1、第一讲 句子成分和简单句五种基本句型01010202精彩纷呈的精彩纷呈的8大句子成分大句子成分主语|谓语|宾语|表语|定语|状语|补足语|同位语 各具各具特色的五种基本句型特色的五种基本句型基本句式一：SV（主+谓）基本句式二：SVP（主+系+表）基本句式三：SVO（主+谓+宾）基本句式四：SVOO（主+谓+间宾+直宾）基本句式五：SVOC（主+谓+宾+宾补）I.按要求找出下列句中的句子成分并写在横线上II.指出下列句子属于哪种基本句式III.用五种基本句式翻译句子IV.语法填空V.短文改错0303针对训练针对训练精彩纷呈的8大句子成分一、主语动作的发出者或描述说明的对象在句子中，主语是谓语所
2、表示的动作的发出者。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后；祈使句通常省略主语you。能够充当主语的有：名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和主语从句等。New members will receive extra guidance on Saturday mornings from 9：00 am to 11：00 am.(2017全国卷书面表达)每周六上午9点到11点新成员将会得到额外的指导。(名词短语作主语)Mastering a foreign language will be of
3、great help in our life.掌握一门外语对我们的生活非常有帮助。(动名词短语作主语)Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有被宣布。(从句作主语)名师指津当主语为从句或不定式短语等时，为避免头重脚轻，常用it作形作形式主语式主语。Its a pity that you wont come to my birthday party.很遗憾你不能参加我的生日晚会。(代词it充当形式主语，that引导主语从句)二、谓语主语的动作或具有的特征和状态谓语用来说明主语所
4、做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。He practices running every morning.他每天早晨练习跑步。(动词作谓语)When he got up at 7：00 am，a big plan occurred to him.他早上七点起床时，脑海里突然有了个大计划。(动词短语作谓语)2复合谓语(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。In this exhibition，you can see papercutting with all kinds of patterns.(2017全国卷
5、书面表达)在这次展览中，你可以看到各式各样的剪纸。(“情态动词实义动词”作谓语)It will start from June 15th and last for three weeks.(2016全国卷书面表达)(摄影展)将于六月十五日开始，持续三周。(“助动词实义动词”作谓语)二、谓语主语的动作或具有的特征和状态(2)由系动词加表语构成。Your art skills are excellent and admirable，which leaves me a deep impression.(2016天津卷书面表达)你的艺术技能非常优秀、令人赞赏，这给我留下了深刻的印象。(系表结构作谓语)
6、三、宾语动作的对象或承受者宾语是动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词(短语)或介词的后面。可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和宾语从句等。宾语的构成如下：1单宾语 Ive already written the application and personal resume.(2016全国卷书面表达)我已经写了申请书和个人简历。(名词短语作宾语)I managed to persuade my classmates into accepting my idea.(2015浙江卷书面表达)我设法说服我的同学们接受我的想法。(不定式作宾语)2双宾语(间接宾语直接宾语)She ord
7、ered herself a new dress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。(herself为间接宾语；a new dress为直接宾语)三、宾语动作的对象或承受者3复合宾语(宾语宾语补足语)Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets.医生经常建议我们多注意饮食。(us为宾语；to pay more attention to our diets 为宾语补足语)四、表语主语的身份、特征或状态表语一般位于系动词之后，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。可以用作表语的有：名词(短语)、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、动名词
8、、分词、介词短语和从句等。Papercutting is a traditional art form in China.(2017全国卷书面表达)剪纸是一种中国传统艺术形式。(名词短语作表语)He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。(形容词作表语)五、定语名词或代词的修饰语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。单个单词作定语通常位于被修饰的成分前，而短语或从句作定语时，则要放在被修饰的成分之后。可以用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。The little boy
9、 needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。(形容词作定语)Athletes from our school team have won many gold medals of table tennis contests in recent years.(2017全国卷书面表达)最近几年我们校队的运动员赢得了很多乒乓球比赛的金牌。(介词短语作定语)The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。(定语从句作定语)The temperature today is
10、8，so youd better put on more clothes.今天的气温是零下八摄氏度，因此你最好多穿些衣服。(副词作定语)六、状语动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：状语通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句首或句尾。可以用作状语的有：副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等。Actually I am very fond of Tang poem
11、s.(2017全国卷书面表达)实际上我非常喜欢唐诗。(副词作状语修饰全句)The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置)To make his dream come true，Tom becomes very interested in business.为实现梦想，汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣。(不定式作状语修饰全句)七、补足语宾语或主语的补充说明在主动语态的句子中，一些及物动词的宾语需要在其后加上一个补足语，对其作进一步补充说明，这样意思才能够完整和明确，该补足语叫做宾语补足语，宾语
12、及其补足语一起构成复合宾语，二者之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。在被动语态中补充说明主语的成分叫做主语补足语。能够充当补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词等。Well try our best to make our country more and more beautiful.我们将尽全力使我们的国家越来越美丽。(形容词作宾补)To his surprise，Jack found his son dressed as Santa Claus on Christmas Eve.使杰克惊讶的是，他发现儿子在圣诞节前夜被装扮成了圣诞老人。(过去分词短语作宾补)We
13、were warned not to cheat again or she would tell our parents.我们被警告不要再一次作弊，否则她会通知我们的父母。(不定式作主补)八、同位语名词或代词的解释说明同位语是一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。We students should study hard.我们学生应该努力学习。(students是we的同位语，都是指学生)The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill
14、.他想到可能玛丽生病了。(同位语从句作同位语，解释说明thought)各具特色的五种基本句型英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句式及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句式，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。五种基本句式如下：1S V(主谓)2S V P(主系表)3S V O(主谓宾)4S V O O(主谓间宾直宾)5S V O C(主谓宾宾补)基本句式一：S V(主谓)该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语动词为不及物动词(短语)，能表达完整的意思，但可以加副词、介词短语、动词不定式等作状语。We will learn from 8：00 am to 10：00 am.(2
15、017全国卷书面表达)我们将要从上午8点至10点学习。In order to keep fit，we should exercise regularly.为了保持健康，我们应该经常锻炼。基本句式二：S V P(主系表)该句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，谓语动词需用系动词(主要是be动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词等。系动词亦称连系动词。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后面必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词的分类如下：1状态系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。He is a teacher.他是一名教师。2持续系
16、动词持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep，remain，stay等。This matter remains a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3表像系动词表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem，appear，look等。He seems(to be)very sad.他看起来很伤心。基本句式二：S V P(主系表)4感官系动词感官系动词感官系动词主要有look，feel，smell，sound，taste等。This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。5变化系动词变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系
17、动词主要有become，grow，turn，fall，get，go等。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就变富了。6终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove，turn out，表达“证实”，“变成”之意。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。基本句式二：S V P(主系表)名师指津使用系动词时要注意：(1)其后常接形容词作表语。其后常接形容词作表语。试比较：The food tastes quite delicious.这种食物品尝起来很美味。The chef is tasting the
18、fish carefully.厨师长正在认真品尝这道鱼。注意：在第一句中，taste作系动词，后面接形容词作表语。在第二句中，taste作实义动词，可以使用进行时，并且后面接副词作状语。(2)英语中某些动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态；而作实义动词用时，才有被动语英语中某些动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态；而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。态，二者不可混为一谈。The apple is tasted good.()The apple tastes good.()注意：因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态。基本句式三：S V O(主谓宾)该句型的共
19、同特点是：谓语动词都具有实际意义，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟上一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。有些不及物动词后加介词构成及物动词短语后可以接宾语，构成主谓宾结构。He has refused to help them.他拒绝帮助他们。He admitted that he was mistaken.他承认犯了错误。As an outgoing girl，I get along well with my classmates.作为一个外向的女孩，我和同学们相处得很好。基本句式四：S V O O(主谓间宾直宾)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，这两个
20、宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；另一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词间接宾语直接宾语。I showed him my pictures.我给他看了我的照片。She cookedher husbanda delicious meal.她给丈夫做了一顿美餐。He taughtme how to run the machine.他教我如何开机器。名师指津双宾语结构有时可以用双宾语结构有时可以用for或或to进行替换，如上面第一、二句可以改为：进行替换，如上面第一、二句可以改为：I showedmy pictures to him.She cookeda delici
21、ous meal for her husband.基本句式五：S V O C(主谓宾宾补)该句型的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补充说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。复合宾语有以下几种形式：1名词名词/代词宾格名词代词宾格名词The war madehim a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士。2名词名词/代词宾格形容词代词宾格形容词New methods makethe job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松。3名词名词/代词宾格介词短语代词宾格介词短语I often fin
22、dhim at work.我经常发现他在工作。基本句式五：S V O C(主谓宾宾补)该句型的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补充说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。复合宾语有以下几种形式：4名词名词/代词宾格动词不定式代词宾格动词不定式The teacher asked the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户。5名词名词/代词宾格现在分词代词宾格现在分词I sawa cat running across the road.我看见一只猫正跑
23、过马路。6名词名词/代词宾格过去分词代词宾格过去分词I sawthe boy taken away by two men.我看到这个男孩被两个人带走了。.按要求找出下列句中的句子成分并写在横线上1You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.宾语_2Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.直接宾语_；间接宾语_3Soon they all became interested in the subject.表语_4The man downstairs was trying to sleep.定
24、语_5The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.定语_your pronunciationhistoryusinteresteddownstairson the motorbike.按要求找出下列句中的句子成分并写在横线上6She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the readingroom.宾语补足语_7You will find it useful after you leave school.宾语补足语_8Every night he heard the noi
25、se upstairs.状语_9I am afraid that if youve lost it，you must pay for it.状语_10Carol，an American teacher，will come to our school.同位语_to read newspapers and booksusefulevery nightif youve lost itan American teacher.指出下列句子属于哪种基本句式1To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.2Tom didn
26、t do his homework yesterday.3Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?4The days get longer and longer when summer comes.5My father bought a new bike for me last week.6They found the house decorated with beautiful flowers.7They arrived here at 10：00 yesterday morning.8The old m
27、an sitting at the gate said he was ill.AS V(主谓)BS V P(主系表)CS V O(主谓宾)DS V O O(主谓间宾直宾)ES V O C(主谓宾宾补)BCEBDEAC.用五种基本句式翻译句子1在这种环境下，师生们正生活快乐，工作努力。(S V)2在我看来，一个没有朋友的人永远不会幸福。(S V P)3现在，在中学课外活动正变得越来越受欢迎。(S V P)4最后，我们应该经常参加运动和户外活动。(S V O)In the environment，teachers and students are living happily and workin
28、g hard.In my opinion，a person without friends will never be happy.Nowadays，afterclass activities are becoming more and more popular in high schools.Finally，we should take part in sports and outdoor activities frequently.用五种基本句式翻译句子5同时，父母给孩子的保护太多了。(S V O O)6事实上，他激励我在大学主修英语。(S V O C)7你们的贡献将会使得这次活动获得巨大
29、成功。(S V O C)8作为一名中学生，我认为英语是一门非常重要的科目。(S V O C)At the same time，parents are giving their children too much protection.In fact，he inspired me to major in English in college.Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.As a middle school student，I consider English a very important sub
30、ject.语法填空 Scientists have long understood the key role that oceans play in controlling the Earths climate.One of the oceans most important climate 1._(function)is absorbing heat and carbon dioxide(CO2)，one of the gases that cause global warming.2._(cover)70%of the surface of the globe，oceans store a
31、 thousand times more heat than the atmosphere does.The oceans 3._ (absorb)huge amounts of heat and CO2 in the last forty years.In fact，the oceans are saving us 4._ faster climate changethey are putting a brake on the climate system.5._ bad news is that the oceans only slow the atmospheric warming.On
32、ce the oceans come up against a greenhousegas warmed earth，the extreme heat will remain in the atmosphere and things will get much 6._(hot)functionsCoveringhave absorbedfromThehotter.语法填空 Another important role 7._(play)by the oceans is that of distributor.The oceans currents carry oxygen，nutrients(
33、营养物营养物)and heat throughout the globe，just 8._ blood tubes bring oxygen and nutrition to cells in the human body.The ocean distributes 25%to 50%of energy 9._ the planet receives from the sun.For example，the Gulf Stream (墨西哥湾流墨西哥湾流)carries heat across the Atlantic.This warm current makes northwestern
34、Europe warmer than it would 10._(normal)be.playedas/likethat/whichnormally.短文改错 I still remember my first trip to Hainan with my parents years ago.We swam in Yalong Bay，which there were lots of people enjoying ourselves.We also visited the Monkey Island，a impressive attraction.The monkeys of differe
35、nt age there were so cute that I really wanted to touch them.But of course I cant.We were told before seeing the monkeys put everything in our bags and not to reach into our pockets or bags in case the monkeysthinking we were getting some gifts for themjumped to us and accidental hurt us.The people
36、there were friendly to us and the food was delicious.And to believe me，the fresh coconut juice there is the better juice in the world！I am looking forward to visit it once more.wherethemselvesanagescouldnttoaccidentallybestvisiting32目录目录CONTENTS第十讲 代词和介词（短语）01010202代词代词1.人称代词、物主代词和反身代词|2.指示代词 3.不定代词
37、|4.it的用法介词（短语）介词（短语）1.常见介词的用法|2.固定搭配中的介词I.单句语法填空|II.单句改错|III.翻译句子|IV.语法填空|V.短文改错0606针对训练针对训练331PART ONE 代词34目录代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。与汉语不同，在英语中代词使用非常广泛。虽然代词的数量有限，但种类和变化却非常繁多。代词根据其用法特点可分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等。35目录一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 类型词义主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词我Imemyminemyself你y
38、ouyouyouryoursyourself他hehimhishishimself她sheherherhersherself它itititsitsitself我们weusouroursourselves你们youyouyouryoursyourselves他们theythemtheirtheirsthemselves36目录一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词1.人称代词有主格和宾格之分。主格在句中通常作主语，宾格在句中作宾语、表语、同位语等成分。2形容词性物主代词通常在句中作定语，修饰名词。名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词名词”，可以作主语、宾语和表语，只能单独使用，不能用于名词前。3反身
39、代词通常表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者，可以在句中作宾语、表语、同位语，有时候也可以作介词的宾语。37目录一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词She was beautiful and could run faster than others.她(那时)很美并且比其他人跑得快。He invited some friends of his to his party.他邀请了他的一些朋友参加宴会。The child looked at himself in the mirror with interest.那个孩子饶有兴趣地看着镜子里的自己。38目录一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词名师指津含有反身代
40、词的习惯用语by oneself 独自地独自地for oneself 亲自亲自of oneself 自动地自动地in oneself 本质上，本身本质上，本身help oneself to 随便吃随便吃/用用enjoy oneself 玩得开心玩得开心teach oneself 自学自学make yourself at home 别客气别客气say to oneself 自言自语自言自语think for oneself 独立思考独立思考seat oneself 就座就座come to oneself 苏醒，恢复知觉苏醒，恢复知觉be not oneself 身体不舒服身体不舒服behave
41、oneself 举止规矩举止规矩39目录二、指示代词指示代词用 法this/these指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物；this可指下文将要谈到的人或物that/those指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物；that 可指上文提到过的人或物such指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数so代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情，意思是“如此，这样”。在believe，think，expect，suppose，imagine，guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点40目录二、指示代词What I want to say is this：you should grasp
42、 every minute to finish your work.我想说的是，你应该抓住每一分钟的时间完成你的工作。Such is the power of the Internet that it can make a person suddenly famous.这就是网络的力量，它可以使人一夜成名。The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools.这所规模很小的学校的教学质量比有些规模较大的学校的教学质量还要好。Studying Wendys menu，I f
43、ound that many of the items are similar to those of McDonalds.研究了温迪的菜单，我发现其中很多东西和麦当劳的相似。41目录三、不定代词1不定代词的基本用法不定代词用 法each/both/alleach指“(两者或两者以上物或人中的)每个”；both表示“两者都”；all指“(三者或三者以上物或人中的)所有，全部”either/neither either表示“(两者中的)任何一个”；neither表示“两者都不”none/nothingnone表示“(三者或三者以上)全无，没有一点”；nothing表示“没有任何东西，没有事”an
44、otheranother泛指“(三者或三者以上中的)另一，又一”other/othersother泛指“其余的，另外的”，只作定语。other可数名词复数othersthe other/the othersthe other特指“(两者之中的)另一个”。the other可数名词复数the others 42目录三、不定代词1不定代词的基本用法As the two dictionaries are useful,Ill take both and either of them is very important to me.由于这两本词典都有用，我会把它们都带走，每一本对我来说都非常重要。La
45、rry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him,but neither of them wants to,because they have work to do.拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。You are a team star！Working with others is really your cup of tea.你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你的所爱。43目录三、不定代词2复合不定代词的用法某任何每个没有人someone/somebodyanyone/anybodyeveryon
46、e/everybodyno one/nobody物somethinganythingeverythingnothing 44目录三、不定代词2复合不定代词的用法There is something in his words.We should have a try.他说的话不无道理，我们应该试一试。Nobody can be good at something for 40 years if he doesnt love it.没有人能持续四十年把某件事做得很好，除非他热爱它。45目录三、不定代词3.表示数量的不定代词的用法代词用法表示意义含义few修饰可数名词否定含义几乎没有a few修饰可
47、数名词肯定含义几个；一些little修饰不可数名词否定含义几乎没有a little修饰不可数名词肯定含义少量；一点点many修饰可数名词肯定含义许多much修饰不可数名词肯定含义许多46目录三、不定代词3.表示数量的不定代词的用法Few of us can speak four foreign languages.我们当中很少有人会说四种外语。She can speak a little French，but she knows little English.她能讲点法语，但她几乎不懂英语。47目录四、it的用法指时间、距离、天气、日期、温度等。Its early spring,but it
48、is already hot.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。148目录四、it的用法指代前面提到过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词this，that。Although he didnt like it,I decided to see the movie anyway.尽管他不喜欢这部电影，我还是决定去看一看。249目录四、it的用法当说话者弄不清对方是谁，不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时，可以用it来指代。What will you call it if it is a boy?要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？350目录四、it的用法作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或名词性
49、从句。It is dangerous for you to swim in the river.你在这条河里游泳是危险的。(it作形式主语，to swim in the river是真正的主语)He didnt make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。(it作形式宾语，从句when and where.是真正的宾语)4512PART TWO 介词（短语）52目录介词在句中不能单独作句子成分，介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语，表示与其他成分的关系。介词可以分为时间
50、介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词、数量介词和其他介词。介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语(如果是人称代词，则要用宾格)，介词和介词宾语合在一起构成介词短语。53目录一、常见介词的用法表示时间的介词(1)at，on和in1意 义短 语at表示某个时间点、时刻等at midnight“在半夜”；at sunrise/sunset“在日出/日落”on表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上on a rainy night“在一个雨夜”；on Christmas Eve“在平安夜”in表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等in December“在十二月”；in
