1、 北京北京 20192019 中考英语阅读理解（五）中考英语阅读理解（五） 专题十八 阅读理解 第 5 讲北京朝阳一模阅读理解 CD 篇 1. 掌握本篇阅读理解中出现的高频词及长难句。 2. 掌握阅读理解的解题技巧, 并能够指出本篇阅读理解中运用到的解题技巧。 3. 通过阅读理解高频词、长难句等语料的积累, 及阅读理解解题技巧的练习, 灵活应对各种阅读理解题。 C 篇 知识篇 “巧妇难为无米之炊”, 在英语学习的过程中, 语料的积累至关重要。对于阅读理解高频词和长难句的梳 理, 能够为我们今后的学习和提升打下良好的基础。 亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你梳理出了本篇文章中的一些高频词和长难句, 快来
2、看看你掌握了吗？ 高频词（课前检测学生的词汇量储备, 以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优, 模糊翻译的良, 不会 翻译的为差。 ） 单词/短语 词性 词义 拓展 掌握情况 优 良 差 hear of 听说 come up with 提出 invent v. 发明 n. 教教学目标学目标 名名师点拨师点拨 invention consider v. 考虑 spread v. 传播，展开 avoid v. 避免 hit v. 打击 protect v. 保护 immediately adv. 立即，立刻 adj. immediate simple adj. 简单的 长难句（课前检测学生的句型
3、储备, 以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优, 模糊翻译的良, 不会翻 译的为差。 ） 1. While feeling thankful to this engineer from Volvo, you may also wonder how he came up with such a great idea.（优良差） _ _ 句意：当我们感谢这位来自沃尔沃的工程师时，你也许也想知道他是怎样提出这样一个好主意的。 本句中包含了一个由 how 引导的宾语从句，做 wonder 的宾语。 2. In the end, he invented the three-point seat bel
4、t, which has been considered as one of the greatest inventions in history.（优良差） _ _ 句意：最后，他发明了三点式安全带，它被认为是历史上最伟大的发明之一。 本句为由 which 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 three-point seat belt。 3. Seat belts also help keep your upper body away from the hard parts of the car if you stop suddenly or are hit by another car. （优良差
5、） _ _ 句意：如果你突然停车或被另一辆车重击，安全带也能帮助保持你的上身远离车子最坚硬的部位。 本句话是由 if 引导的条件状语从句，翻译时要注意语序。 方法篇 “方法得当, 事半功倍。 ” 只有语料的积累, 没有好方法的辅助也是不够的。 对于阅读理解解题方法的梳理, 能够帮助我们更好地理解阅读理解的命题逻辑, 在有足够语料积累的基础上, 能够帮助我们争取高分。 亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你精心整理了阅读理解的解题技巧, 快来看看你掌握了多少？ 一、阅读理解解题步骤 第一 步 快速浏览全文， 了解文章 大概。 浏览时要注意以下句子： 每段的开头和结尾， 重要的情 节句子，如果遇到未学或不认识
6、的单词或不理解的句 子，可以根据上下文猜测，切不可停留而放慢速度。 第二 步 浏览问题，明确要求。 把文章后每个题目内容看明白， 这样又能辅助进一步理 解文章的主要内容， 具体做题时就能对号入座， 找到文 章中确切表达所要回答问题的关键句子。 第三 步 通篇寻读，确定段落。 也就是带着问题去读， 找到要回答问题的关键词、 句或 意群，以及任何有关答题的信息，用铅笔画下来，以便 为下一步答题做好充分准备。 第四 步 逐条分析，对号入座。 把需要回答的问题和寻读中找到的信息逐条分析， 对号 入座。 一般来说， 出题者问题设计都是按照文章内容自 上到下顺序设计的， 根据难度先解决容易的， 最后解决
7、深层次的理解题。 第五 步 复读全文，验证答案。 全部题目做完后， 必须再仔细阅读一遍全文， 进一步加 深对文章理解，核实所选答案是否正确。 二、阅读理解解题技巧 初中英语选择型阅读理解题主要分为四种题型，分别是细节理解题，推理判断题，猜测词义题和主旨大 意题。接下来我们将从这四种题型的定义，设题方式和解题技巧三方面进行介绍。 题型 题型一：细节理解题 解释 本类试题主要考察学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能 力。 问题包括询问人 （who） 、 物 （what） 、 时间 （when） 、 地点 （where） 、 原因 （cause） 、 结果（effect） 、文中的
8、数据（data）等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考察这 些细节。 设题 方式 1. Which of the following statements is true/false? 2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned? 3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)? 解题 技巧 1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 2. 变通理解，间接转述找答案 3. 多点归纳，综合事实找答案 典题 精析 Which hand do you use when write? About
9、8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surpr
10、ised if you feel awkward（别 扭的）. If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will . A. get hurt B. give up cutting C. feel awkward D. change their tools 本题可以运用到解题技巧 1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 浏览题干，确定关键短语为 cut up potatoes with their left hand，浏览段落， 确定关键句 If you are right handed, try this experime
11、nt: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.“如果你是一个习惯用右手的人，用左手拿刀把 土豆切成块。如果你感到别扭并不让人惊讶。”，根据句意即可推断出正确答案， 故选 C。 题型 题型二：推理判断题 解释 推理判断题着重考察学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推 理判断。此类题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理，故事的结局、寓意， 文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。 设题 方式 1
12、. It can be inferred from the text that_. 2. From the text we know that _. 3. With which of the following does the author agree? 4. The passage is probably taken from a _. 解题 技巧 1. 通过文章陈述的事实进行推断 2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 3. 根据作者的意图和态度进行推断 典题 精析 Boredom is often linked with loneliness, but a wri
13、ter named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind. She told researchers about her childhood. Having few things to do, Syal often talked with her neighbors. She also tried to do things like learning to bake cakes. “But importantly, I Thought and wrote a lot, because I was bored,
14、” Syal said. She kept a diary, filling her time with short stories and poems she made up. Grayson Perry, an artist, grew up in a family with little money. He enjoyed himself by making up stories, drawing pictures for his stories and reading many books in the library. Bored but free, he spent hours l
15、ooking out of the window, watching the changing clouds and seasons. Perry filled up his free time with what he liked. He became creative, because he could think freely. The writer talks about Syal and Perry to . A. stress the great differences between them B. introduce a popular writer and a famous
16、artist C. suggest good ways of going through boredom D. show effects of boredom on developing creativity 本题可以运用到解题技巧 2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言 进行推断 题干意为“作者谈论 Syal 和 Perry 的例子的目的是什么？” 。两个段落很长，我们 首先要精读段落，抓住两个人物的态度，第一段中关键句为 a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind.意
17、为“Meera Syal 说无聊帮助她发展了她的思想” ，第二段关键句为 He became creative, because he could think freely.意为“他变得积极，因为他能够自由思考” ，由这两句关键句 可知两个人都认为“无聊可以发展创造力， ” ，故选 D。 题型 题型三：词义猜测题 解释 单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是考查对文中关键词语的理解。 而且，所考察的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据文中语境来判断。 设题 方式 1. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _. 2.
18、 The word“”most likely means _. 3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word _. 解题 技巧 1. 通过因果关系猜测词义 2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 3. 通过构词法猜测词义 4. 通过定义或释义说明来猜测词义 5. 通过描述猜测词义 6. 用知识和生活经验猜测词义 7. 根据上下文的指代关系猜测词义 典题 精析 Children are expected by their parents to be reading a textbook all the time. Ho
19、wever, research shows that it may hamper the development of their imagination, while boredom can give them opportunities to develop creativity. What does the word “hamper” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Slow down. B. Keep up with. C. Go beyond. D. Give rise to. 本题可以运用到解题技巧 2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 浏览
20、本段，会发现本段中存在转折连词 while“然而” ，while 后的句意为“无聊能 给他们发展创造力的机会” ，所以 while 之前的句意应该与之相反，进一步推测词 义。A 意为“ （使）慢下来” ，B 意为“跟上” ，C 意为“超出” ，D 意为“引起，导致” ， 故选 A。 题型 题型四：主旨大意题 解释 考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。 设题 方式 1. 问标题：What is the main topic of the passage? / The best title for the passage is _. 2. 问中心：The first paragraph
21、is mainly about the _. / The passage is mostly about _. 3. 问目的，态度：The author wants to tell _. / The purpose of this article is to _. 解题 技巧 1. 浏览文章首尾段和各段开头，抓住主旨段或主旨句 2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 3. 以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气及写作意图 典题 精析 In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students loo
22、ked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A. Ca
23、uses of being left handed. B. Encouragement to left-handers C. Punishment for using the left hand. D. Changes in opinions on left-handers. 本题可以运用到解题技巧 2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 本题考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先锁定第二段的关键词 but，but 之前的关键 词 in the past 和 it was strange to use the left hand 表明了在过去人们认为 使用左手是奇怪的，but 之后的关键词 these
24、 days 和 have accepted that 表明了 现在人们接受了惯用左手的人。所以这段主要是讲述了人们关于惯用左手的人的态 度上的转变。可以判定答案为 Changes in opinions on left-handers.，故选 D。 浏览问题 （抓住题干及选项中的关键词，以便有目的性的通读文章） 题号 题干及选项 1 Three-point seat belts reduce chances of death or injury by at least_.（细节理解题） A. 10% B. 30% C. 40% D. 50% 2 Nils Bohlin invented the
25、 three-point seat belt in order to_.（细 节理解题） A. take a car journey quickly B. show thanks to the engineer C. keep the pilots safe in an accident D. improve the safety for people in the cars 3 From the passage we can learn_.（细节理解题） A. hips and shoulders arent the older children and adults strongest p
26、arts B. seat belts can keep your knees and feet away from the hard parts of the car C. the body has more time to slow down in an accident with the help of seat belts D. head and spinal cord injuries might be easy to see immediately and cause death 4 This passage is mainly about_.（主旨大意题） A. how seat
27、belts are made B. how seat belts are used C. how seat belts save lives D. how seat belts develop better 通篇寻读 （通读文章，根据问题中的关键词标记出文章中的重点词，短语或句子，为逐题分析做准备） 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 科普环保类 说明文 402 7 分钟 _/4 语语篇精讲篇精讲 Few of us have heard of Nils Bohlin, but whenever we take a car journey his invention makes
28、 us safer. Found in almost every modem car, the three-point seat belt reduces our chances of death or injury (伤害）by at least 50% . While feeling thankful to this engineer from Volvo, you may also wonder how he came up with such a great idea. Having worked as a plane designer before, Nils knew clearl
29、y that the pilots were willing to put on anything to keep them safe in an accident, but to his surprise, most people in the cars just didnt want to be uncomfortable for even a minute. To improve the safety for people in the cars, he decided to find a perfect system which should be simple, effective
30、and convenient. In the end, he invented the three-point seat belt, which has been considered as one of the greatest inventions in history. Seat belts prevent people in the cars from serious injury in five ways. Keep people inside. People who are thrown out from a car are four times more likely to be
31、 killed than those who stay inside. Protect the strongest parts of the body. Seat belts are designed to fix your body at its strongest parts. For an older child and adult, these parts are the hips (臀部)and shoulders. Spread out the force in an accident. Seat belts spread the force of the accident ove
32、r a wide area of the body. By putting less stress on one area, they can help you avoid serious injury. Seat belts also help keep your upper body away from the hard parts of the car if you stop suddenly or are hit by another car. Help the body to slow down, A quick speed causes injury. With the help
33、of the seat belts, your body can have more time to slow down in an accident. Protect your brain and spinal cord (脊柱). Seat belts are designed to protect these two key areas of the human body. Head and spinal cord injuries may be hard to see immediately, but they can cause death. Therefore, its of gr
34、eat importance to protect these parts. It takes only a few seconds to buckle up (系好安全带）once you get in the car, but this simple action could save your life. Why wouldnt you? 逐题分析 语篇解读：本文是一篇科普环保类的说明文。主要介绍了 three-point seat belt（三点式安全带）的发明 者，发明目的及用途。 1. Three-point seat belts reduce chances of death o
35、r injury by at least_. A. 10% B. 30% C. 40% D. 50% 解析：D. 细节理解题。题干意为“three-point seat belt 减少了死亡或受伤的几率至少_。 ” ，根据题干关键短语 reduce chances of death or injury 可将答案锁定在第一段中，根据第一段中关键句 the three-point seat belt reduces our chances of death or injury (伤害）by at least 50% .可以判定正确答案应该为 50%。 2. Nils Bohlin invented
36、 the three-point seat belt in order to_. A. take a car journey quickly B. show thanks to the engineer C. keep the pilots safe in an accident D. improve the safety for people in the cars 解析：D. 细节理解题。题干意为“Nils Bohlin 发明了三点式安全带为了_?”根据题干可将答案锁定在文章第二 段中，关键句 to improve the safety for people in the cars 为不定
37、式表目的，意为“为了提高车里人们 的安全” ，这正是发明 three-point seat belt 的目的，故选 D。 3. From the passage we can learn_. A. hips and shoulders arent the older children and adults strongest parts B. seat belts can keep your knees and feet away from the hard parts of the car C. the body has more time to slow down in an accide
38、nt with the help of seat belts D. head and spinal cord injuries might be easy to see immediately and cause death 解析：C. 细节理解题。本题需要逐项排除。A 项意为“臀部和肩膀不是大孩子和成年人最强壮的部分。”，根据五个 方面的第二条中的关键句“For an older child and adult, these parts are the hips (臀部)and shoulders.”可以判定此项错误；B 项意为“安全带能够保持你的膝盖和脚远离车子最坚硬的部分。”，根 据第三
39、条中的关键句“Seat belts also help keep your upper body away from the hard parts of the car” 可以判定此项错误；C 项意为“事故中在安全带的帮助下身体有更多时间来放慢速度”，根据第四条中的关 键句“With the help of the seat belts, your body can have more time to slow down in an accident.” 可以判定此项与全文一致，为正确答案；D 项意为“头和脊柱伤可能很容易的立即被看到并导致死亡。”， 根据第五条关键句“Head and spi
40、nal cord injuries may be hard to see immediately”可以判定此项是 错误的。 4. This passage is mainly about_. A. how seat belts are made B. how seat belts are used C. how seat belts save lives D. how seat belts develop better 解析：C 主旨大意题。A项意为“安全带是怎样被制作的？”；B项意为“安全带是怎样用的”；C项意为“安全带是 怎样拯救生命的？”；D 项意为“安全带怎样发展的更好”，根据文章五种
41、方法的详细介绍可知主要讲的是 安全带是怎样拯救生命的，而并没有详细的说安全带的制作方式，用法及发展。 精讲笔记 （学生在教师的指导下, 回顾本讲中积累的阅读理解的知识和方法） 语篇中积累的词汇（至少积累 10 个） 单词 词性及词义 单词的运用（鼓励学生用所学词汇造句） 语篇中的学到的方法（至少掌握 2 种） 细节理解 题 1、2、3 推理判断 题 词义猜测 题 主旨大意 题 4 能能力提升力提升 基础过关 一、词汇/短语英汉互译 单词/短语 词性 词义 hear of come up with v. 发明 v. 考虑 spread v. v. 避免 v. 打击 v. 保护 immediate
42、ly adv. simple adj. 二、句子英汉互译 1. 商店应存有最畅销的货物。 _. 2. 如果他用跑的，他就会及时赶到那。 _. 3. While feeling thankful to this engineer from Volvo, you may also wonder how he came up with such a great idea. _. 4. In the end, he invented the three-point seat belt, which has been considered as one of the greatest invention
43、s in history. _. 5. Seat belts also help keep your upper body away from the hard parts of the car if you stop suddenly or are hit by another car. _. 阅读练习 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 日常生活类 说明文 381 7 分钟 _/4 Where did that number come from? Eleven and Twelve The reason behind the change in number naming
44、is that eleven comes from the German term ainlif, which translates to “one left”. Twelve follows the same rule. It comes from twalif“two left”. Why teen is used instead of lif for 13 through 19? There is something sadly lost in history. 911 for US Emergency (急救) Calls Early phones didnt use phone nu
45、mbersthe operator had to connect your call by handand this led to the need for an emergency code (信号). But later phone numbers became popular, that changed. In 1967, 911 was chosen as the nationwide emergency call because it was easy to remember and could be quickly dialed (拨) on the phone. 26.2 Mil
46、es in a Marathon (马拉松) The story began with an ancient Greek soldier carrying message from a battlefield (战场) in Marathon to Athens. The modern marathon was born as a flagship event in the first Olympic Games, in 1896, with a distance (距离) of about 25 miles (40 km), as long as the distance from Mara
47、thon to Athens. But race organizers for the 1908 Olympic Games in London wanted to add something special. The race began at Windsor Castle and ended at White City Stadium, with runners finishing only after passing the royal (皇室的) box. The distance was 26.2 miles (42.1 km). And since 1924 this distance has been kept in marathon. 28 Days in February Before using the Gregorian calendar that we use today, one of the first Roman calendars had only 304 days and ten months (March thro
