1、语法入门What shall we do today?n学习语法的目的和方法n英语10大词类n英语8大句子成分n从句:名词性从句+定语从句+状语从句学习语法的目的和方法：n 1）能懂：即，听、读英语时能分析句子的结构，以正确理解。n 2)能用：即，说、写英语时能知道用合适的语法来表达。现在进行时(be doing)】n 错误的方法：n 正确的方法：n1)死记规则n “现在进行时be doingbe doing 现在进行时”n2)不马上使用，平时也不用n3)考试时，想规则，有人想起来，有人想不起来，有的人想起来了但不会用。n -翻译：汤姆正在读一本关于动物的书。n Tom read a book
2、 about animals.n Tom reads a book about animals.n Tom be doing read a book about animals.n Tom be reading a book about animals.n Tom are reading a book about animals.n4)考试后老师评讲n 有的同学听懂了，改了过来；有的同学听不懂(因为评讲时老师一般讲得简略)。下次考试，有人做对了，有人还是做错；做错的被老师骂想努力追上有的追上了，有的还是听不懂慢慢不喜欢英语，认为自己永远学不好。n5)典型症状n 会背规则，有的会做题，但是开口/
3、提笔错误很多。n 正确的方法：懂用感知n1)读懂n “现在进行时的构成是be doingbe要随人称变化哦 这么回事”n2)马上使用n I am studying English.My father am(“哦不对，应该是 is”)is watching TV.My mother is cooking.They are not study(“哦不对，应该是 studying”)studying English.n3)考试时，用语感+语法知识做题n -翻译：汤姆正在读一本关于动物的书。n Tom is reading a book about animals.n4)平时遇到需要用英语时，也能正确
4、用.n5)长期如此，此人被称为“有语言天赋者”，“聪明，没有办法”n6)使用正确方法的好处n 懂规则，会做题，开口/提笔可能有小错，但基本正确，多开口说，多练笔后错误越来越少。正确的学习方法(续)n学单词、词组也要这样“懂-用-感知”。如：n.a state of dangernExamples:nThe lifeboat went out to rescue a ship in distress.nSend out a distress signal.The ship is sinking！n(然后仿造例子造句)v.raise;lift upnExamples:nA lion suddenl
5、y reared its head from among the tall grass.nThe skyscraper rears above the neighboring buildings.n(然后仿造例子造句)英语10大词类n英语有两种词类：实词和虚词n注意：有的词可以兼类。如：fast（形、副）on(介、副）实词虚词代数名形副动（袋鼠明星互动）。介连冠叹（接连官贪）1 主谓宾nQ老师喜欢数学。(主动句)nMr.Q likes math.nQ老师不喜欢数学。(主动句)nMr.Q does not like math.nQ老师喜欢什么？nWhat does Mr.Q like?n主谓宾句
6、型n数学被Q老师喜欢。(被动句)nMath is liked by Mr.Q.n数学被被Q老师喜欢。(被动句)nMath is not liked by Mr.Q.n练习:划分句子成分nQ老师玩麻将。nQ老师玩什么？n麻将被Q老师玩。2 主系表nQ老师是个好老师。他很好。他在楼顶。nMr.Q is a good teacher.He is very good.He is on the roof.(be)n他可能变成坏老师。nHe might become a bad teacher.(become,get,turn,grow)n(因为)Q老师保持沉默。n(because)He keeps si
7、lent.(keep,stay,remain)n子曰：不在沉默中变坏，就在沉默中变态。nQ老师经证明已经变态。nMr.Q proved BT-ed。(prove)nQ老师看起来很善良。他的英语听起来不错。他的皮肤摸起来很粗糙。他的饭尝起来不错。nHe looks kind.His English sounds nice.He smells bad.His skin feels rough.His food tastes good.n主系表句型n记忆口诀：“（身材）经证明变了，保持起来呗(=be)”n注意：系动词后用形容词 n He looks nice.(X)He looks nicely.H
8、is food tastes good.(X)His food tastes well.3 修饰语(限制语)：定语n修饰限制语的作用：缩小某概念的范围nQ老师喜欢数学n(不过)Q老师喜欢漂亮的女生too。n Mr.Q likes beautiful girls too.n Q老师喜欢 教室里的 3个 年龄为31岁的 漂亮 女生。n Mr.Q likes 3 31-year-old beautiful girls in the classroom.nQ老师喜欢 3个 教室里的 年龄为31岁的 漂亮 女生。(两种意思)nMr.Q likes 31-year-old beautiful girls
9、in 3 classrooms.nMr.Q likes 3 31-year-old beautiful girls in the classroom.n注意：有时候句子本身会有模糊性，分析时要用常识，找出最符合逻辑和常理的意思。n定义：名词的修饰语叫定语。修饰语(限制语)：状语nQ老师很/十分喜欢女生。nMr.Q likes beautiful girls very much/a a lot.nQ老师无可救药地喜欢女生。nMr.Q likes beautiful girls hopelessly.nQ老师无可救药地喜欢十分漂亮的女生。nMr.Q likes very beautiful gir
10、ls hopelessly.nQ老师完全无可救药地喜欢十分漂亮的女生。nMr.Q likes very beautiful girls completely hopelessl y.n定义：修饰“形副动”词的成分叫状语。n练习：请问划线部分是什么成分？n英俊潇洒的 Q老师 于2004年 在西南财大的校园里 完全 无可救药地 爱上了一位 如仙女般 漂亮的 女生。练习练习：请问划线部分是什么成分？nThe handsome Mr.Q fell completely hopelessly in love with a girl,who was as beautiful as a princess,o
11、n the campus of SWUFE in 2004.nAmericas first black president plays basketball,which is a very active sport,extremely well.4：补语n(首先)Q老师让她很高兴。n Mr.Q made her very happy.n(然后)Q老师让她(成为了)已婚妇女。n Mr.Q made her a married woman.n与此类似 Americans elected him President of America.n注意两个被动句n She was made very hap
12、py.n She was made a married womann He was elected President of America.n定义：补充说明主语或宾语的成分叫补语。分别叫宾补和主补。5：同位语nQ老师，一位人称风流倜傥英俊潇洒诚实可靠小郎君的小伙子，于2004年，一个大雪来的有点晚的年度，在西南财大，一所位坐落于天府之国成都的高等学府，完全无可救药地地喜欢上了H小姐，一位肤若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的女生。n定义：说明前面的名词的身份、地位等的成分。可代替被修饰词做相应的句子成分。例如n一位人称风流倜傥英俊潇洒诚实可靠小郎君的小伙子，于一个大雪来的有点晚的年度，在一所位坐落
13、于天府之国成都的高等学府，完全无可救药地地喜欢上了一位肤若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的女生。n练习：分析划线部分的成分。nMr.Q,a handsome and reliable young man,fell in love with Miss H,a girl of great beauty,on the campus of SWUFE,a famous university in Chengdu,in 2004,a year with late snows.注意以下两句的区别n1）Q老师，一位人称风流倜傥英俊潇洒诚实可靠小郎君的小伙子，于2004年，一个大雪来的有点晚的年度，在西南财大，一
14、所位坐落于天府之国成都的高等学府，完全无可救药地地喜欢上了H小姐，一位肤若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的女生。n2）人称风流倜傥英俊潇洒诚实可靠小郎君的Q老师，于大雪来的有点晚的2004年，在坐落于天府之国成都的西南财大，完全无可救药地地喜欢上了肤若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的H小姐。n说明：n 1)的划线部分是同位语被修饰词后，说明其身份地位或内容；n 2)的划线部分是定语在汉语中是在被修饰词前(英语中在其后)，说明其特征。n例如：He is against the idea which was mentioned at the meeting.(定)n He is against the i
15、dea that we should spend more money.(同)n He is my teacher,who is very honest and kind.(定)n He is my teacher,a man who is honest and kind.(同)句子成分总结及练习n主谓宾表主谓宾表 定状补同定状补同n练习：分析划线部分的成分nQ老师，一位人称风流倜傥英俊潇洒诚实可靠小郎君的小伙子，于2004年，一个大雪来的有点晚的年度，在西南财大，一所位坐落于天府之国成都的高等学府，完全 无可救药地喜欢上了H小姐，一位肤若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的女生。nMr.Q,a ha
16、ndsome and reliable young man who is known as the man of supreme virtue,fell in love with Miss H,a girl of unparalleled beauty with a most delicate complexion,on the campus of SWUFE,a famous university situated in Chengdu,the famed Land of Heavenly Abundance,in 2004,a year when the snows came a bit
17、too late.5）从句：主语从句nQ老师喜欢数学让我感到奇怪。nThat Mr.Q likes math surprises me.n=It surprises me that Mr.Q likes math.nQ老师喜欢数学是为大家所知的。nThat Mr.Q likes math is known to all.n=It is known to all that Mr.Q likes math.n注意that 有没有意义？在从句中作不作成分？n(无意义。不做成分)nQ老师喜不喜欢数学(Q老师喜欢数学与否)不关我事。nWhether Mr.Q likes math does not in
18、terest me.n=Whether or not Mr.Q likes math does not interest me.n=Whether Mr.Q likes math or not does not interest me.n=It does not interest me whether(or not)Mr.Q likes math(or not).n=It does not interest me if Mr.Q likes math(or not).n注意whether 有没有意义？在从句中作不作成分？n(有意义。不做成分)5）从句：主语从句nQ老师喜欢什么不重要。nWhat
19、 Mr.Q likes is not important.nQ老师喜欢哪位Q师娘很重要。nWhich Mrs.Q Mr.Q likes is important.n谁喜欢Q老师不重要。nWho likes Mr.Q is not important.nQ老师喜欢谁不重要。nWhom（who）Mr.Q likes is not important.nQ老师喜欢谁的女朋友很重要。nWhose girlfriend Mr.Q likes is important.n注意着色词有没有意义？在从句中作不作成分？n(有意义。作“主宾定”)n注意：引导词要提前，但从句是陈述语序。5）从句：主语从句nQ老师哪
20、里遇到Q师娘不重要。nWhere Mr.Q met with Mrs.Q is not important.nQ老师何时遇到了Q师娘不重要。nWhen Mr.Q met with Mrs.Q is not important.nQ老师怎样遇到了Q师娘不重要。nHow Mr.Q met with Mrs.Q is not important.nQ老师何时何地怎样遇到了Q师娘也不关我事。nWhen,where,and how Mr.Q met with Mrs.Q is not important.nQ老师何时何地怎样遇到了哪位Q师娘很重要。nWhen,where,how Mr.Q met wit
21、h which Mrs.Q is important.n注意着色词有没有意义？在从句中作不作成分？n(有意义。作状语)n注意：引导词要提前，但从句是陈述语序。主语从句总结n由下列词引导n thatn whethern (二者经常用it作形式主语)n what,which,who(whom),whosen when,where,why，how(含 how many/much/far/long 等)6 从句：宾语从句n我不知道Q老师喜欢数学。nI dont know that Mr.Q likes math.n我不知道Q老师喜不喜欢数学(Q老师喜欢数学与否)。nI dont know whethe
22、r Mr.Q likes mathn我不关心Q老师喜欢什么。nI dont care what Mr.Q likes n我不关心Q老师哪里遇到Q师娘。nI dont care where Mr.Q met with Mrs.Qn我不关心Q老师何时遇到了Q师娘。nI dont care when Mr.Q met with Mrs.Qn我不关心Q老师怎样遇到了Q师娘。nI dont care how Mr.Q met with Mrs.Qn我不关心Q老师何时何地怎样遇到了Q师娘。nI dont care when,where,and how Mr.Q met with Mrs.Q.n我不关心Q老
23、师遇到了多少Q师娘。nI dont care how many Mrs.Qs Mr.Q met with.宾语从句续The story implies(暗示暗示)that love cannot be separated from responsibility.这个故事表明，爱情和责任是不可分的。这个故事表明，爱情和责任是不可分的。Scientists think that losing leaves help some trees to conserve water in the winter.科学家们认为，落叶有助于树木在冬季保持水分。科学家们认为，落叶有助于树木在冬季保持水分。从句作双宾
24、语中的从句作双宾语中的直接宾语直接宾语 She assured(让让放心放心)me that everything would be all right.她让我放心，一切都不会有问题。她让我放心，一切都不会有问题。We persuaded him that it would be best to wait.我们劝他最好等一下。我们劝他最好等一下。Nick told me when the contact would be effective.尼克告诉我合同何时将生效。尼克告诉我合同何时将生效。宾语从句续It可作形式宾语可作形式宾语nI thought it a false idea that
25、old age brings wisdom.我觉得年老会令人聪明是一种错误的看法。我觉得年老会令人聪明是一种错误的看法。nHe has made it clear that he wouldnt take over the job.他已经明确表示不愿意接管这项工作。他已经明确表示不愿意接管这项工作。He hasnt made it clear why he had failed.他没有说清楚自己为什么失败了。他没有说清楚自己为什么失败了。宾语从句续n以以that 引导的从句作单宾语的动词有很多，常引导的从句作单宾语的动词有很多，常见的有：见的有：accept,acknowledge,admit
26、,advise,agree,announce,answer,anticipate,argue,ask,assume,believe,boast,complain,conclude,confess,confirm,consider,decide,declare,deem,demand,demonstrate,deny,emphasize,estimate,imply,insist,judge,maintain,notice,promise等等等等宾语从句总结n由下列词引导n thatn whethern what,which,who(whom),whosen when,where,why，how
27、(含 how many/much/far/long 等)n(可用it作形式主语)7 从句：表语从句n实际情况是实际情况是他和他的学生们都筋疲力尽了他和他的学生们都筋疲力尽了。n The fact is that both he and his students are exhausted.n我的印象是我的印象是他赞成这个计划他赞成这个计划。nMy impression is that he is in favor of the plan.n问题是问题是谁付款谁付款。nThe problem is who will pay.n我感兴趣的事情是我感兴趣的事情是他们是否订婚了他们是否订婚了。nWha
28、t I am interested in is whether they have been engaged to each other.n使他们伤脑筋的事情是使他们伤脑筋的事情是到哪儿找向导到哪儿找向导。nWhat was troubling them was where they could find a guide.表语从句：表语从句：The place is no longer what it was ten years ago.这个地方已经不是十年前的样子了。这个地方已经不是十年前的样子了。I am who you are looking for.我就是你所找的人。我就是你所找的人。
29、The car is where you parked it.汽车在你原先停放的地方。汽车在你原先停放的地方。This is why I returned their invitation.这就是我谢绝他们邀请的理由。这就是我谢绝他们邀请的理由。表语从句：表语从句：as if/as though 以及以及 as/because I felt as though my head were splitting.我觉得头好像要裂开似的。我觉得头好像要裂开似的。The milk smells as if it is sour.这牛奶闻起来好像酸了。这牛奶闻起来好像酸了。Things are not a
30、s they seem to be.事物并不像它们表面上看起来那样。事物并不像它们表面上看起来那样。It may be because he is too young.这可能是因为他太年轻了这可能是因为他太年轻了8 从句：同位语从句我们必须面对我们已经把所有的钱都花完了这一事实。我们必须面对我们已经把所有的钱都花完了这一事实。We must face the fact that we have spent all our money.情况会有好转的设想是没有根据的。情况会有好转的设想是没有根据的。The assumption(设想设想)that things will improve is g
31、roundless.n与同位语从句同位的名词是一些具有一定内容含义的抽象与同位语从句同位的名词是一些具有一定内容含义的抽象名词，常见的有：名词，常见的有：answer,belief,conclusion,decision,discovery,fact,hint,hope,idea,information,impression,news,report,opinion,order,possibility,problem,promise,question,rumor,sign,statement,truth等。等。例如：例如：The impression that English is very d
32、ifficult is completely wrong.同位语从句续2.2.疑问词引导的同位语从句疑问词引导的同位语从句 The question,why you are so interested in music,has not been answered yet.你还没有回答你还没有回答“你为什么对音乐这么感兴趣？你为什么对音乐这么感兴趣？”这个问这个问题。题。My problem that is,whether I should invite him was solved when I received news of his illness.我的问题我的问题 我是否应该邀请他我是否
33、应该邀请他 在我得到他生病在我得到他生病的消息后就解决了。的消息后就解决了。总结：名词性从句n主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句在大句子中,像名词一样，分别做主语、宾语、表语、同位语，所以统称为名词性从句。n I dont know English.I dont know who will come tomorrow.n由下列词引导n that （无意义，在从句中不做成分）n whether（有意义，在从句中不做成分）n what,which,who(whom),whosen when,where,why，how(含 how many/much/far/long 等)n有时可用it作形式主语或形式宾
34、语。定语从句n一位男生站在教室里面。n这位男生看起来很帅。n 一位看起来很帅的男生站在教室里面。n那位站在教室里面的男生看起来很帅。n两句分别着重表达什么？这样合二为一的好处是什么？n注意区别n一位站在教室里面的男生看起来很帅。定语从句n翻译：n 一位男生站在教室里面。n A boy is standing in the classroom.n这位男生看起来很帅。n The boy looks very handsome.n一位看起来很帅的男生站在教室里面。n A boy who/that looks very handsome is standing in the classroom.n那位
35、站在教室里面的男生看起来很帅。n The boy who/that is standing in the classroom looks very handsome.定语从句n翻译n一位美女站在教室里面。n A beautiful girl is standing in the classroom.n我喜欢这位美女。n I like this beautiful girl.n我喜欢这位站在教室里的美女。n I like the beautiful girl who/that is standing in the classroom.n我喜欢的这位美女站在教室里面。nThe girl whom/
36、who/that I like is standing in the classroom.nhe woman who/whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.n请问 标红的词在从句中作什么成分？n宾语（可以省略）定语从句n合句nThe woman-she lives next door-is a doctor n-The woman who lives next door is a doctor.n we know a lot of people-they live in London n-We know a lot of people who liv
37、e in London.nExercise:find the relative clause(定语从句).n*An architect is someone who designs buildings.n*What was the name of the man who lent you the money?n*Anyone who wants to do the exam must enter before next Friday.定语从句relative clausenB:When we are talking about things,we use that or which in a
38、relative clause。n *I dont like stories that have unhappy endings.(or.stories which have.)n *Barbara works for a company that makes washing machines.(or.a company which makes.)n *The machine that broke down has now been repaired.(or The machine which broke ndown.)n 定语从句relative clausenHave you found
39、the keys that you lost?nThe dress that Ann bought doesnt fit her very well.nIs there anything that I can do?n请问 标红的词在从句中作什么成分？n宾语（可以省略）定语从句relative clausen注意介词的位置ndo you know the woman?-Tom is talking to her n -Do you know the woman(who/that)Tom is talking to?n -Do you know the woman to whom Tom is
40、talking n the bed-I slept in it last night-wasnt very comfortable n -The bed(that/which)I slept in last night wasnt very comfortable.n-The bed in which I slept last night wasnt very comfortable.n n *The woman(who/that)he fell in love with left him after a few weeks.n The woman with whom he fell in l
41、ove left him after a few weeks.n *The man(who/that)I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time.n The man next to whom I was sitting on the plane talked all the time.n*Are these the keys(that/which)you were looking for?（look for 是短语动词，for不能提前）n介词若在前，whom/which才得行。定语从句whosenWhose n主要用于人，表示h
42、is/her/their等:n we saw some people-their car had broken down n-We saw some people whose car had broken down.n widow is a woman whose husband is dead.(her husband is dead)n *Whats the name of the man whose car you borrowed?(you borrowed his car)n *A few days ago I met someone whose brother I went to
43、school with.(I went to school with his/her brother)定语从句wherenWheren The hotel-we stayed there-wasnt very clean n -The hotel where we stayed wasnt very clean.n *I recently went back to the town where I was born.(or.the town I was born in.or.the town that I was born in.)n *I would like to live in a country where there is plenty of sunshine.
