1、高二英语高二英语语法专项：句子成分和结构分析语法专项：句子成分和结构分析英语学习中的难点：1.词汇 2.语法：各种从句，非谓语动词 3.阅读：长难句子 4.写作常见错误句子1.My poor English makes me cant communicate with others.2.There are many experts will attend the meeting.3.The professor delivers/delivered a speech about pollution now is a scholar from Harvard University.4.While
2、read,pay attention to your pronunciation.5.They collected 5000 tents,half of them were sent to the earth-stricken area.英语重形合，汉语重意合英语重形合，汉语重意合 简单句：五种基本句型:句子：并列句：并列连词连接的两个或多个简单句 主从复合句 定语从句 名词性从句：主语/宾语/表语/同位语从句 状语从句：时间/条件/地点/让步/原因/结果 目的/方式/比较状语从句 一、简单句的五种句子结构1.主语+谓语(vi)2.主语+谓语+宾语3.主语+系动词+表语4.主语+谓语+间接宾语
3、+直接宾语5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语英语句子可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。英语句子可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。S+V1).The rain has stopped.2).The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.3).What he said does not matter.此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意
4、思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。S+V+O 1).I dont know the professor from America.2).She avoided answering their questions.3).He found that he was in prison the next morning.此句型句子的此句型句子的共同共同是：谓语动词是：谓语动词，但不能表达完整的意思，但不能表达完整的意思，即动作的，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。承受者，才能使意思完整。这
5、类动词叫做及物动词。S+V+P 1).Mr Black is a professor from Cambridge University.2).The theory sounds reasonable.3).He fell in love.此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词谓语动词都不能表达一个完整都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类能表达完整的意思。这类动词动词叫做连系动词。叫做连系动词。Compare：My hobby is
6、collecting stamps.The organization is collecting money to help those in need.S+V+O+O有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，这两个宾语通常一个指人有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾间接宾语语)；一个指物；一个指物(直接宾语直接宾语)。(I)bring,give,hand,lend,owe,offer,send,show,teach,tellHe showed me how to run the machine.He lent me his computer.=He lent his computer
7、 to me.(II).buy,build,choose,fetch,drawHe drew me a picture.=He drew a picture for me.He bought her a novel.=He bought a novel for her.+此句型的句子的此句型的句子的是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充补充成分成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。1).I found her a famous poet.2).Sit down
8、 and make yourself comfortable.3).The doctor advised me to give up smoking.Compare:1.Tom teaches him chemistry.（句型四）2.They make him president.（句型五）二、八大句子成分一.主语(subject)：n./pron/num.二.谓语(predicate)：v.(vt.vi.link-v.)三.宾语(object)：n./pron./num.四.表语(predictive):n./pron./a./ad./num./prep五定语(attributive)：n
9、./pron./a./num./prep.六.状语(adverbial)：ad./prep.七补语(object complement)：n./a.八同位语(appositive)：n./pron.定语是对名词或代词起定语是对名词或代词起、作用的词、短语或句子，译为作用的词、短语或句子，译为单 个 形 容 词 作 定单 个 形 容 词 作 定 语 通 常 位 于 被 修 饰 的语 通 常 位 于 被 修 饰 的，不不 定 代 词定 代 词（something/nothingsomething/nothing）之后；）之后；不定式不定式/分词短语分词短语/从句作定语从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分
10、后时要放在被修饰的成分后；五、定语(attributive)：n./pron./a./num./prep.Forty-three-year-old Brian from Birmingham is sitting on his sofa and telling me about his perfect day.The workers included all ages and backgrounds:college graduates starting their careers,young housewivesanxious to increase the family income,soc
11、iety women insearch of a good reputation,and older women who have lost their husbands or who cant stand their empty houses after the last child has left.六、状语(adverbial)：ad./prep.状语修饰状语修饰动词动词、形容词形容词、副词副词或或全句全句的句子成分，说明的句子成分，说明方方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等，等，可用作状语的还有不定式，分词，从句等可用
12、作状语的还有不定式，分词，从句等。To realize his dream,Tom becomes very interested in business.We should take short breaks regularly.Although most of them are still holding tight to the womanly jobs,a growing number of pioneers are coming into other fields.Shelearnedtocookbytrialanderror.找出下面句子中的状语 Whether that stor
13、y was true or not,the Americans returned home and immediately began to try and defeat the Russians by using pharmaceutical(药物)improvements.七、补语(object complement)：n./a.宾语补足语：位于宾语补足语：位于宾语之后宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。We want to make
14、our school more beautiful.Dont leave a child alone in a room.With all the money used up,the man had to seek a job for a living.My parents dont allow me to stay up.八、同位语(appositive)：n./pron.I take Tina,the dog,for a walk every afternoon.We students like playing basketball.He set a good example to us
15、students.We have faith that there will be solutions in time to stop the epidemic in its tracks.He refused my suggestion that the sports meeting should be put off.划分句子成分划分句子成分1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2.The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.3.As the moon
16、 gave far too much light,I didnt dare to open a window.4.The developed and developing countries of the world need to work together to make sure that people enjoy healthy and happy lives主语 谓语 间宾 宾语从句 主语 谓语 宾语 目的状语状语从句 主语 谓语 宾语 英语句子基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。英语句子基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。Step 1:掌
17、握五种基本句型掌握五种基本句型，八种，八种句子成句子成分。分。Step 2:会判会判断简单句、并列句、并列复合句还是主从复合句。断简单句、并列句、并列复合句还是主从复合句。Step 3:确定谓确定谓语找主语找主语，确定句子主语，确定句子主干，弄清附属成分。干，弄清附属成分。Step 4:提取主干、去除附属成分之后，找关联词、辨逻辑提取主干、去除附属成分之后，找关联词、辨逻辑(并列连词和从属并列连词和从属连词连词)。Step 5:分清主句和从句后，再分别弄清主句和从句的附属成分分清主句和从句后，再分别弄清主句和从句的附属成分。如何精深长难句？The likables plays-well-wit
18、h-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships,jump-start interpersonal skills and,when tapped early,are employed ever after in life and work.长难句分析示例谓语主语定语状语时间状语从句，省略了主语和be动词句意句意:讨人喜欢的人能与他人相处很好，因而能增强校园友谊，讨人喜欢的人能与他人相处很好，因而能增强校园友谊，激发人际交往的能力。这些品质如能及早发现，会在未来的工激发人际交往的能力。这些品质如能及早发现，会在未来的工作和生活中发挥作用。作
19、和生活中发挥作用。They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes,breaking rules and playing jokes on others,among whom I soon found myself.句子主干主语+谓语方式状语方式状语非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句介词短语作状语介词短语作状语句子翻译：句子翻译：她们她们“名声大起名声大起”，不是靠与人友善，而是靠吸烟、违反纪，不是靠与人友善，而是靠吸烟、违反纪律和取笑别人。不久，我也沦为了受害者。律和取笑别人。不久，我也沦为了受害者。I
20、n one study,Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents,scoring the least liked,the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究).谓语主语句子主干介词短语作状语动词-ing短语作状语，逻辑主语Dr.Prinstein和score是主动关系动词-ed短语作方式状语句子翻译：在一项研究中，普林斯坦博士对句子翻译：在一项研究中，普林斯坦博士对235名青少年进行了两种受欢名青少年进行了两种受欢迎度的调查，并基于对学生的调查研究，给最不受欢迎、最受欢迎以及迎度的调查，并基于对学生的调查研究，给最不受欢迎、最受欢迎以及地位最高的学生打了分数。地位最高的学生打了分数。
