1、高考英语写作标准高考英语写作标准解读解读高考英语高考作文评分标准 1.本题总分为25分,按5个档次给分。2 评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次 的要求来衡量,确定或调整档次,最后给分。3.词数少于 80和多于 120的,从总分中减去2分。4.评分时,应注意的主要内容为:内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性。5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影 响程度予以考虑。6.如书写较差,以至影响交际,将分数降低一个档次。【各档次的给分范围和要求】【各档次的给分范围和要求】第五档第五档(很好很好);(21-25分分
2、)1.完全完成了试题规定的任务。2.覆盖所有内容要点。3.应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。4.语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致;具备较强的语言运用能力。5.有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。6.完全达到了预期的写作目的。第四档第四档(好好):(16-20(16-20分分)1.完全完成了试题规定的任务。2.虽漏掉1、2个次重点,但覆盖所有主要内容。3.应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。4.语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确,些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致。5.应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。6.达到了预期的写作目的。第三档第三
3、档(适当适当):(11-15(11-15分分)1.基本完成了试题规定的任务。2.虽漏掉一些内容,但覆盖所有主要内容。3.应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。4.有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,但不影响理解。5.应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使全文内容连贯。6.整体而言,基本达到了预期的写作目的。第二档第二档(较差较差):(6-10(6-10分分)1.未恰当完成试题规定的任务。2.漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容,写了一些无关内容。3.语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。4.有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响了对写作内容的理解。5.较少使用语句间的连接成分,内容缺少连贯性。6.信息未能清楚地传达给读者。第
4、一档第一档(差差):(1-5(1-5分分)1.未完成试题规定的任务。2.明显遗漏主要内容,写了一些无关内容,原因可能是未理解试题要求。3.语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。4.较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响对写作内容的理解。5.缺乏语句间的连接成分,内容不连贯。6.信息未能传达给读者。不得分:(0分)未能传达给读者仟何信息:内容太少,无法评判;写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清。一、有以下情况之一的,在正常评分以后再扣9分 (出手非常狠)1.全文没有使用任何较复杂语言结构,如从句、倒装句等。2.全文没有使用任何比较高级的表达方式的。3.全文没有使用任何关联词语的。二、有以下情况之一的,
5、在正常评分以后再扣5分 (这个一定要知道)1.书写潦草,不规范,影响理解的。2.卷面不洁,乱涂改的。3.因审题不清而全文人称使用错误的。4.动词、时态、人称错误达3处以上的。5.句子结构严重错误达3处以上的。评分标准细则:评分标准细则:书面表达血的教训书面表达书面表达血血的教训的教训三、有以下情况之一的,在正常评分以后再扣2分 1.全文不分段 2.词数少于120 3.词数多于150四、有以下情况之一的,扣2分 1.每遗漏一个次要点的。2.冠词、介词用错,其他单词拼写错误分别达4处以上的。3.大小写、标点符号分别达4处以上的。五、有以下情况之一的,扣5分 每遗漏一个主要点的。一、如何理解“应用了
6、较多的词汇”?“多样性”,是指词汇使用的多样性,如词性的多样性、高级词汇的使用、同义词和反义词的使用、短语的使用等。1 1.词性的多样性 英语中大多数的单词不止一种词性,转换成另一种方式用另一种词性的形式来表达,就更显得多样了。如:Increase steadily(平稳地增加)experience a steady increase decrease sharply(大减)undergo a sharp decrease It is very helpful.(它帮助很大)It helps a lot./It is of great help.评分标准中提到语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为
7、尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致“。高级词汇指的是大纲中有但课本中出现频率不高而实际中经常用到,或者大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求,但在实际应用中却比较频繁的词汇包括短语,比如cope with,make sense,make a difference,pessimistic等。2.高级词汇的使用Your efforts will be very important.Your efforts will make a great difference.It is wise to buy an up-to date version.It makes sense to buy an an up-to
8、 date version.He had to solve all the problems himself.He had to cope with all the problems himself.3.同义词的使用 擅用同义词是优秀作文的一大特点。如果我们能够恰当地使用它们相应的同义词或同义词组,就可以做到与众不同,给平淡的文章增添亮色,给评卷老师带来清新的感觉。如 More and more important increasingly significant Cause result in/lead to/bring about Want to do intend to do/desir
9、e to/be eager to do/be crazy about doing So therefore/because of this/for this reason 4.恰当利用短语取代单词 单词的合理运用是优秀作文的基本要素,而恰当地运用短语清楚、连贯地传递信息更能增添句子的文采,显示出作者的功力。如:I tried hard to understand what was happening.I tried hard to figure out what was going on.He refused to listen to his father.He turned a deaf e
10、ar to his father.Suddenly i had a good idea.Suddenly i came up with a good idea./A good idea came upon me.二、如何理解“应用了较多的语法结构”?“较多的语法结构”就是指句式结构的多样性。1.长短句变换:简单句、并列句和复合句交替运用长句表述具体、说理严密,长于论述推理;短句简洁明快、精炼扼要、明白易懂,长于描述动作、表明主旨、总结归纳。写作时应交替使用,以达到”长短错落有致,句式丰富多样“的效果。(1)复合句和并列句之间的转换If you study hard,youll make pro
11、gress.Study hard,and youll make progress.If you dont start off early,youll be late for the bus.Start off early or youll be late for the first bus.(2)并列句和简单句的相互转换She wanted to become a college student,so she studied hard.She studied hard so as to become a college student.She wanted to meet her parent
12、s at the station,so she got up early.She got up very early to meet her parents at the station.(3)使用非谓语动词短语 非谓语动词短语可以变复合句为简单句,产生简洁明快节奏紧凑、表意灵巧的效果。如:Though he has lived in Canada for three years,he still cannot speak English well.Having lived in Canada for three years,he still cannot speak English well
13、.Because I was worried about the time available,I made a detailed list of what I had to do that day.Worried about the time available,I made a detailed list of what I had to do that day.That he had won the game delighted his parents.His winning the game delighted his parents.The car that was repaired
14、 yesterday by him is my mothers.The car repaired yesterday by him is my mothers.If we are united,we stand;if we are divided,we fail.United,we stand;divided,we fail.2.主动句和被动式的交替使用Today,we use computers not only in our work but in our everyday life as well.Today computers are widely used not only in o
15、ur work but in our everyday life as well.Some people believe that it will be possible for man to live on another planet in the future.It is believed by some people that it will be possible for man to live on another planet in the future.3.肯定式与否定式的交替使用 Their daily lives dont provide them with the exe
16、rcise needed to keep them healthy.Their daily lives fail to provide them with the exercise needed to keep them healthy 4.正常语序和倒装语序的交替使用My village lies east of the river.East of the river lies My village.If I had worked hard at school,my life today would be quite different.Had I worked hard at school
17、,my life today would be quite different.u注意:语法结构和词汇的多样性必须建立在语言的准确性的基础上。语言的准确性是写作得分的根本保障,语言的准确性和语法的结构及词汇的多样性直接决定了我们的最终得分。三、如何理解上“下文的连贯性”评分标准指出,书面表达应该注意上下文的连贯性,并能有效地使用语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。此处所说的连贯性,是指段与段、句与句之间以一种明晰的、合乎逻辑的顺序组织与安排,做到在文意和结构上层次分明,调理清楚,连贯流畅。1.整体谋篇,合理布局 我们需要首先正确理解和把握题目要求以及情景需要,确定好文体后对整个篇章结构的布局、每
18、一部分内容所占的比列了然于心。开头部分(opening)-说出文中要叙说的中心问题。正文部分(body)-围绕主题开展叙述或者讨论。结尾部分(conclusion)-对全文进行总结和概括。2.确定主题句 主题句是文章的主旨,它能起到画龙点睛的作用。它通常出现在文章的开头,而后,全文对主题句所提出的问题进行解释和扩展。在确定主题句之前,应首先根据写作要求,列出你要写的文章的要点,然后从中提炼出一句具有概括性的话,即文章的主题句。主题句应力求句子完整、语法正确,具有吸引力和可读性。3.拓展主题句,注意连贯和流畅 主题句仅仅是文章的主旨和大意,要使文章变得有血有肉就要展开主题句,并考虑如何组织安排语
19、句,用一些衔接手段使句子与句子、语段与语段之间建立起各种各样的语意关系,并使整个语篇在意义上具有连贯性。衔接手段主要包括使用过度词语衔接、巧用词汇和语法等几个方面。其中,正确使用过渡词或过渡句是最常用的手段,它能使文章结构严谨、自然流畅和富有节奏。衔接手段(1)表示添加信息的过渡词语,常见的有:also,besides,moreover,furthermore,in addition,what is more,worse still,similarly(2)表示转折关系的常用过渡词有:but,yet,however,still,nevertheless,in spite of,although
20、,though,on the contrary,on the other hand(3)表示解释、说明关系的常用过渡词有:as a matter of fact,in fact,in other words,to tell you the truth,that is to say,that is.such as,according to,after all(4)表示因果关系的常用过渡词有:so,for,therefore,as a result,because,owing to,due to,as a consequence,thus,since,thanks to(5)表示条件关系的常用过渡
21、词有:as(so)long as,on condition that,if,unless,suppose,supposing(6)表示强调的常用衔接词有:above all,first of all,indeed,in particular,no doubt,surely,certainly,truly,without any doubt,obviously(7)表示时间顺序关系的常用衔接词有:now,after,after that,after a while,later,as soon as,in the end,from now on,from then on,meanwhile,to
22、begin with,all of a sudden(8)表示空间顺序关系的常用衔接词有:on the right/left,on the side,here,there,next to,above,beyond,nearby,at the foot/top/end,in the middle/back/front of4.文末结论,首尾呼应 文章的结尾常用来概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想,使文章意义表述得更加明晰、深刻,也使文章首尾呼应、结构完整、连贯自然。用于结论段的常用语有:(1)All in all/In a word(2)In conclusion/To conclud
23、e/To sum up(3)In brief(4)Obviously,.(5)Thus,it can be concluded that.(6)Therefore,we can conclude.四、如何理解语言的得体性“语言的得体性”就是要求考生在表达时应根据说话的对象、时间、地点、场合等选择使用恰当的英语语言,尤其是不同体裁和题材的文章对用语方面有着不同的要求。比如,在口头通知中常使用“Attention,please.”“May I have your attention,please?“I will tell you a piece of good news.”但在书面通知中此类句子就
24、不得体。又比如,在议论文中我们常用Therefore,we can safely draw a conclusion that.,,但是,要是在日记中贸然使用该句型,则会使文章不伦不类很不自然。五、如何理解“紧扣主题的适当发挥”高考评分基本要求中谈到,“内容要点可用不同方式表达,对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”。所谓紧扣主题的适当发挥,就是指围绕所给情景,在合乎情理、合乎规范、力所能及的前提下添加一些要点中没有提及的信息。六如何理解文章的“准确性和思想性”文章的准确性是指要求写出语法正确的句子,包括时态、语态、用词和句法等。文章的思想性是指文章立意要高,要寓教于文章当中。高考英语写作绝妙高招1.
25、肯定不如双否好The postman comes on time every day.The postman never fails to come on time.2.陈述不如倒装妙在书面表达中阅卷老师喜欢看到的高级语法共有五种:倒装、强调、从句、独立主格和分词结构,以及虚拟语气。倒装是一种简单易行的使句子呈现亮点的方法。Our library is in the center of our school.In the center of our school lies our library.Im so glad to hear from you.So glad am I to hear
26、from you.3.主动不如被动巧 英语是一门客观的语言,而汉语是主观的语言,具体体现在英语中经常用被动语态,汉语经常用主动语态。所以使用被动语态符合英语的习惯。如:We can borrow five books at most at a time ,and we can keep them for ten days.At most five books can be borrowed at a time and they can be kept for ten days.4.分词结构不能少在所有高级语法中,阅卷老师最喜欢看到的是独立主格和分词结构。几乎所有状语从句都可以变成独立主格结构。
27、转变口诀:一去(去连词),二看(看主语),三改(改分词)注意1.前后两句话主语不一致,就改成独立主格。2.前后两句话主语一致,就变成分词短语。现在分词doing表主动,过去分词done表被动完成。如:Because I am a student,Id like to know the price for students.Being a student,Id like to know the price for studentsSince it is written in simple English,the passage is easy to understand.Written in s
28、imple English,the passage is easy to understand.If such is the case,you should apologize to her.Such being the case,you should apologize to her.总结 高考书面表达重在设计,如何设计出让阅卷老师看了眼前一亮的句子,写出有分词、倒装、强调、修辞的句子,使整篇文章句型丰富不单一,并能有效地使用连接成分使文章连贯,方能在高考中拿到高分。高考英语作文中最常引用的名言名句 1.More haste,less speed.2.A journey of a thous
29、and miles begins with a single step.3.Where there is a will,there is a way.4.As the tree,so the fruit.5.To live is to learn,to learn is to better live.6.To stand still is to move back.7.Constant dripping wears away the stone.8.It is no use crying over spilt milk.9.A fall into the pit,a gain in your wit.10.It is never too late to mend.