1、第12单元 定语句视译英汉汉英视译教程上篇 英译汉第12单元 定语句视译 n 定语句，在此既指包含定语从句的句子，也指包含定语词语的句子。英语定语词语多为前置修饰，同时也有后置修饰的。鉴于定语词语较简短，在句子中的位置比较固定，其视译技巧掌握起来比较容易，在此就不再仔细探究，仅见实例即可。英语定语从句修饰名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。在此详述英语定语从句结构的目的是因为定语从句在英语里出现频率很高，且为后置修饰，而汉语里的定语词语或定语从句的位置多为前置，从而形成英汉之间思维方式的极大反差，从而给瞬间需要思维方式
2、转换的视译带来巨大困难。第12单元 定语句视译n在英汉视译或其他口译形式中，定语从句往往成为译员的翻译难点。视译是要求译员把书面英语思维瞬间转换成汉语口语思维，定语从句是后置，视译又需逐句推进。这就经常需要译员淡化英文的主从句关系，将定语从句视为语意独立的句子，重复先行词，在译文里构建独立的逻辑关系，只保持与主句的语意链接。这样做可以提高视译效率，确保译文通达。第12单元 定语句视译（要点梳理）n英汉思维方式极大反差n英语定语：定语词语，前置修饰；定语从句，后置修饰n汉语定语：定语词语或定语从句的位置多为前置n视译时需逐句推进n将定语从句视为语意独立的句子，重复先行词，在译文里构建独立的逻辑关
3、系第12单元 定语句视译（例句）n1.Yet he might just be the heavyweight champion of the entertainment world,now and for the foreseeable future.n【笔译】n【视译】然而，无论现在，还是可预见的未来，他可能就是娱乐世界的重量级冠军。然而，他可能就是娱乐界的大腕，现在或可预见的未来都有可能。第12单元 定语句视译（例句）n译评介词词组后置作定语在英语里很常见，应注意汉译时其与被限定的词语的关系点到为止。笔译版本规范严谨，却是书面化翻译，不符合视译的口译规律和特点。第12单元 定语句视译（例
4、句）n2.One day last February,a Twitter user in California named Billy received a tweet from JamesMTitus.n【笔译】n【视译】去年二月的一天，加利福尼亚一个名叫比利的推特用户收到了一条来自JamesMTitus 的帖子。去年二月，加州一位推特用户，名叫比利，收到了一条来自JamesMTitus 网站的帖子。第12单元 定语句视译（例句）n译评 过去分词词组作定语多数置于被修饰词之后，就此短句而言，笔译版本当然更紧凑。但是许多情况下，过去分词的修饰部分很长，甚至出现并列修饰现象，这就不宜简单地译成被
5、修饰词语的定语。应该单独处理，将其视为独立句子，还原主谓语后译成句法独立的并列句。第12单元 定语句视译（例句）n3.The robot JamesMTitus was manufactured by cyber-security specialists in New Zealand participating in a two-week social-engineering experiment organized by the Web Ecology Project.n【笔译】n【视译】机器人JamesMTitus 是由新西兰的网络安全专家制造的，他们正在参与一个由“网络生态项目”组织的为
6、期两周的社会工程学实验。机器人JamesMTitus 是由新西兰的网络安全专家研制的，这些专家正在参与一个由“网络生态项目”主办的为期两周的社会工程学实验。第12单元 定语句视译（例句）n译评现在分词作定语也是英语的常见现象，视译时也需要还原成独立句子。需要注意的是还原主语时许多人使用代词，汉语经常忌讳使用代词。仅就主语名词而言，汉语“喜”重复，英语“厌”重复。第12单元 定语句视译（例句）n4.Among Harrys amazing powers not only is an ability to match up friends,but also to bring families to
7、gether.n【笔译】n【视译】哈利的神奇力量不仅可以增进友谊，还可以凝聚家庭。哈利具有很多神奇的力量，他可以让朋友相聚，也可以使家人团聚。第12单元 定语句视译（例句）n译评此句涉及不定式作定语，鉴于全句的倒装语境，视译时就不宜强调不定式与被修饰词语的关系。第12单元 定语句视译（例句）n5.Dietrich,already an indefatigable inventor,started toying with the idea of producing a flying car that enthusiasts and businesspeople could take on sho
8、rt trips.n【笔译】n【视译】当时迪特里希已经是一位孜孜不倦的发明家了，他开始设想研制一种可供飞行爱好者和商人短途旅行的飞行汽车。迪特里希是一位孜孜不倦的发明家，他设想发明一种飞行汽车，可供飞行爱好者和商人做短途旅行之用。第12单元 定语句视译（例句）n译评此句的重点是定语从句。笔译版本流畅且严谨，但不符合视译顺句推进的翻译规律。视译中把英语后置定语从句译成汉语前置定语具有很大的风险，对于较长的定语从句而言更是如此，所以视译训练时学生需刻意练习先译主句，后译定语从句的视译手段。第12单元 定语句视译（例段）n1.In the age of the Internet,physical p
9、aper books are a technology we need more,not less.We have not yet quite reached the point where young competitors,such as radio,cinema,etc,have taken over the functions from the book it cant afford to lose.n1.In the age of the Internet,physical paper books are a technology we need more,not less.We h
10、ave not yet quite reached the point where young competitors,such as radio,cinema,etc,have taken over the functions from the book it cant afford to lose.第12单元 定语句视译（例段）在互联网时代，纸质书这种技术是我们更加需要的，而非反之。广播、电影等新的竞争者还远没有达到能够取代书籍功能的程度，而书籍的功能是不能丢失的。第12单元 定语句视译（例段）n【笔译】n【视译】在互联网时代，纸质书是我们更加需要的一种技术，而非反之。人类社会还没有发展到
11、广播、电影等新的竞争者能够取代书籍的程度，而书籍的功能是丢失不起的。在互联网时代，纸质书这种技术是我们更加需要的，而非反之。广播、电影等新的竞争者还远没有达到能够取代书籍功能的程度，而书籍的功能是不能丢失的。第12单元 定语句视译（例段）n译评第一个定语从句结构简短，内容简单，可以根据汉语习惯巧妙翻译。第二个定语从句视译版本能处理得更得当，抓住了语意重点，简化了逻辑关系。把第三个定语从句视为独立句子处理十分得当，还原从句中关联代词的名词语意也很适宜。第12单元 定语句视译（例段）n2.One-fifth of British children are raised in homes in wh
12、ich no adult worksin which the weekday ritual of rising,dressing and leaving for employment is entirely unknown.One-tenth of the adult population has done not a days work since Tony Blair took office on May 1,2019.n2.One-fifth of British children are raised in homes in which no adult worksin which t
13、he weekday ritual of rising,dressing and leaving for employment is entirely unknown.One-tenth of the adult population has done not a days work since Tony Blair took office on May 1,2019.第12单元 定语句视译（例段）五分之一的英国儿童成长于家长全部失业的家庭。在这种家庭中，每个工作日起床、穿戴、外出工作的流程完全不存在。全英国有十分之一的成年人自2019 年5 月1 日托尼布莱尔当选首相以来就一天也没有工作过。
14、第12单元 定语句视译（例段）n【笔译】n【视译】五分之一的英国儿童在家长完全失业的家庭中长大。在这样的家庭环境中，工作日每天起床、穿衣、上班的流程完全不存在。全英国有十分之一的成年人自2019 年5 月1 日托尼布莱尔当选首相以来就一天也没有工作过。五分之一的英国儿童成长于家长全部失业的家庭。在这种家庭中，每个工作日起床、穿戴、外出工作的流程完全不存在。全英国有十分之一的成年人自2019 年5 月1 日托尼布莱尔当选首相以来就一天也没有工作过。第12单元 定语句视译（例段）n译评本段的特点是并列定语从句，第一个定语从句简短，汉语译成前置定语比较妥当。第二个定语从句内容繁多，因此独立处理，关联
15、部分的in which 译成“在这种家庭中”符合汉语多重复的规律。第12单元 定语句视译（例篇）n When I was a young man,I thought life was all about meabout how Id make my way in the world,become successful,and get the things I want.But then the two of you came into my world with all your curiosity and mischief and those smiles that never fail t
16、o fill my heart and light up my day.And suddenly,all my big plans for myself didnt seem so important anymore.I soon found that the greatest joy in my life was the joy I saw in yours.And I realized that my own life wouldnt count for much unless I was able to ensure that you had every opportunity for
17、happiness and fulfillment in yours.In the end,girls,thats why I ran for President:because of what I want for you and for every child in this nation.n I want all our children to go to schools worthy of their potentialschools that challenge them,inspire them,and instill in them a sense of wonder about
18、 the world around them.I want them to have the chance to go to collegeeven if their parents arent rich.And I want them to get good jobs:jobs that pay well and give them benefits like health care,jobs that let them spend time with their own kids and retire with dignity.第12单元 定语句视译（例篇）n【视译】n 年轻的时候，我认为
19、生活的全部就是关乎我自己：我如何开辟人生之路，如何成功立业，如何得到我想要的。后来，你们俩进入了我的世界，你们所有的好奇、淘气和微笑，总能充满我的心田，照亮我的每一天。忽然间，我为自己谱写的伟大计划显得不再那么重要了。我很快便发现，我在你们生命中看到的快乐，就是我自己生命中最大的快乐。而我也同时体会到，如果我不能确保你们此生能够拥有追求幸福和自我实现的一切机会，我自己的生命也没多大价值。总而言之，我的女儿，这就是我竞选总统的原因：我要让你们俩和这个国家的每一个孩子，都能拥有我想要给予你们和他们的东西。n 我要让所有儿童都在能够发掘他们潜能的学校就读；这些学校要能挑战他们，激励他们，并使他们对周
20、围世界充满好奇心。我要他们有机会上大学，哪怕他们的父母并不富有。而且我要他们能找到好的工作：薪酬高还附带健康保险的工作，让他们有时间陪孩子、并且尊严地退休。第12单元 定语句视译（例篇详解）n When I was a young man,I thought life was all about meabout how Id make my way in the world,become successful,and get the things I want.But then the two of you came into my world with all your curiosity
21、and mischief and those smiles that never fail to fill my heart and light up my day.年轻的时候，我认为生活的全部就是关乎我自己：我如何开辟人生之路，如何成功立业，如何得到我想要的。后来，你们俩进入了我的世界，你们所有的好奇、淘气和微笑，总能充满我的心田，照亮我的每一天。nAnd suddenly,all my big plans for myself didnt seem so important anymore.I soon found that the greatest joy in my life was
22、the joy I saw in yours.And I realized that my own life wouldnt count for much unless I was able to ensure that you had every opportunity for happiness and fulfillment in yours.第12单元 定语句视译（例篇详解）忽然间，我为自己谱写的伟大计划显得不再那么重要了。我很快便发现，我在你们生命中看到的快乐，就是我自己生命中最大的快乐。而我也同时体会到，如果我不能确保你们此生能够拥有追求幸福和自我实现的一切机会，我自己的生命也没多
23、大价值。nIn the end,girls,thats why I ran for President:because of what I want for you and for every child in this nation.第12单元 定语句视译（例篇详解）总而言之，我的女儿，这就是我竞选总统的原因：我要让你们俩和这个国家的每一个孩子，都能拥有我想要给予你们和他们的东西。第12单元 定语句视译（例篇详解）n I want all our children to go to schools worthy of their potentialschools that challenge
24、 them,inspire them,and instill in them a sense of wonder about the world around them.I want them to have the chance to go to collegeeven if their parents arent rich.我要让所有儿童都在能够发掘他们潜能的学校就读；这些学校要能挑战他们，激励他们，并使他们对周围世界充满好奇心。我要他们有机会上大学，哪怕他们的父母并不富有。第12单元 定语句视译（例篇详解）nAnd I want them to get good jobs:jobs th
25、at pay well and give them benefits like health care,jobs that let them spend time with their own kids and retire with dignity.而且我要他们能找到好的工作：薪酬高还附带健康保险的工作，让他们有时间陪孩子、并且尊严地退休。第12单元 定语句视译（例篇）n译评（1）第二句定语从句翻译得很巧妙，把先行词语直接变成从句的主语，使得汉语译文更加流畅、自然。（2）英语里的省略或简化结构汉译时常常需要汉语的完整或重复表达，从句视译时也是如此。如：“I soon found that t
26、he greatest joy in my life was the joy I saw in yours.”便翻译成了“我很快便发现，我在你们生命中看到的快乐，就是我自己生命中最大的快乐。”第12单元 定语句视译（例篇）n译评（3）worthy of their potential 是形容词词组做定语，多为后置，与汉语思维差异较大，视译时更需补充汉语的主谓关联，译文才通顺达意。（4）that challenge them,that pay well,that let them英语的三个定语从句的句式结构完全一样，但是译文处理方式不同，这种变化主要兼顾了汉语的表达习惯。第12单元 定语句视译（
27、视译练习：语句）n(1)In the 21st century,our dystopias imagine a world where books are forgotten.n(2)In China,about 40 percent of the developers income comes from advertisements,which is the main revenue generator.n(3)San Franciscos app is by far the most widespread approach that several cities,universities
28、and private parking garages are experimenting with.第12单元 定语句视译（视译练习：语句）n(4)Eventually officials hope to be able to make regular adjustments to pricing on parking meterswhich can be programmed remotelyand at garages so they can spread out demand,raising prices in areas where competition is fiercest a
29、nd lowering it elsewhere.n(5)A Princeton professor and former foreign policy adviser to Vice President Dick Cheney analyses the strategies that China and the United States have used in dealing with each other since the early 1990s and tries to decipher Chinas intentions in the coming decades.第12单元 定
30、语句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n（1）21 世纪，在那些反乌托邦的人所想象的世界里，书被人遗忘了。n（2）在中国，开发商约40%的收入来自广告，这是他们收入的主要来源。n（3）目前，旧金山的这款程序应用最为广泛，一些城市、大学和私人停车库正在试用该程序。n（4）官员们最终希望能够定期调整停车收费器以及车库的计价，前者可以通过远程操控。这样，他们能够分散需求，在车位异常紧缺的地区提高车位价格，而在其他地区降低车位价格。第12单元 定语句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n（5）一位普林斯顿大学教授兼副总统迪克切尼的前外交政策顾问分析了中美两国自19 世纪90 年代初以来为处理双方关系所采取的外交策略，试
31、图窥测中国未来几十年的意图。第12单元 定语句视译（视译练习：语段）n(1)Angry Birds is the No.1 paid-for application on the Apple App store in 68 countries.According to a news story from Wired in March,Rovio received 20 million paid downloads through iPhones,iPads and iPods,and 20 million advertisement-supported free downloads on th
32、e Android system,both of which generated similar revenues.Officially,it costs$0.99 for the iPhone version and$2.99 for the iPad version in China and 59 pence in the United Kingdom.第12单元 定语句视译（视译练习：语段）n(2)Homeownership contributed to the hollowing out of cities and kept renters out of the best neighb
33、orhoods.It fed Americans overuse of energy and oil.It made it more difficult for those who had lost a job to find another.Perhaps worst of all,it helped us become casually self-deceiving:by telling ourselves that home ownership was a pathway to wealth and stable communities and better test scores.第1
34、2单元 定语句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n（1）在全球68 个国家中，愤怒的小鸟是苹果应用程序商店销量最高的收费程序。据美国连线杂志3 月登载的一篇新闻报道，罗维奥公司凭借这款游戏，从iPhone、iPad 和iPod 的付费下载中收入2 000 万美元，从安卓系统带有广告的免费下载中收入2 000 万美元，两种渠道收入差不多。下载正版的愤怒的小鸟，在中国，iPhone 版本收费0.99 美元，iPad 版本收费2.99 美元，在英国是59 便士。n（2）购房行为将城市“空心化”，使租房者无法享用最佳地段，它还加剧了美国能源和石油的过度消耗，加大了失业者再就业的难度。也许最糟糕的是，购房导致我
35、们动不动就自欺欺人，认为拥有房产是通向财富、稳定社区与获得更佳考试成绩的途径。第12单元 定语句视译（视译练习：语篇）n(1)Players are free agents,which means they not only choose freely to play the game or not,but they also choose how to play it.They must follow the rules set by some authority,but within the guidelines of the rules each move must be their o
36、wn.Players are not cogs in a machine that is controlled by someone else.It is not surprising,therefore,that workers who are free to make their own on-the-job decisions are much more likely to experience their work as play than are those who do not have such freedom.Nothing sucks the play out of work
37、 more than does a micromanaging boss.第12单元 定语句视译（视译练习：语篇）n One reason why children experience their schoolwork as the opposite of play derives from the close supervision of that work.As can be seen even in any country,schoolchildren,more than almost any employed workers we know of,are under the cons
38、tant thumb of their bosses(teachers,in this case).They are told just what to do,just how to do it,and just when to do it;and every detail of what they do is judged and evaluated by criteria that are not their own.Work of this sort truly is the opposite of play.But in the real world outside of school
39、,in places where slavery is forbidden,people are never so tightly controlled.第12单元 定语句视译（视译练习：语篇）n(2)Study after study shows that the sooner a child begins learning,the better he or she does down the road.But today,fewer than 3 in 10 four year-olds are enrolled in a high-quality preschool program.Mo
40、st middle-class parents cant afford a few hundred bucks a week for a private preschool.And for poor kids who need help the most,this lack of access to preschool education can shadow them for the rest of their lives.So tonight,I propose working with states to make high-quality preschool available to
41、every single child in America.Thats something we should be able to do.第12单元 定语句视译（视译练习：语篇）n Every dollar we invest in high-quality early childhood education can save more than seven dollars later onby boosting graduation rates,reducing teen pregnancy,even reducing violent crime.In states that make i
42、t a priority to educate our youngest children,like Georgia or Oklahoma,studies show students grow up more likely to read and do math at grade level,graduate high school,hold a job,form more stable families of their own.We know this works.So lets do what works and make sure none of our children start
43、 the race of life already behind.Lets give our kids that chance.第12单元 定语句视译（视译练习：语篇）n Lets also make sure that a high school diploma puts our kids on a path to a good job.Right now,countries like Germany focus on graduating their high school students with the equivalent of a technical degree from on
44、e of our community colleges.So those German kids,theyre ready for a job when they graduate high school.Theyve been trained for the jobs that are there.Now at schools like P-Tech in Brooklyn,a collaboration between New York Public Schools and City University of New York and IBM,students will graduate
45、 with a high school diploma and an associates degree in computers or engineering.n We need to give every American student opportunities like this.第12单元 定语句视译（视译练习：语篇）n And four years ago,we started Race to the Topa competition that convinced almost every state to develop smarter curricula and higher
46、 standards,all for about 1 percent of what we spend on education each year.Tonight,Im announcing a new challenge to redesign Americas high schools so they better equip graduates for the demands of a high-tech economy.And well reward schools that develop new partnerships with colleges and employers,a
47、nd create classes that focus on science,technology,engineering and maththe skills todays employers are looking for to fill the jobs that are there right now and will be there in the future.第12单元 定语句视译（视译练习：语篇）n Now,even with better high schools,most young people will need some higher education.Its a
48、 simple fact the more education youve got,the more likely you are to have a good job and work your way into the middle class.But today,skyrocketing costs price too many young people out of a higher education,or saddle them with unsustainable debt.第12单元 定语句视译（视译练习：语篇）n Through tax credits,grants and
49、better loans,weve made college more affordable for millions of students and families over the last few years.But taxpayers cant keep on subsidizing higher and higher and higher costs for higher education.Colleges must do their part to keep costs down,and its our job to make sure that they do.第12单元 定
50、语句视译（视译练习：语篇）n So tonight,I ask Congress to change the Higher Education Act so that affordability and value are included in determining which colleges receive certain types of federal aid.And tomorrow,my administration will release a new“College Scorecard”that parents and students can use to compare
