so that people can drive their cars less. That could be good for the environment, bec
30、ause cars use lots of gas and give off pollution. Green buildings are often built on developed land, so that the buildings dont destroy forests. Marty Dettling is the project manger for a building that put these ideas into action. The Solaire has been called the countrys first green high-rise buildi
31、ng. According to Dettling, “Weve reduced our energy use by one-third and our water by 50 percent.” The Solaire cuts energy in part by using solar power. “On the face of the building we have solar panels which change the suns energy into electricity,” Dettling explained. The Solaire also has lights t
32、hat automatically turn off when people leave the room. In addition, the building has lots of windows, allowing people to use the sun for light during the day. The Solaire cuts water by reusing it. Not everyone is eager to move into a green building, however. Some people think that things like solar
33、panels cost more money than more traditional energy sources. Anyhow, Holowka said, “Its going to be big.” One possible version: Environmentally friendly structures are called green buildings. They can reduce energy and water use by a considerable percentage, thus lessen pollution and avoid destroyin
34、g forests as well. For example, the green building Solaire has substantially reduced its energy and water use partly by applying solar power and reusing water. Although not all people like green building yet, it is expected to be popular in the near future. 议论文议论文 1. 议论文的段落划分：议论文的段落划分： 三要素：论点、论据和结论：
35、论点三要素：论点、论据和结论：论点论据论据 1论据论据 n结论结论 议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论, 因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusion sentences)。其中最主 要的是找准主题句。 议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论 点, 然后用事实论证论点, 最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题 句通常在首段或尾段, 或者在各段的首句或尾句。尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观 点。要注意归纳和积累相关的句式或模板。 议论文概要
36、可参考的开头写作模板： The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students. The essay/passage/author argues in support of, stating that The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first or are the best in any field but the others whose effort push the
37、m to success. The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email. The essay/passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home. The essay/passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking. 2. 请尝试为下篇议论文进行概要写作请尝试为下篇议论文进行概要写作 We live in a technological society where most goods are mas
38、s-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people think that craft no longer exists. One of the ways these people wrongly support their view is by pointing to 100-year-old homes which are still solid, and arguing that it is the craftsmanship that is responsible for their durability. “Homes
39、 in those days were well-built,” they say. No doubt these homes were well-built, but what these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship. Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or abl
40、e to pay the price. For example, more people can no longer afford solid oak stairways, although they were once fairly common in older homes. Nor can they afford the high labor cost of employing a carpenter to build the stairway. Yet if someone can pay the high cost, there are still plenty of carpent
41、ers around able to make those stairways. And not only would these carpenters know how to build them, they would probably do a better job than carpenters of old. One thing the modern carpenter has which enables him to do a better job is much more advanced tools. Such tools as laser beams and power pl
42、anes help them lay out a house better and make more precision cuts on the wood. Also, it is not uncommon any more to find carpenters with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of mathematics, which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs. The problem of modern qua
43、lity, then, really boils down to the problem of material, for the modern carpenter is just as able to produce craftsmanship as the carpenter of fifty years ago, but only if given proper material. One possible version: Nowadays a majority of people think that craft is dead, because they see century-o
44、ld homes soundly stand. They believe that it is the craftsmanship that contributes to the durability of the buildings, but they mistake the quality of material for that of the craftsmanship. Actually, good carpenters, who are more learned and equipped with advanced tools, still exist. So the problem
45、 of modern buildings lies in the quality of the material. 记叙文记叙文 1. 记叙文的段落划分：记叙文的段落划分： 记叙类：人物、情节记叙类：人物、情节(who did what) 、时间、地点、时间、地点 夹叙夹议：夹叙夹议：+观点观点/哲理性推论：情节哲理性推论：情节 1情节情节 2情节情节 n启示启示 记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、 游记等。 记叙文通常要交待清楚五要素的内容, 即 where, when, what, who, how, 给读者一 个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙述通
46、常按时间的顺序叙述, 让读者易于把握所 叙述内容之间的内在关联, 我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路, 从而更好地理解文 章主题, 概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意。 记叙文概写可参考的开头写作模板： The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher. The author tells us a story about a _. The passage is a story about _. According to the passage, the hero in the story _.
47、2. 请尝试为下篇记叙文进行概要写作：请尝试为下篇记叙文进行概要写作： That cold January night, I was growing sick of my life in San Francisco. There I was, walking home at one in the morning after a tiring practice at the theatre. With opening night only a week away, I was still learning my lines. I was having trouble dealing with m
48、y part-time job at the bank and my acting at night at the same time. As I walked, I thought seriously about giving up both acting and San Francisco. City life had become too much for me. As I walked down empty streets under tall buildings, I felt very small and cold. I began running, both to keep wa
49、rm and to keep away from any possible robbers. Very few people were still out except a few sad-looking homeless people under blankets. About a block from my apartment, I heard a sound behind me. I turned quickly, half expecting to see someone with a knife or a gun. The street was empty. All I saw was a shining streetlight. Still, the noise had made me nervous, so I started to run faster. Not until I reached my apartment building and unlocked the door di
