1、八年级英语上 新目标 人2022-11-27一、名词的数一、名词的数 (一一)名词的分类名词的分类 名词即表示人或物名称的词,它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类,具体情况见下表:专有名词普通名词2022-11-27类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等的名词Lucy,China,the Great Wall普通名词可数名词个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词dictionary,window,table集体名词表示一群人或一些事物的词family,police,class,group,team不可数名词物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词rice,glass,water,paper抽象
2、名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词knowledge,danger,health,life,home,work2022-11-27 1.名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词与不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,名词复数构成形式的部分规则如下:单数复数(二二)可数名词的复数形式可数名词的复数形式2022-11-27情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音和元音后读/z/,在t后读/ts/,在d后读/dz/cakecakesdaydaysstudentstudentsbedbeds以s,x,sh,ch等结尾的词加-es读/z/busbusesboxboxes
3、watchwatches以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i,再加-es读/z/babybabiescitycities以f/fe结尾的词变f/fe为ves读/vz/leafleaveswolfwolves以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/z/facefacesorangeoranges不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母元音改变manmenwomanwomenfootfeettoothteeth单复数同形 读音不变fishfishsheepsheepdeerdeerChineseChinese其他形式/mas/maIs/mousemice2022-11-272.某国人变复数。英国人a
4、n EnglishmanEnglishmen阿拉伯人an ArabArabs 3.以o结尾的名词,有些在词尾加-es,这些词的方便记法为“黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿”。NegroNegroesheroheroespotatopotatoestomatotomatoes+es2022-11-27 4.复合名词中前面的名词是man,woman,变复数时,构成复合名词的两个名词全都要变成复数形式;其他复合名词变复数时,需把主体名词变成复数形式。man teachermen teachersboy studentboy students2022-11-27(三)不可数名词的数1.不可数名词所表示的事物一般
5、不能用数来计算,没有词形变化,这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。2.表示方法:不可数名词需要计量时,用“数词或a/an+量词+of+不可数名词”结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后的名词只用原形。返回返回a piece of paper一张纸two cups of tea两杯茶2022-11-27 祈使句用来表示命令、请求、劝告、建议、禁止等,以动词原形开头,否定祈使句以Dont开头。它的主语是听话人(you),一般不需要说出来,祈使句末尾用感叹号或句号,句子用降调。二、祈使句二、祈使句Open the door,please.请把门打开。Dont forget to take yo
6、ur medicine,Alice.爱丽丝,不要忘记吃药。2022-11-27 1.肯定形式(1)do型:即省略主语you,用动词原形开头,开头或结尾可以用please。Listen to me carefully.仔细听我讲。(一一)祈使句的种类祈使句的种类Sit down,please.请坐。2022-11-27 (2)be型:以be动词开头,其句型为:Be动词+表语(名词、形容词)+其他。(3)let型:Let后面可以接代词宾格作宾语。Be quiet,boys and girls!大家安静!Be careful next time!下次细心点!Lets go and ask our t
7、eacher.咱们去问问老师吧。2022-11-27This way,please.请这边走。(句首省略Come)A cup of tea,please.请给我来杯茶。(句首省略Bring me)(4)省略型:祈使句可采用省略形式,即根据上下文省略动词或动词词组。2022-11-27 Do be careful.务必小心。Do come and help me.务必来帮我。(5)强调型:为了表示强调,可以在肯定祈使句谓语动词前加do。2022-11-27 2.否定形式 (1)肯定形式是do型和be型的句子,其否定形式在句首加Dont,句首有please或人名的,在please或人名后加dont
8、。Dont do it like that!不要那样做!Mary,dont be late for class again.玛丽,上课不要再迟到了。Dont2022-11-27Dont let him go.不要让他走。Let them not go out for a walk.It is raining.让他们别出去散步了。下雨了。(2)let型句子,其否定形式为“Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其他”,语气生硬时也可以在let前加Dont。2022-11-27 (3)强硬型:在动词前面加Never来构成祈使句的否定结构,语气比Dont更强烈。(4)警示型:常由“No+名词或动词-ing形
9、式”构成,表示“禁止”或“规劝”人们不许做某事。Never play with fire!决不要玩火!No photos.不许拍照。No parking!禁止停车!No smoking in the office.办公室里禁止吸烟。2022-11-27 1.由于祈使句所表达的动作都还是未发生的,因此对它的回答通常要用一般将来时。(二二)祈使句的回答祈使句的回答Please turn off the light when you go out.当你出去的时候请关上灯。OK,I willwill.好的,我会的。Dont be late anymore.不要再迟到了。Sorry,I wontwont
10、.对不起,我不会了。2022-11-27Lets chat on the Internet.我们上网聊天吧。2.以let开头的祈使句肯定回答多用“Good idea.”,否定回答用“Sorry,”。Sorry,I have much homework to do.对不起,我有很多作业要做。2022-11-27If you dont hurry,youll not catch the early bus.=Hurry up,or youll not catch the early bus.如果你不快点儿,就赶不上早班公交车了。返回返回(三三)祈使句与复合句的转换祈使句与复合句的转换 if引导的条
11、件状语从句可以转换成“祈使句+and/or+简单句”结构。If you work harder,youll catch up with your classmates.=Work harder,and youll catch up with your classmates.如果你再努力些,你就会赶上你的同学。2022-11-271.(2015广安中考)How many can you see in the picture?Two.A.dog B.childC.sheeps D.sheep D 提示:考查名词复数辨析。句意为“在这张图片中你能看到多少只羊?”“两只”。how many后接可数名词
12、的复数形式。dog与child均为单数形式,应排除;sheep的单复数形式相同,故选D。2022-11-27B 提示:考查名词辨析。句意为“你班里所有的学生都来自德国吗?”“不,我们班只有三个德国人。其他人来自其他国家”Germany“德国”;German“德国人”,其复数形式为Germans,故选B。2.(2015眉山中考)Are all the students from in your class?No,there are only 3 in our class.The others are from other countries.A.Germany,Germen B.Germany,
13、Germans C.German,Germans D.German,Germany2022-11-273.(2015兰州中考)You paid￥10 for this morning.A.4 bottle milks B.4 bottles of milk C.4 bottles of milks D.4 milk B 提示:考查不可数名词量的表达法。milk为不可数名词,表示不可数名词的量时需在前面搭配上合适的表示数量的词或短语,所以选B。2022-11-27 C 提示:考查名词辨析。“one of+最高级+名词复数”意为“最之一”,所以symbol应该用复数symbols,而culture
14、为不可数名词,故选C。4.(2015广东中考)Mickey Mouse is one of the most famous in American.A.symbol,cultureB.symbol,cultures C.symbols,culture D.symbols,cultures2022-11-275.(2015娄底中考)Would you like some for dinner?OK.A.tomatos B.tomatoC.tomatoes C 提示:考查名词的用法。句意为“晚饭你吃些西红柿好吗?”“好的”。tomato为可数名词,复数形式为tomatoes,故选C。2022-11
15、-27A 提示:考查祈使句。本句人称后有逗号,可判断它为变形的祈使句,应用动词原形开头,否定句加dont,故选A。6.(2015盐城中考)Daniel,play with the mobile phone while youre walking in the street.A.dont B.doesnt C.wont D.cant2022-11-277.(2015绵阳中考)Jack,play around here.Your sister is asleep now.A.doesntB.not C.no D.dontD 提示:考查祈使句。句意为“杰克,不要在这儿玩。你妹妹正睡觉呢”,故选D。D
16、ont!2022-11-27D 提示:考查名词作定语。名词woman作定语时,其单复数随着其后所修饰的名词的数而变化,故选D。8.(安顺中考)There are fifty in our school.They are all friendly to us.A.woman teachers B.women teacher C.woman teacher D.women teachers2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供9.(贵阳中考)Lily,lets make vegetable salad.How many do we need?One is enough.A.oranges
17、 B.potatoC.tomatoesC 提示:考查名词的数。由句中“make vegetable salad”可知要做蔬菜沙拉。how many后接可数名词复数形式,因此只能用tomatoes,故选C。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供 B 提示:考查名词辨析。milk是不可数名词,“两杯牛奶”要说two cups of milk,故选B。10.(巴中中考)Lets make a banana milk shake.What do we need?We need some and two.A.bananas,cup of milkB.bananas,cups of milkC.
18、bananas,milks2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供11.(永州中考)Whose are these?I think they are Johns.A.key B.keiesC.keysC 提示:考查名词的用法。句意为“这些是谁的钥匙?”“我想它们是约翰的”。key的复数形式是在词尾直接加-s,故选C。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供D 提示:考查名词所有格的用法。句意为“乘新建的绿色铁路干线从鄂州到武汉很方便。”“是的。据说十五分钟的路程足够了”。复数名词的所有格应在-(e)s后面直接加“”。12.(鄂州中考)Its convenient to trav
19、el from Ezhou to Wuhan by taking the newly-built green railway.Yes.Its said that is enough.A.fifteen minutes driveB.fifteen-minutes driveC.fifteen minutes drive D.fifteen minutes drive2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供13.(黔东南中考)Look!There are some on the farm.A.chicken B.goose C.sheep D.cowC 提示:考查名词的数。sheep的单
20、复数相同,所以选择C。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供C 提示:考查名词的用法。根据tomato的复数加-es,milk为不可数名词可知,故选C。14.(来宾中考)There are some and in the fridge(冰箱).A.tomatos,milk B.tomatos,milks C.tomatoes,milk D.tomatoes,milks2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供15.(凉山中考)Where are you going,Sam?There isnt any in the fridge.Ill go and buy some.A.ve
21、getables B.beefC.eggs D.moneyB 提示:考查名词的数。句意为“Sam,你准备去哪里?”“冰箱里没有牛肉了。我要去买一些”,故选B。返回返回2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供猜测词义的策略猜测词义的策略Gloria is a famous hostess of a TV station.When she was 15,she happened to walk into a bookstore in her hometown and began looking at the books on the shelves.The man behind the c
22、ounter,John Smith,asked if shed like a job.She needed to start saving for college,so she said yes.2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供Gloria worked after school and during summer vacations,and the job helped pay for her first year of college.During college she would do many other jobs:she served coffee in the S
23、tudent Union,was a hotel cleaner and even made maps for the Forest Service.But selling books was one of the most satisfying jobs.2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供One day a woman came into the bookstore and asked Gloria for books on cancer.The woman seemed anxious.Gloria showed her practically everything they
24、 had and found other books they could order.The woman left the store less worried,and Gloria has always remembered the pride(自豪)she felt in having helped her customer(顾客).2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供Years later,as a television hostess,Gloria heard about a child who was born with problems with his finger
25、s and hand.His family could not afford an operation,and the boy lived in shame,hiding his hand in his pocket all the time.Gloria persuaded(说服)her boss to agree to let her do the story.After the story was broadcast,some doctors called,offering to perform the operation for free.2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提
26、供Gloria visited the boy in the hospital after the operation.The first thing he did was to hold up his repaired hand and say,“Thank you”.What a sweet sense of satisfaction Gloria felt!At Smiths bookstore,Gloria always realized she was working for the customers,not the store.Today its the same.The TV
27、station pays her,but she feels that she should work for the people who watch the programmes,helping them understand the world better.2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供【词汇积累】customer 顾客pride 自豪persuade 说服refer to 所指1.When did Gloria get her first job?A.A few years before college.B.Several years after college.C
28、.When she was studying at college.D.When she was working in the TV station.A 提示:本题为细节考查题。根据短文第二段第一句话可知,故选A。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供2.In which part-time job did Gloria feel the happiest?A.Cleaning in the hotel.B.Selling books in the bookstore.C.Serving coffee in the Student Union.D.Making maps for th
29、e Forest Service.B 提示:本题为细节考查题。根据短文第二段最后一句话可知,故选B。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供3.What does the word“she”in the third paragraph refer to(所指)?A.The boss.B.The woman.C.Gloria.D.The doctor.C 提示:本题为词义猜测题。这里应是Gloria因帮助顾客而感到自豪,故选C。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供4.How did Gloria help the child get the operation he need
30、ed?A.Her boss agreed to raise money.B.She paid for the operation herself.C.She allowed the boy to show on TV.D.Her news report affected some doctors.D 提示:本题为细节考查题。根据短文第五段内容可知,故选D。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供5.What particularly(特别地)gives her the feeling of pride?A.Helping people through her work.B.Report
31、ing interesting stories.C.Being able to do different jobs well.D.Paying for her college education herself.A 提示:本题为细节考查题。根据短文第三段最后一句话可知,故选A。返回返回2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供1.1.猜测词义的策略猜测词义的策略英语的阅读材料允许带3%左右的生词,所以平时要练习破解生词的“火眼金睛”,阅读时就能应对自如。阅读中遇到的生词可分为两类情况:2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供 另一类就是与文章意思关系密切的词,我们无法绕过的就要采
32、取其他方式解决。遇到一个生词就查词典的方法不是学习的好方法。一类是一些对文章内容没有影响的生词。如人名、地名、专有名称等。遇到这种情况我们可以把它理解为A或B,也可以略过不管,因为它们不影响我们理解文章的意思。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供2.2.命题趋势与突破方法命题趋势与突破方法(1)命题趋势:该类题设计的宗旨不在于考查词汇量,而是考查确定所考的词语或句子在特定的语言环境中的具体含义的能力,因此必须根据上下文才能把握其具体意思。(2)突破方法:下面就介绍几种猜测词义的策略。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供妙招一:利用构词法猜测词义。英语可以通过三种形式构成
33、新词,即:转换、派生、合成。但目前我们常接触的构词法一般包括添加前缀或后缀以及合成词,使其变成另一个新词。如un-,dis-加在某些单词之前就变成了它们的反义词,-ly加在某些单词后面就改变了它们的词性。某些词加上-er,-or等表示“人”。usual(adj.通常的)unusual(adj.不平常的)usually(adv.通常地)unusually(adv.不寻常地)2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供妙招二:利用文章上下文的内容猜测词义。文章的上下文构成了一个特定的语境,可把未学词语的含义局限到一个很小的范围内,为猜测词义提供了有利条件。具体有以下几个关键点:注意近义词与反义
34、词。有时候,在要猜测的生词的前后句中同时出现近义词或反义词,我们就可通过这一点来猜测该生词的词义。Lucy is a diligent and good student.All her teachers like her.句中diligent是生词,我们可以通过文中的good猜测它是褒义词。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供找出前后文的解释。有的短文对生词采取直接定义的方法来解释其词义,我们可以根据注解的词语和句子(如同位语或定语从句)猜测词义。That is a passenger,a person who travels by bus,train or plane but d
35、oesnt drive it.passenger就是“一个坐公共汽车、火车或飞机而不驾驶的人”。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供注意举例的词语。在阅读中,我们经常会在短文中碰到for example,such as等用于举例的词语,它就是对某些词语的解释。We have some furniturefurniture in our house,such as a bed,a chair and a table.根据后面的例子我们就能猜出furniture就是“家具”的意思。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供妙招三:根据常识猜测生词。有些生词我们可以根据我们所具备的
36、生活常识和生活阅历来猜测。Lets swim in the swimming pool.记住猜记住猜词妙招！词妙招！返回返回我们游泳当然在“游泳池”里了,所以pool是“池子”的意思。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供描述制作一种描述制作一种食物的过程食物的过程 请写出一种自己动手制作食物的过程,写明所用的原料,操作过程尽可能写得详细。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供【思路点拨】先说明制作的食物I made fruit salad yesterday.依次介绍做食物的步骤First,peel three bananas andNext,Then,After tha
37、t,Finally,2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供1.水果沙拉_2.剥（水果等的皮）_3.切碎 4.混合 写出下列单词或短语【重点词汇重点词汇】fruit saladfruit saladpeelpeelcut upcut upmix upmix up2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供【重点句型重点句型】根据汉语意思完成句子1.昨天我做了水果沙拉。I fruit salad .2.将它们放在一个碗里。them a bowl.3.最后,把它们全搅拌在一起。,mix them all .mademadeyesterdayyesterdayPutPutin inFin
38、allyFinallyupup2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供返回返回【单元参考句型单元参考句型】We need three bananas.First,cut up three bananas,three apples and a watermelon.Next,put the fruit in a bowl.Then,put in two teaspoons of honey and a cup of yogurt.Finally,mix them all up.2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供I made fruit salad yesterday.Fir
39、st,peel three bananas and I made fruit salad yesterday.First,peel three bananas and two apples.Next,cut them up.Then,put them in a bowl.After two apples.Next,cut them up.Then,put them in a bowl.After that,add some mayonnaise in the bowl.Finally,mix them all that,add some mayonnaise in the bowl.Final
40、ly,mix them all up.up.2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供【名师点评】本文描述的是水果沙拉的制作过程,语言简洁易懂,条理清晰明确。返回返回2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供 本单元的写作项目是描述制作一种食物的过程。写此类文章时要注意以下三点:返回返回1.看清题目要求,正确使用人称;2.叙述的过程要有条理,逻辑顺序要合理;3.描述过程要正确使用可数与不可数名词等。2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供 下面是有关“如何自制电话”的说明,请根据图片所示步骤,从AE中选择正确的选项与图片配对,完成1-5小题。信息匹配题What we nee
41、d:two plastic cups a ball of thin string scissors a pencil2022-11-27该课件由【语文公社】友情提供How to make a string phone:1.2.3.4.5.A.Tie a knot in each end to keep the string in place.B.Cut a string.About ten to twenty meters is OK.C.Give your friend one of the cups while you take the other.Move away from each
42、other so that the string is straight.Take turns to talk into a cup while the other listens through the cup at the other end.D.Use the pencil to make a small hole in the base of each cup.E.Put one end of the string through the holes so that the ends are inside the cups.【词汇积累】string绳子scissor剪刀knot打结hole洞base底部BDEAC返回返回
