1、 北京北京 20192019 中考英语阅读理解（二）中考英语阅读理解（二） 专题十八 阅读理解 第 2 讲 北京东城一模阅读理解 CD 篇 1. 掌握本篇阅读理解中出现的高频词及长难句。 2. 掌握阅读理解的解题技巧, 并能够指出本篇阅读理解中运用到的解题技巧。 3. 通过阅读理解高频词、长难句等语料的积累, 及阅读理解解题技巧的练习, 灵活应对各种阅读理解题。 C 篇 知识篇 “巧妇难为无米之炊”, 在英语学习的过程中, 语料的积累至关重要。对于阅读理解高频词和长难句的梳 理, 能够为我们今后的学习和提升打下良好的基础。 亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你梳理出了本篇文章中的一些高频词和长难句, 快
2、来看看你掌握了吗？ 高频词（课前检测学生的词汇量储备, 以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优, 模糊翻译的良, 不会 翻译的为差。 ） 单词/短语 词性 词义 拓展 掌握情况 优 良 差 normal adj. 正常的 different adj. 不同的 describe v. 描述 教教学目标学目标 名名师点拨师点拨 frightened adj. 害怕的 v. frighten terrible adj. 可怕的，很 糟的 decide v. 决定 rude adj. 粗鲁的，无 理的 change v. 改变 completely adv. 完全的 adj. complete ex
3、cellent adj. 极好的 exciting adj. 令人兴奋的 popular adj. 受欢迎的 discussion n. 讨论 v. discuss look forward to 期待，盼望 长难句（课前检测学生的句型储备, 以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优, 模糊翻译的良, 不会翻 译的为差。 ） 1. I wont describe what I look like.（优良差） _ _ 句意：我不想描述我长什么样子。 本句为宾语从句，what I look like 作 describe 的宾语，要注意翻译时的语序。 2. It tells an exciting
4、 story that makes you feel many different emotions.（优良差） _ _ 句意：这本书讲述了一个会使你感觉到许多不同情感的令人兴奋的故事。 本句为定语从句，由 that 引导的从句修饰先行词 story. 初中阅读中会遇到大量的定语从句，翻译是要注意 语序，同时它也是高中英语的语法重点。 方法篇 “方法得当, 事半功倍。 ” 只有语料的积累, 没有好方法的辅助也是不够的。 对于阅读理解解题方法的梳理, 能够帮助我们更好地理解阅读理解的命题逻辑, 在有足够语料积累的基础上, 能够帮助我们争取高分。 亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你精心整理了阅读理解的解题
5、技巧, 快来看看你掌握了多少？ 一、阅读理解解题步骤 第一 步 快速浏览全文， 了解文章 大概。 浏览时要注意以下句子： 每段的开头和结尾， 重要的情 节句子，如果遇到未学或不认识的单词或不理解的句 子，可以根据上下文猜测，切不可停留而放慢速度。 第二 步 浏览问题，明确要求。 把文章后每个题目内容看明白， 这样又能辅助进一步理 解文章的主要内容， 具体做题时就能对号入座， 找到文 章中确切表达所要回答问题的关键句子。 第三 步 通篇寻读，确定段落。 也就是带着问题去读， 找到要回答问题的关键词、 句或 意群，以及任何有关答题的信息，用铅笔画下来，以便 为下一步答题做好充分准备。 第四 步 逐
6、条分析，对号入座。 把需要回答的问题和寻读中找到的信息逐条分析， 对号 入座。 一般来说， 出题者问题设计都是按照文章内容自 上到下顺序设计的， 根据难度先解决容易的， 最后解决 深层次的理解题。 第五 步 复读全文，验证答案。 全部题目做完后， 必须再仔细阅读一遍全文， 进一步加 深对文章理解，核实所选答案是否正确。 二、阅读理解解题技巧 初中英语选择型阅读理解题主要分为四种题型，分别是细节理解题，推理判断题，猜测词义题和主旨大 意题。接下来我们将从这四种题型的定义，设题方式和解题技巧三方面进行介绍。 题型 题型一：细节理解题 解释 本类试题主要考察学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要
7、事实的理解能 力。 问题包括询问人 （who） 、 物 （what） 、 时间 （when） 、 地点 （where） 、 原因 （cause） 、 结果（effect） 、文中的数据（data）等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考察这 些细节。 设题 方式 1. Which of the following statements is true/false? 2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned? 3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)? 解题 技巧 1. 细
8、心审题，直接就题找答案 2. 变通理解，间接转述找答案 3. 多点归纳，综合事实找答案 典题 精析 Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experi
9、ment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（别 扭的）. If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will . A. get hurt B. give up cutting C. feel awkward D. change their tools 本题可以运用到解题技巧 1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 浏览题干，确定关键短语为 c
10、ut up potatoes with their left hand，浏览段落， 确定关键句 If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.“如果你是一个习惯用右手的人，用左手拿刀把 土豆切成块。如果你感到别扭并不让人惊讶。”，根据句意即可推断出正确答案， 故选 C。 题型 题型二：推理判断题 解释 推理判断题着重考察学生
11、的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推 理判断。此类题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理，故事的结局、寓意， 文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。 设题 方式 1. It can be inferred from the text that_. 2. From the text we know that _. 3. With which of the following does the author agree? 4. The passage is probably taken from a _. 解题 技巧 1. 通过文章陈述的事实进行推断 2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，
12、人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 3. 根据作者的意图和态度进行推断 典题 精析 Boredom is often linked with loneliness, but a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind. She told researchers about her childhood. Having few things to do, Syal often talked with her neighbors. She also tried to do things like
13、 learning to bake cakes. “But importantly, I Thought and wrote a lot, because I was bored,” Syal said. She kept a diary, filling her time with short stories and poems she made up. Grayson Perry, an artist, grew up in a family with little money. He enjoyed himself by making up stories, drawing pictur
14、es for his stories and reading many books in the library. Bored but free, he spent hours looking out of the window, watching the changing clouds and seasons. Perry filled up his free time with what he liked. He became creative, because he could think freely. The writer talks about Syal and Perry to
15、. A. stress the great differences between them B. introduce a popular writer and a famous artist C. suggest good ways of going through boredom D. show effects of boredom on developing creativity 本题可以运用到解题技巧 2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言 进行推断 题干意为“作者谈论 Syal 和 Perry 的例子的目的是什么？” 。两个段落很长，我们 首先要精读段落，抓住两个人物的
16、态度，第一段中关键句为 a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind.意为“Meera Syal 说无聊帮助她发展了她的思想” ，第二段关键句为 He became creative, because he could think freely.意为“他变得积极，因为他能够自由思考” ，由这两句关键句 可知两个人都认为“无聊可以发展创造力， ” ，故选 D。 题型 题型三：词义猜测题 解释 单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是考查对文中关键词语的理解。 而且，所考察的词或短语的
17、意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据文中语境来判断。 设题 方式 1. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _. 2. The word“”most likely means _. 3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word _. 解题 技巧 1. 通过因果关系猜测词义 2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 3. 通过构词法猜测词义 4. 通过定义或释义说明来猜测词义 5. 通过描述猜测词义 6. 用知识和生活经验猜测词义 7. 根据上下文的指代关系猜
18、测词义 典题 精析 Children are expected by their parents to be reading a textbook all the time. However, research shows that it may hamper the development of their imagination, while boredom can give them opportunities to develop creativity. What does the word “hamper” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Slow
19、down. B. Keep up with. C. Go beyond. D. Give rise to. 本题可以运用到解题技巧 2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 浏览本段，会发现本段中存在转折连词 while“然而” ，while 后的句意为“无聊能 给他们发展创造力的机会” ，所以 while 之前的句意应该与之相反，进一步推测词 义。A 意为“ （使）慢下来” ，B 意为“跟上” ，C 意为“超出” ，D 意为“引起，导致” ， 故选 A。 题型 题型四：主旨大意题 解释 考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。 设题 方式 1. 问标题：What is the mai
20、n topic of the passage? / The best title for the passage is _. 2. 问中心：The first paragraph is mainly about the _. / The passage is mostly about _. 3. 问目的，态度：The author wants to tell _. / The purpose of this article is to _. 解题 技巧 1. 浏览文章首尾段和各段开头，抓住主旨段或主旨句 2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 3. 以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气及写作意图
21、 典题 精析 In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left
22、-handed students can use their left hand to write. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A. Causes of being left handed. B. Encouragement to left-handers C. Punishment for using the left hand. D. Changes in opinions on left-handers. 本题可以运用到解题技巧 2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 本题考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先锁定第二段的关键词 but，but 之前的关
23、键 词 in the past 和 it was strange to use the left hand 表明了在过去人们认为 使用左手是奇怪的，but 之后的关键词 these days 和 have accepted that 表明了 现在人们接受了惯用左手的人。所以这段主要是讲述了人们关于惯用左手的人的态 度上的转变。可以判定答案为 Changes in opinions on left-handers.，故选 D。 语语篇精讲篇精讲 浏览问题 （抓住题干及选项中的关键词，以便有目的性的通读文章） 题号 题干及选项 1 How is Auggie different from othe
24、r boys?（细节理解题） A. His name is special. B. His face shape is not normal. C. He doesnt go to school. D. He likes playing with his Xbox. 2 Why doesnt Auggie want to go to school at first?（细节理解题） A. Because he has to stay in hospital. B. Because his mother teaches better than teachers. C. Because he doe
25、snt think he should go to school. D. Because he is afraid other students may make fun of him. 3 What can we know about the book?（推理判断题） A. It tells the story of a real family. B. Many schools use it to educate students. C. Adults like the book more than children. D. The emotions of the story are har
26、d to understand. 通篇寻读 （通读文章，根据问题中的关键词标记出文章中的重点词，短语或句子，为逐题分析做准备） 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 日常生活类 记叙文 366 7 分钟 _/3 Wonder is a book about a ten-year-old boy called August, or Auggie, who feels normal but looks very different. Whats Wonder about? Auggie lives with his parents and sister in New York. He
27、 is a normal boy in many ways. He rides a bike and likes playing with his Xbox. But Auggie has deformities(畸 形）of the face and looks very different from other children. At the start of the book, he tells us “My name is August. I wont describe what I look like. Whatever youre thinking, its probably w
28、orse. “ In the street, people look at Auggie and are frightened. Auggie has never been to school because he has spent a lot of time in hospital. His mother teaches him at home. But now hes ten, she thinks he should go to school. At first, Auggie doesnt want to go. He worries that other students will
29、 look at him and say terrible things. But when he visits a school with his mum, he likes the head teacher and decides to go. Auggies first year at school has good times and bad times. He makes some good friends but other children are rude to him. At the end of the year, Auggie goes on a school trip
30、and a frightening event there changes things completely. Is it a good book? Wonder is an excellent book, It tells an exciting story that makes you feel many different emotions. It is easy to like Auggie. He has a good sense of humour, so the book has a good mix of funny and sad moments. But the book
31、 isnt just about Auggie. We also learn what life for his sister, and his friend, Jack. Wonder is popular with people of all ages. Pre-teens, teenagers and adults all love the book. A bestseller Wonder is RJ Palacios first book. On her website, she explains that she had the idea for Wonder after seei
32、ng a girl with deformities on the street one day. Many schools use the book to start discussions about bullying, friendship and being different. The book is very popular and has won prizes. Many people are looking forward to seeing what RJ Palacio writes next. 逐题分析 语篇解读： 本篇文章是一篇日常生活类的记叙文。 主要介绍了Wonde
33、r 这本书主要内容， 阐述的道理及价值。 1. How is Auggie different from other boys? A. His name is special. B. His face shape is not normal. C. He doesnt go to school. D. He likes playing with his Xbox. 解析：B. 细节理解题。根据题干关键短语 different from other boys 可将答案锁定在原文第二段中。根据第二段关 键句 But Auggie has deformities(畸形）of the face and
34、 looks very different from other children.“但 是 Auggie 有着畸形的脸，看起来和其它的男孩有很大的不同。”，A 项意为“他的名字是特殊的”；B 项意 为“他的脸型不是正常的”，C 项意为“他不想去上学”，D 项意为“他喜欢玩他的 Xbox。”即可推断出正 确答案。 2. Why doesnt Auggie want to go to school at first? A. Because he has to stay in hospital. B. Because his mother teaches better than teachers.
35、 C. Because he doesnt think he should go to school. D. Because he is afraid other students may make fun of him. 解析：D. 细节理解题。本题询问的是“Auggi 起初不想去上学的原因”。根据题干可将答案锁定在文章第三段中，根 据关键句“At first, Auggie doesnt want to go. He worries that other students will look at him and say terrible things.”可知他担心其他的学生会看他并说一些
36、糟糕的事情。即可推断出正确答案。 3. What can we know about the book? A. It tells the story of a real family. B. Many schools use it to educate students. C. Adults like the book more than children. D. The emotions of the story are hard to understand. 解析：B. 推理判断题。本题询问的是“我们能够从这本书中得知什么？”A 项意为“它告诉我们一个真实家庭的故 事。”，根据最后一段中
37、On her website, she explains that she had the idea for Wonder after seeing a girl with deformities on the street one day.可知这个故事的想法是来源于一个面部畸形的女孩，而 不是真实的故事。B 项意为“许多学校用这本书去教育学生”，根据最后一段 Many schools use the book to start discussions about bullying, friendship and being different.可判定此项和文中表述一致；C 项 意为“成年人比
38、儿童更喜欢这本书”，根据“Wonder is popular with people of all ages. Pre-teens, teenagers and adults all love the book.”可判定此项错误；D 项意为“故事的情感很难理解”，根据 “Wonder is an excellent book, It tells an exciting story that makes you feel many different emotions.”可知在这本书中你能感受到许多不同的情感，所以此项错误，故选 B。 精讲笔记 （学生在教师的指导下, 回顾本讲中积累的阅读理解的
39、知识和方法） 语篇中积累的词汇（至少积累 10 个） 单词 词性及词义 单词的运用（鼓励学生用所学词汇造句） 语篇中的学到的方法（至少掌握 2 种） 细节理解 题 1、2 推理判断 题 3 词义猜测 题 主旨大意 题 基础过关 一、词汇/短语英汉互译 单词/短语 词性 词义 normal adj. adj. 不同的 describe v. frightened adj. adj. 可怕的，很糟的 v. 决定 adj. 粗鲁的，无理的 change v. completely adv. 能能力提升力提升 excellent adj. adj. 令人兴奋的 adj. 受欢迎的 discussion
40、 n. look forward to 二、句子英汉互译 1. 你知道是谁赢得了游戏吗？ _. 2. 你能告诉我怎样用这个新的电脑吗？ _. 3. We also learn what life for his sister, and his friend, Jack. _. 4. Many people are looking forward to seeing what RJ Palacio writes next. _. 5. The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend. _. 阅读练习 话题 体裁 字数
41、建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 日常生活类 记叙文 373 7 分钟 _/4 Alexis Martin is a three-year-old girl from Arizona. She hasnt started kindergarten（幼 儿园）yet, but she has an IQ above 160, which is well above the average（一般的）peoples IQ. So, there is no wonder that she has become the youngest member of Mensa, the largest and
42、oldest high IQ society in the world. Mensa is an international club whose members have an IQ score in the top 2% of the world. Currently, Mensa has 3,300 members under the age of 18 in the U.S. Alexis is one of them. The average people generally have an IQ score of 100 points, but Martin scored 160
43、points, the highest score on the test. The doctors who tested Alexis said she scored so high that they couldnt even work out her IQ exactly. They think she is even smarter than 99.9% of the world population. Actually, she matched the IQs of talents like Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking and Bill Gate
44、s. Ian Martin, Alexis father, said his daughter showed signs of some unique abilities at the age of one and she began reading books for pupils when she was just two years old. Now at the age of three, Alexis is reading on a fifth grade level. “From 12 months old, wed be driving around in the car and
45、 she would repeat her bedtime stories from the night before,” he said. “She didnt just repeat them. She could remember every word of them exactly.” Ian Martin thinks his daughter also stands out when it comes to learning new languages. “Anytime she learns a word and just picks it up through anything
46、, she never ever uses it in the incorrect situation, ever,” Ian said. While Alexiss parents are proud that their three-year-old daughter has become a member in Mensa, they are also aware of the price that comes with every gift. The doctors say Alexis should never attend a normal school and children
47、with her level of intelligence（智力）often experience high anxiety（焦虑）unless theyre around similarly gifted boys and girls. Her parents decide to follow the advice and try to look for proper ways to help her get involved into society. 1. Mensa only accepts _. （细节理解题） A. teenagers under 18 in the U.S. B
48、. people with IQs above 160 in the U.S. C. talents in the world like Albert Einstein D. people with IQs in the top 2% of the world 2. From the passage, we know that Alexis IQ is _.（细节理解题） A. getting higher through training B. beyond the limit of the IQ test C. above the IQ of Stephen Hawking D. growing too
