1、第6单元 比较句视译 英汉汉英视译教程上篇 英译汉第6单元 比较句视译 n 英语中，比较词组众多，甚至其中的一些“比较”只是形式上的比较，意义却非比较。仅就比较概念而言，思维方式的差异导致英汉两种语言比较表达方式的差异，这种差异有时甚至大相径庭。由于篇幅所限，我们无法把纷杂的英语比较句一一呈现，只能列举比较典型的句式予以探讨。在此特别提醒读者，英语的一个比较句式在不同语境下可以翻译成若干不同的汉语结构。因为英语比较句式相对固定，许多人便认为汉语译文的对应句式也应该是固定的，这一点在笔译中尤为明显。但是在口译中，尤其是在遇到较长逻辑中出现的比较句式时，汉语译文句式的处理需要灵活、多变，以最大限度
2、地保证译文通顺、表意清晰。例如，“She is no less diligent than her elder sister”可以译成“她像她姐姐那样用功”、“她和她姐姐一样用功”、“她的刻苦劲与她姐姐不相上下”第6单元 比较句视译n或“她学习之用功堪比她姐姐”。另如，“We love truth above everything else”可译成“我们热爱真理甚于一切”，也可译为“我们最爱真理”或“真理是我们的至爱”。再如，“No other book has had a greater influence on my life”可译成“任何其他的书对我一生的影响都没有这本书大”、“其他书都
3、不如这本书对我的人生影响大”或“这本书对我的人生影响最大”。在做视译或其他形式的口译时，译员应该淡化原文句式，把理解和翻译重心放在语义层面上，这样更容易获得贴切的译文句型与句式。建议对不熟悉的英文比较句式进行重复视译，而且要尝试以类似听译的方式不看着原文进行翻译，这样可达到一种多样句式输出的练习效果，以增强视译的实战能力和技巧。第6单元 比较句视译（要点梳理）n英语比较句式相对固定n英语的一个比较句式在不同语境下可以翻译成若干不同的汉语结构n一些“比较”只是形式上的比较，意义却非比较n淡化原文句式，把理解和翻译重心放在语义层面上第6单元 比较句视译（例句）n1.Joseph is nothin
4、g like so outstanding as you told me.n【笔译】n【视译】约瑟夫一点也不像你说的那样杰出。约瑟夫根本不是你说的那么优秀。第6单元 比较句视译（例句）n译评笔译版本从句式结构到词汇nothing、like、outstanding 都可显见与原文惯常翻译的对应痕迹。仅就此一短句而言，并无大碍，但是长此以往会从根本上约束或限制视译学生的译文思维延展空间，从而降低学生视译同类长句的译文质量。第6单元 比较句视译（例句）n2.This time Mike was very careful;he only made one third as many mistakes
5、as he did last time in his homework.n【笔译】n【视译】迈克这次很细心，作业中的错误仅是上次错误的三分之一。麦克这次做作业十分细心，这次作业的错误数量仅为上次的三分之一。第6单元 比较句视译（例句）n译评 由于此句有鲜明的比较意味，very 一词需要强化翻译，重复“这次”意在遵循中文的表达习惯，“错误数量”是为了与后面的数字在逻辑上更吻合。第6单元 比较句视译（例句）n3.After the workers are trained,twice as many products can be manufactured this year as last yea
6、r.n【笔译】n【视译】工人们接受培训后，今年的产量可达到去年的两倍。工人们经过培训后，今年的产量可比去年翻一番。第6单元 比较句视译（例句）n译评 为了获得最大限度的信息传递与接受效率和效果，视译时应该选择听众最熟悉的表达方式，即以选择最贴近听众所熟悉的词汇、词组或结构为原则。第6单元 比较句视译（例句）n4.He knows her just as well as he does himself.n【笔译】n【视译】他像了解自己一样了解她。他非常了解她。第6单元 比较句视译（例句）n译评视译的首要任务是用译文转达原文的语义。极具原文文化特色的思维方式、比喻等属于次要内容，在视译时经常需要淡
7、化，以确保主体信息交流的迅捷。比如“Recently she is as busy as a bee.”可译成“她最近很忙。”第6单元 比较句视译（例句）n5.Nothing surprised Lucys mother so much as the bad news.n【笔译】n【视译】没有什么像这个坏消息那样令露茜的母亲那么吃惊。这个坏消息令露茜的母亲吃惊不已。第6单元 比较句视译（例句）n译评笔译版本显然具有明显的英文思维色彩，不符合中文的思维习惯，表达拗口，理解晦涩。视译类似句式时，应该把重心放在语义转换层面，坚定地淡化原文思维方式。这样既降低了翻译强度，又保证了译文的表达效果。第6单
8、元 比较句视译（例段）n1.Both Cambridge and Oxford were present at the fair in competition for the best and brightest students.Representatives of the two universities agreed that the two institutions usually have more interest in cooperation than rivalry,except in their traditional boat race.第6单元 比较句视译（例段）n1.B
9、oth Cambridge and Oxford were present at the fair in competition for the best and brightest students.Representatives of the two universities agreed that the two institutions usually have more interest in cooperation than rivalry,except in their traditional boat race.剑桥大学和牛津大学都参加了此次展览，竞相招收出类拔萃、天资聪慧的生
10、源。两所大学的代表一致认为，两校更注重合作而不是竞争，除非是在它们的传统赛舟中。第6单元 比较句视译（例段）n【笔译】n【视译】剑桥大学和牛津大学都参展竞招最优秀和最有才智的生源。两座大学的代表都赞同的是，两所学校更注重合作而不是竞争，除非是在他们的传统赛舟中。剑桥大学和牛津大学都参加了此次展览，竞相招收出类拔萃、天资聪慧的生源。两所大学的代表一致认为，两校更注重合作而不是竞争，除非是在它们的传统赛舟中。第6单元 比较句视译（例段）n译评最易于理解的视译译文一定是以基本逻辑意群为单位，这就便于汉语译文的组织。在中文的文字使用习惯里鲜有最高级，英译汉视译时经常需要淡化代表浓厚英语文化色彩的最高级
11、形式，转而使用恰当的汉语习语表达相同或是相近的意思。这种做法使得视译译文更加地道，译文表意效果更佳。第6单元 比较句视译（例段）n2.Foreigners are finding jobs in China because of its strong economy,which is performing vastly better than that of the United States or Europe.This year,Chinas average gross domestic product increase is about 8 to 10 percent.n2.Foreig
12、ners are finding jobs in China because of its strong economy,which is performing vastly better than that of the United States or Europe.This year,Chinas average gross domestic product increase is about 8 to 10 percent.第6单元 比较句视译（例段）外国人之所以来华求职，原因是中国经济发展势头强劲，中国的经济状况远胜于美国和欧洲。今年，中国的平均国内生产总值增速约为8%至10%。第6
13、单元 比较句视译（例段）n【笔译】n【视译】外国人来到中国求职是因为中国强劲的经济。中国经济的发展远比美国和欧洲态势要好。本年度，中国的平均国内生产总值增速约为8%至10%。外国人之所以来华求职，原因是中国经济发展势头强劲，中国的经济状况远胜于美国和欧洲。今年，中国的平均国内生产总值增速约为8%至10%。第6单元 比较句视译（例段）n译评 英语里，放在形容词或副词前面的修饰性副词，如vastly、tremendously、significantly、unbelievably、a lot、a great deal 等，无论原词语意是什么，都是表达一种强烈程度，修饰比较级时更是如此，只要翻译成“非
14、常”、“大量”、“多”即可。认识到这一点可以减少理解障碍，提高视译速度。第6单元 比较句视译（例篇）n Despite the fact that nearly 40%of Chinas elderly suffer from depression,according to a recent report from state-run Xinhua News Agency,most Chinese have upbeat outlooks for their retirement.n In fact,theyre more optimistic about their post-work li
15、ves than almost everyone else,according to a new study from HSBC.n Surveying 17,000 working adults in 17 places,HSBC found that 75%of Chinese believe theyll be better off than their parents when it comes to retirement.That level of hopefulness puts China second only to India(78%)in the survey,and we
16、ll ahead of developed countries.n Having watched their economy rise to become the worlds second largest,Chinese citizens are far more optimistic than their US counterparts,where only 22%of citizens believe the quality of their lives in retirement will surpass their parents,perhaps because theyve spe
17、nt the last few years reading headlines about the economic downturn and stubbornly high employment rates.n But even sub-prime-battered Americans have a rosier outlook than the French,who finished dead last among those surveyed with a meager 13%expecting to retire in better style than mom and dad.第6单
18、元 比较句视译（例篇）n【视译】n 新华社最近的一则报道说，尽管事实上有近40%的中国老年人患有抑郁症，大部分中国人对退休生活有着乐观的预期。n 实际上，据汇丰的一项新研究显示，中国人已经成为世界上对退休生活最为乐观的群体。n 汇丰对17 个地方的17 000 名上班族进行了调查，结果发现有75%的中国人认为他们退休后会比父母过得更好。在调查中，这一比例使中国仅次于印度（78%）排在第二，远远超过了发达国家。n 中国人见证了自己的国家跃升为全球第二大经济体，他们因此比美国人乐观得多。在美国，只有 22%的人认为退休后的生活质量将超过父母，或许是因为过去几年来他们看到的新闻标题都是经济低迷和居高
19、不下的失业率。n 不过，即使是受到次债危机打击的美国人也比法国人要乐观。在调查中，法国人排在最后，只有13%的法国人预计退休后会比父母过得好。第6单元 比较句视译（例篇详解）n Despite the fact that nearly 40%of Chinas elderly suffer from depression,according to a recent report from state-run Xinhua News Agency,most Chinese have upbeat outlooks for their retirement.新华社最近的一则报道说，尽管事实上有近4
20、0%的中国老年人患有抑郁症，大部分中国人对退休生活有着乐观的预期。n In fact,theyre more optimistic about their post-work lives than almost everyone else,according to a new study from HSBC.n Surveying 17,000 working adults in 17 places,第6单元 比较句视译（例篇详解）实际上，据汇丰的一项新研究显示，中国人已经成为世界上对退休生活最为乐观的群体。汇丰对17 个地方的17 000 名上班族进行了调查，nHSBC found that
21、 75%of Chinese believe theyll be better off than their parents when it comes to retirement.That level of hopefulness puts China second only to India(78%)in the survey,and well ahead of developed countries.第6单元 比较句视译（例篇详解）结果发现有75%的中国人认为他们退休后会比父母过得更好。在调查中，这一比例使中国仅次于印度（78%）排在第二，远远超过了发达国家。n Having watch
22、ed their economy rise to become the worlds second largest,Chinese citizens are far more optimistic than their US counterparts,where only 22%of citizens believe the quality of their lives in retirement will surpass their parents,第6单元 比较句视译（例篇详解）中国人见证了自己的国家跃升为全球第二大经济体，他们因此比美国人乐观得多。在美国，只有 22%的人认为退休后的生活
23、质量将超过父母，第6单元 比较句视译（例篇详解）nperhaps because theyve spent the last few years reading headlines about the economic downturn and stubbornly high employment rates.或许是因为过去几年来他们看到的新闻标题都是经济低迷和居高不下的失业率。第6单元 比较句视译（例篇详解）n But even sub-prime-battered Americans have a rosier outlook than the French,who finished de
24、ad last among those surveyed with a meager 13%expecting to retire in better style than mom and dad.不过，即使是受到次债危机打击的美国人也比法国人要乐观。在调查中，法国人排在最后，只有13%的法国人预计退休后会比父母过得好。第6单元 比较句视译（例篇）n译评（1）有时需要把英语原文的比较级翻译成中文的最高级。客观上，这样的表达更方便，迅速。（2）把英语原文中的静态表达be better off than 进行动态翻译，十分巧妙。（3）Having watched在此为现在分词词组作原因状语，视译时
25、应该直接将其视为完整的原因状语从句，更便于组织译文。第6单元 比较句视译（例篇）n译评（4）have a rosier outlook than 实现了非常巧妙的翻译。视译时常常遇到同一个意思在一个段落或一篇文章中反复提及，而且使用不同修辞手法的情况，后续提及的修辞手法往往越来越含蓄。译员此时应清晰判断，果断把握其共性，每次需要表达该意思时干脆就使用第一次的对应中文，既准确方便，也符合中文多重复的特点。第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：语句）n(1)The city is as fascinating as it is ancient.n(2)Even the most discriminati
26、ng gourmet will agree that food in the South is as good as that of other regions in the country.n(3)The new way of remembering English words is four times more efficient than the old one.n(4)The intelligence ability of an athlete is usually far greater than would be expected.n(5)Kenyans have long be
27、en among the largest groups of African students at American universities.第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n（1）这座城市不但古老，而且迷人。n（2）即使最有偏见的美食家也会同意这样的观点：该国南方的食品和其他地区的食品一样美味可口。n（3）记忆英文单词的新方法要比旧方法效率高三倍。n（4）运动员的智力通常要比预想的高得多。n（5）在美国大学里肯尼亚留学生的人数一直居于非洲国家榜首。第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：语段）n(1)Kenya women and girlsthe most untapped reso
28、urce of this nation and almost every nation in the worldwill be ever better positioned to contribute to their communities and their country at every level.第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：语段）n(2)German Luxury carmaker Audi AG has reported record monthly sales for seven consecutive months this year in Chinas premium
29、car market.And by the first week of October,the carmaker had sold more cars in China than it did last year.第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n（1）肯尼亚的妇女和女孩是这个国家里当然也是几乎每个国家里最没被开发利用的资源，她们将会被更好地进行定位，以便在各个层次上为自己的社区和国家作出贡献。n（2）德国豪华汽车制造商奥迪的月报显示，其今年在中国高端汽车市场连续第七个月销售额再创新高。截至10 月份第一个星期，奥迪在中国的销售量已超过其去年业绩。第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：语篇
30、）n(1)Entrepreneurs in both countries share a high degree of bullishness.Nearly half of the respondents believe their societies are more welcoming of entrepreneurial activity than they were 10 years ago,and only one-quarter in India and one-third in China believe that the global financial crisis has
31、seriously hampered the prospects for new businesses.The vast majority believe their lives will improve dramatically in the next five years.第6单元比较句视译（视译练习：语篇）n Looking beyond the economic optimism,however,two different styles of entrepreneurship emerge.The differences start with why entrepreneurs lau
32、nch businesses in the first place.Asked about their main motivation,the overwhelming majority of Indian entrepreneurs name“being my own boss,”while the most popular response in China is earning more money.In this way,Indian entrepreneurs more closely resemble the Western model:American entrepreneurs
33、 were more likely to cite“owning my own company”than“building my wealth”as the main reason they launched a business,according to a Kauffman Foundation study last year.第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：语篇）n(2)Water vapor is actually the most important greenhouse gas.The amounts of water vapor in the atmosphere are gre
34、ater than those of carbon dioxide,methane,or any other heat-trapping gases.Water vapor accounts for an estimated 60 to 70 percent of the greenhouse effect.However,it occurs naturally in the atmosphere and is not due to human activities.第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：语篇）n Unlike other greenhouse gases,water vapor d
35、oesnt stay in the atmosphere very long.It returns to the surface as rain or snow within a week or so,and the amount of water vapor in the atmospherethe humiditydepends on the weather,the location,and the time of year.Temperature also has a big effect.Warm air can hold more water vapor.So as Earths t
36、emperature rises,the contribution of the No.1 greenhouse gas increases.第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：语篇）n We add more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than any other gas.Scientists believe that this greenhouse gas accounts for about 55 percent of the global warming due to human activities.n You can see carbon dio
37、xide at work by taking a look at the planet Venus.You would expect Venus to be somewhat warmer than Earth since it is closer to the sun.But it is a lot warmera sizzling 900(482)both day and night,because Venuss atmosphere is a much better heat trap.It contains 95 percent carbon dioxide.Thats more th
38、an ten thousand times as much carbon dioxide as in Earths atmosphere.第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：语篇）n Scientists used to think that the amount of carbon dioxide in Earths atmosphere would stay the same and that the excess carbon dioxide produced by human activities would dissolve in the oceans or would be used
39、for photosynthesis by the plant life on the land and in the oceans.The amount of carbon dioxide that these sinks can hold has been decreasing,however.Pollution in oceans and lakes,for examples,kills large amounts of phytoplankton.Normally,about three quarters of the photosynthesis on our planet occu
40、rs in the oceans.第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：语篇）n Deforestation adds extra carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.In some parts of the world,especially the tropics,forests are burned to clear land for farming.In“slash and burn”agriculture,for example,farmers cut down a few acres of trees and burn the tree trunks.Burn
41、ing forests releases carbon dioxides gas.n Worldwide,about 10 billion acres are covered with forests.Thats about 30 percent of the total land area.But from 1990 to 2019,3 percent of the worlds forests were destroyed.The loss was greatest in developing countries.Industrialized nations actually increa
42、sed their total forest areas but many old-growth forests,which had been around for thousands of years,were lost.第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：语篇）n In 2019,researchers from the Global Carbon Project reported that since 2000,the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been increasing 35 percent faster than e
43、xpected.Nearly half of this increase could be explained by increased burning of fossil fuels.But the rest of the increase seems to be due to the fact that Earths natural sinks,such as plant life and oceans,are not removing as much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they did before.The Southern Oc
44、ean around Antarctica,in particular,has become windier as a result of global warming.Churning winds lead to release of carbon dioxide that had been stored deep in the ocean,and they prevent the water from absorbing more greenhouse gases.第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n（1）这两个国家的企业家都很看好未来。近一半的受访者认为，他们的社会较十年前更欢迎
45、企业活动，印度和中国分别只有25%和33%的受访者认为，全球金融危机严重冲击了新企业的前景。多数人相信，未来五年他们的生活将大为改善。第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n 但在对经济的乐观之外，两种不同的企业家精神也显现了出来。中印两国企业家创办企业的动机首先就有不同。当被问到主要的创业动机时，绝大多数印度企业家说是“想成为自己的老板”，而多数中国人的回答是为了挣更多钱。在这方面印度创业者与西方模式更像：考夫曼基金会去年的研究显示，美国创业者提及创业的主要原因时，更喜欢说“想拥有自己的公司”，而不是“想积累自己的财富”。第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n（2）水蒸气实际上是最
46、重要的温室气体。大气中水蒸气的含量比二氧化碳、甲烷或任何其他吸热气体更多。据测算，60%到 70%的温室效应是水蒸气造成的。然而，它自然地存在于大气中，并非人类的行为所致。n 与其他温室气体不同的是，水蒸气在大气中待的时间并不长。它会在一周左右的时间以雨雪的形式回到地面，大气中的水蒸气量即湿度取决于天气、位置及一年中的时间。温度也会产生很大的影响。暖空气可以容纳更多的水蒸气。因此，随着地球温度的上升，头号温室气体的作用也会随之增加。第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n 我们向空气中排放的二氧化碳比其他气体都要多。科学家认为，在人类活动导致的全球变暖中，55%都归因于二氧化碳。n 你看一
47、看金星，就知道二氧化碳是如何起作用的。你会以为金星比地球热一些，因为它比地球更接近太阳。但事实上它要热得多白天和黑夜都是炙热的900（482），因为金星的大气层吸收更多的热量，其中95%是二氧化碳。这比地球大气中的二氧化碳要多一万多倍。第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n 科学家们曾经认为，地球大气中的二氧化碳量将保持不变，而人类活动产生的过量的二氧化碳，将溶解在海洋中或被陆地和海洋的植物用来进行光合作用。然而，能容纳的二氧化碳的量一直在减少。例如，海洋和湖泊的污染杀死了大量的浮游植物。通常情况下，地球上约四分之三的光合作用发生在海洋。n 森林采伐会增加大气中的二氧化碳。世界上某些地区
48、，尤其是热带地区，人们烧毁森林来开垦农田。举例来说，在“刀耕火种”的农业社会，农民砍伐数公顷的树木，燃烧树干。燃烧树木会释放二氧化碳。第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n 世界范围内，森林覆盖面积约100 亿英亩。这占土地总面积约30%。但是，从1990 年至2019 年，世界3%的森林被毁。损失最大的是发展中国家。工业化国家实际上增加了森林覆盖面积，但千万年的古老森林有许多消失了。第6单元 比较句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n 2019 年，全球碳项目的研究人员报告说，自2000 年，大气中的二氧化碳量的增速提高了35%，增速超过预期。几乎一半的增长是因为化石燃料燃烧量的增加。但剩余的二氧化碳增量，似乎是因为地球用来消除二氧化碳的天然渠道，如植物和海洋，没有以前消除作用明显。因为全球变暖，环绕南极的南大洋，风势特别强劲。强风导致储存在海洋深处的二氧化碳被释放，阻止海水吸收更多的温室气体。
