1、Crop Growth and Regulation2004 本幻燈片集使用許多具有國內外版權的圖片，因此只能供上課使用，請勿大量複製或作其他用途。週次 日 期課 程 進 度第一週 9/22 開學第二週 9/27 課程介紹CH1.Growth and Development第三週 10/4 CH1.Growth and Development第四週 10/11 CH2.Phytochrome and Light Control of Plant Development 第五週 10/18 CH2.Phytochrome and Light Control of Plant Developmen
2、t 第六週 10/25 CH3.Auxin:The Growth Hormone第七週 11/1 CH3.Auxin:The Growth Hormone第八週 11/8 CH4.Gibberellins:Regulators of Plant Height第九週 11/15 期中考課程進度週次 日 期課 程 進 度第十週 11/22 CH4.Gibberellins:Regulators of Plant Height第十一週 11/29 CH5.Cytokinins:Regulators of Cell Division第十二週 12/6 CH5.Cytokinins:Regulators
3、 of Cell Division第十三週 12/13 CH6.Ethylene:The Gaseous Hormone第十四週 12/20 參訪實習（苗栗改良場、大湖草莓生產區)第十五週 12/27 CH6.Ethylene:The Gaseous Hormone第十六週 1/3 CH7.Abscisic Acid:A Seed Maturation and Antistress Signal 第十七週 1/10 CH7.Abscisic Acid:A Seed Maturation and Antistress Signal 第十八週 1/17 【期末考時間】Ch1.Growth and
4、Development生物體發育過程中增加體積或重量的一種不可逆的變化，即發育過程中量的變化 Whats Growth？指生物體或其部分從生命開始到死亡所發生的一切變化過程,包括量的變化和質的變化，亦即包括生長和分化兩種過程 Whats Development？本章大綱 Embryogenesis 胚發生 The role of cytokinesis in pattern formation型態形成時細胞質分裂的角色 Meristems in plant development 植物發育的分生組織 Leaf development 葉的發育 Root development 根的發育 Cel
5、l differentiation 細胞分化 Initiation and regulation of developmental pathways 發育途徑的初始與調節16-1.Embryogenesis Morphology Embryogenesis establishes the essential features of the mature plant Arabidopsis embryos pass through four distinct stages of development The axial pattern of the embryo is established
6、during the first cell division of the zygote The radial pattern of tissue differentiation is first visible at the globular stage Embryogenesis requires specific gene expression Embryo maturation requires specific gene expressionMorphology1.pollination a.pollon-花粉b.pollon tube 花粉管i.tuble nucleus 管核ii
7、.generative nucleus 生殖核c.transmitting cells 傳送細胞d.micropyle 珠孔e.integuments 珠被2.fertilization a.ovule 胚珠i.antipodal cells-反足細胞ii.polar nucleus-極核iii.egg-卵iv.synergid cells-助細胞b.embryo sac 胚囊3.double fertilization-unique to angiosperms The relationship between flower tissue and subsequent parts of th
8、e fruit and seedArabidopsis small plant well suited for laboratory culture Drosophila of plant biology genome completely sequencedEmbryogenesis establishes the essential features of the mature plantEmbryogenesis establishes the two basic developmental patterns1.The apical-basal axial developmental p
9、attern.2.The radial pattern of tissues found in stems and roots.Arabidopsis embryos pass through four distinct stages of development1.Globular stage2.Heart stage3.Torpedo stage4.Maturation stageThe axial pattern of the embryo is established during the first cell division of the zygoteA summary of th
10、e events involved in the establishment of polarity in zygotes of the brown alga Fucus.(A)The zygote is polarized by an asymmetric stimulus from the environment,such as unilateral light.(B)A current flows(charged calcium ions move)through the polarized but still spherical zygote at the site at which
11、the rhizoid will emerge,driven by Ca2+uptake in the shaded half of the cell,from which the rhizoid will emerge.The current(Ca2+)flows out on the opposite side.(C)Cell polarity becomes fixed when actin microfilaments assemble at the site of rhizoid emergence and a cell wall is assembled around the zy
12、gote.The cell wall completely surrounds the zygote,but its composition differs in the rhizoid and thallus halves.Vesicles containing sulfated polysaccharides are transported by actin filaments to the plasma membrane and deposited in the cell wall only at the site of rhizoid emergence.(D)Finally,the
13、zygote divides,and the rhizoid cell grows at its tip.The radial pattern of tissue differentiation is first visible at the globular stageEmbryogenesis requires specific gene expression GNOM gene:axial patterning MONOPTEROS gene:primary root and vascular tissueWilt-type genes are capitalized and itali
14、cized.ex.GNOMMutations are set in lowercase letters.ex.gnomEmbryogenesis requires specific gene expression SHORT ROOT(SHR)and SCARECROW(SCR)genes:ground tissue development.HOBBIT(HBT)gene:the root meristem SHOOTMERISTEMLESS(STM)gene:the shoot promeristem Embryo maturation requires specific gene expr
15、ession ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3(ABI3)FUSCA31.阿拉伯芥胚進入休眠後可產生大約20,000細胞。2.休眠由於失水與關閉一般性的基因轉錄與蛋白合成所導致。3.細胞為適應特定休眠狀況，所以需要特定基因表現。如：初期休眠對ABA分子調控基因 LEAFY COTYLEDON1(LEC1)LATE EMBRYO ABUNDANT(LEA)Embryo maturation requires specific gene expression胚發生晚期作用基因16.2 The role of cytokinesis in pattern formation型態形
16、成時細胞質分裂的角色Stereotypic立體型利用阿拉伯芥為模式植物，闡述細胞分裂方位在組織與器官形成之特性。Ton gene mutations16.3 Meristems in plant development植物分生組織的發育Meristems are populations of small,isodiameteric cells with embryonic characteristics.分生組織為小細胞且帶有胚特性之等軸（或對稱分裂）細胞群Stem Cells 未分化的細胞其維持不確定之細胞分裂能力稱之幹幹細胞細胞。植物傳統上稱此細胞類型為初始細胞初始細胞initial ce
17、lls。其功能類似動物的幹細胞Shoot Apex 包括頂端分生組織頂端分生組織與葉原葉原體體 莖頂分生組織莖頂分生組織屬未分化細胞群，且不包括所衍生的任何器官 傳統上區分為三細胞層：L1 and L2:垂周分裂 L3:逢機方位分裂中央帶：細胞較大，高液胞化細胞群。周緣帶：細胞較小之狀如油炸圈餅細胞群。肋帶：中央帶細胞下之細胞群，使莖內部組織往上生長。Cytohistological zonation細胞組織帶Some meristems arise during postembryonic development Primary meristem 初級分生組織 胚發生期間所形成的根與枝頂端分
18、生組織，為構成植物體主幹結構。Secondary meristem 次級分生組織 Axillary meristems Inflorescence meristems Floral meristems Intercalary meristems Lateral meristemsAxillary,floral,and inflorescence shoot meristems are variants of the vegetative meristem Determinate 有限的有限的 具遺傳程序性地限制生長 Indeterminate 無限的無限的 無預先決定去限制生長 Phytome
19、re 發育單位，由一至多個葉片，葉連接的節，節間與腋芽所組成。16.4 Leaf developmentThe origin of leaves at the shoot apex and their axes of symmetry on the stemStage 1.OrganogenesisDorsiventral 背腹兩面分明的 abaxial 遠軸-adaxial 近軸Proximodistal apical 頂端-basal 基端 Lateral 側生 margin 葉緣 blade 葉片 midrib 主脈Stage 2.Development of suborgan doma
20、ins Cells derived from L1 layer differentiate as epidermis.Cells derived from L2 layer differentiate as photosynthetic mesophyll cells Cells derived from L3 layer differentiate as vascular elements and bundle sheath cells.Stage 3.Cell and tissue differentiationThe arrangement of leaf primordia is ge
21、netically programmedFive types of leaf arrangements(Phyllotaxy)16.5 Root development 根尖有四個發育帶 根幹細胞形成縱向細胞列 根頂端分生組織包含幾種型式的幹細胞根尖有四個發育帶1.根冠2.分生組織帶3.伸長帶4.成熟帶根幹細胞形成縱向細胞列 Quiescent center:根分生組織較少分裂細胞 Anticlinal division 垂周分裂:細胞分裂時,新形成的細胞壁方向與表皮垂直的分裂方式 Periclinal division 平周分裂：細胞分裂時,新形成的細胞壁方向與表皮平行的分裂方式 根頂端分生
22、組織包含幾種型式的幹細胞 靜止中心細胞 Quiescent center cell 皮層-內皮層幹細胞 cortical endodermal stem cell 子柱幹細胞 stele stem cell 根冠-表皮幹細胞 root cap-epidermal stem cell 中柱幹細胞 columella stem cell16.6 Cell differentiationThe process by which a cell acquires metabolic,structure,and functional properties that are distinct from th
23、ose of its progenitor cell.細胞所需的代謝、結構與功能特性等過程與其起始細胞有差別What differentiation?Totipotency The differentiated plant cells retain all the genetic information required for the development of a complete plant.分化的植物細胞具有所有遺傳訊息可發育成完整個體的能力16.7 Initiation and regulation of developmental pathway發育途徑的初始與調節 其為蛋白質，
24、可與特定DNA序列結合，使基因表達開啟或關閉。Transcription factors 轉錄作用因子植物發育重要的調控基因 MADS box genes 在植物、動物與真菌類具重要生物功能關鍵角色。Homeobox genes 在所有真核生物的調節發育途徑扮演主要角色MADS box genes 最初是由MCM1 AGAMOUS,DEFICIENS,SRF四個轉錄作用因子的縮寫。在阿拉伯芥大約有30個MADS box genes。目前在植物此基因群，比較清楚的例子在花器官之發育調控。Homeobox genes 屬KNOTTED1(KN1)種類的蛋白，其造成莖頂分生組織器官形成之不確定性。g
25、ain-of-function 功能獲得：外表型由外加或外來基因之表達。loss-of-function 功能喪失：剔除某些基因所形成之外表型。SHORTROOT and SCARECROWGFP+confocal laser scanning microscopyKN1 基因表達mRNA表達在莖頂分生組織，但L1層或葉原體不表現Senescence and Programmed Cell Death Necrosis 壞死 由物理危害、毒害、或其他外來傷害所造成的致死。Senescence 老化一般發育至死亡前的過程，皆由生物本身遺傳內容所控制。Abscission 脫離Monocarpic senscence 結果一次即死去 一年生(annual)植物為多soybeanProgrammed cell death(PCD)程序細胞死亡 單獨的細胞啟動原本老化的過程 在動物中PCD造成形態與生化的改變亦稱之細胞凋亡(apoptosis)
