1、高考英语复习:名词课件高考英语复习:名词课件*2v【考情分析】v名词在高考中的考查重点:名词在高考中的考查重点:v1名词词义辨析v2名词的数v3名词作定语v4.名词所有格v5.抽象名词具体化v6.名词与冠词的结合*v一、名词的单复数v1可数名词复数的规则变化v可数名词复数的构成,通常是在单数形式后面加s或es,其规则如下:构成方法例词一般情况在词尾加scatcatsgirlgirlspagepages以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词在词尾加esbusbusesboxboxeswatchwatchesbrushbrushes*构成方法例词以y结尾的专有名词或“元音字母y”结尾的名词变复数时,直接在词
2、尾加stwo Marysthree Henrysmonkeymonkeysholidayholidaysboyboys以“辅音字母y”结尾的词,把y变成i加esbabybabiescitycitiesfactoryfactoriesstorystories*构成方法例词以“辅音字母o”结尾的词,在词尾加estomatotomatoesheroheroespotatopotatoes但有例外:photophotospianopianos以“元音字母o”结尾的词在词尾加sradioradioszoozoos*6以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f或fe为v加esknifekniveswifewivesha
3、lfhalvesleafleaves但仍有例外:beliefbeliefsroofroofshandkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves*v链接v名词的分类v名词v拓展v因为汉语中没有名词的单复数形式变化,所以英语中名词的单复数也就成了易错点。如以下两个典型错误:v你有词典吗?vDo you have dictionary?v他悲伤地摇了摇头。vHe shook head sadly.*v一般情况下,英语中的可数名词在句子中出现时,要么用复数形式,要么在其前面加冠词或限定词。因此以上两句可以表达为:vDo you have a dictionary?vHe
4、shook his head sadly.*v牢记v单复数形式意义不同的名词:vexperience经验experiences经历vmanner方式 manners礼貌vcustom风俗 customs海关vwork工作 works著作,工厂vwood木材 woods树林vsand沙子 sands沙滩vpaper纸张 papers报纸,论文,试卷vglass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜*v2可数名词复数的不规则变化v有些名词的复数属于不规则变化,需要考生在平时的学习中逐一记忆:childchildren,footfeet,toothteeth,phenomenonphenomena,oxo
5、xen,mousemice,manmen,womanwomen等。*v3总是表示复数意义的名词v集体名词people,police,cattle总是表示复数意义,不能说a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle。vThe police are searching for the stolen boy.vThe cattle are feeding on the grassland.v链接v有些名词只用复数形式:trousers,congratulations,thanks,goods,clothes,
6、socks,shoes,belongings,savings。*v4单复数同形的名词v有些名词的复数形式同原形。这些名词有:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,li(里),jin(斤),yuan(元),mu(亩),means(方式,方法)等。vAll possible means have been tried.vEvery possible means has been tried.v点拨v对于单复数同形的名词,一定要从题中找出关键信息(如谓语动词的单复数形式),来确定其到底是表示单数意义还是复数意义。*v典例(西安第三次质检,14)Every po
7、ssible means _,but it seems that nothing will prevent the situation from getting worse.vA.has tried B.have triedvC.has been tried D.have been triedv解析:C。考查语态和主谓一致。句意:每一个可能的方法都已经被尝试过了,但是看起来什么也不能阻止局势的恶化。由句意可知,应该用被动语态;means单复数同形,但是可以从every可知,应该是单数;所以答案选C。*v链接v“某国人”的复数形式:v以ese结尾的,单复同形,如:Chinese,Japanese
8、。v以man结尾的,变man为men,如:EnglishmanEnglishmen。但“德国人”例外:GermanGermans。v其他的,直接加s,如:Russians,Canadians,Americans。*v5合成名词的复数v把主体名词变成复数,如:lookerson,editorsinchief(总编辑),fathersinlaw(岳父)。v没有主体名词时,在词尾加s,如:grownups(成年人),gobetweens(中间人)。*v二、名词间的相互转化v1物质名词转化为可数名词v物质名词一般为不可数名词,但有些物质名词可以转化为可数名词。v(1)当物质名词转化为个体名词时,是可数
9、的。如:vThe bridge is made of stone.(不可数)vThe bridge is made of 20,000 stones.(可数)v(2)当物质名词表示份数时,是可数的。如:vTea is very good for our health.vTwo teas,please.请来两杯茶。*v2抽象名词具体化v抽象名词一般是不可数名词,但在下列情况下可转化为可数名词:v(1)表示具体的人或事。请比较:vFailure is the mother of success.(success表示抽象概念)vThe meeting was a great success.(suc
10、cess表示具体的事情)*v典例(安徽名校联考,21)One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _ good knowledge of basic word formation.vA不填 BthevCa Donev解析:C。knowledge本为不可数名词,但当它被形容词修饰时,就具体化了,此时其前应加a/an,意为“对的了解;有方面的知识”。所以答案为C项。*v(2)表示“一种”、“一场”、“一阵”、“(动作)一次”等。请比较:vWe had plenty of rain last years.v去年我们这个地区雨量丰沛。
11、(rain指“雨水”,不可数)vWhat a heavy rain!多么大的一场雨啊!v警示v在特定的语境中,有些不可数名词也可以转化为可数名词,这就需要考生区别对待。*v三、名词作定语v名词作定语,即用一个名词修饰另外一个名词,主要用来说明被修饰名词的:v1物质构成,如:steel bridge,paper money;v2用途,如:coffee cup,fire escape;v3时间,如:evening paper;v4地点,如:city life,country life,country music;v5种类,如:office work;v6内容,如:body language,fil
12、m industry。*v警示v名词作定语,第一个名词一般用单数,但也有例外,如:vsports shoes运动鞋vstudents reading room学生阅览室*22v四、名词所有格v英语名词所有格有两种:s所有格和of所有格。v1s所有格的构成v(1)通常在单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词的词尾加s,如:Jacks books,Childrens Day,the boys bag,mens room,Toms dog,my brothers books,sheeps skin。*v(2)以s结尾的复数名词,在词尾加,如:the students books。v(3)作为一个整体的词组,
13、一般在最后一个词的词尾加s,如:an hour and a halfs walk(步行一个半小时的路程);a month or twos absence(一两个月的缺席)。v(4)以and连接的两个名词,表示共同所有时,在最后一个词的词尾加s,如:Kate and Marys father(Kate和Mary是姐妹俩);表示分别所有时,在每个名词后分别加s,如:Kates father and Marys father(Kate和Mary不是姐妹俩)。*v典例(江西)The _shoes were covered with mud,so I asked them to take them of
14、f before they got into _car.vA.girls;Toms B.girls;TomsvC.girls;Toms D.girls;Toms*25v解析:C。句意:这些女孩的鞋子满是泥,所以我让她们把鞋脱下来再上汤姆的车。由句中的them判断girl用复数形式girls,其所有格作定语直接在词尾加“”;专有名词Tom的所有格是Toms,故选C。*v链接v不定代词后接else时,其所有格放在else之后。如:somebody elses bag,somebody elses books。v2s所有格的用法v(1)常表示有生命的东西。如:Toms birthday,the do
15、gs owner。v(2)用于表示时间、距离、天体、度量衡与货币价值、国家、城市等。如:*v时间:a days work(一天的工作),todays newspaper;v距离:twenty minutes ride,five minutes walk,a miles distance;v天体:the suns heat,the moons surface;v度量衡与货币价值:ten dollars worth,twenty pounds weight;v国家、城市等:Chinas industry,the citys development,the governments plan,Chin
16、as development。*v(3)表示某人的家或店铺。如:at the doctors在诊所,the tailors裁缝铺,the barbers理发店,at my uncles在我叔叔家。v3of所有格的构成vthe所有物of(this,that,.the,my/their.)无生命之物。*v4of所有格的用法vof所有格主要用于无生命的事物,也可以用于有生命的事物。如:the window of the house;a map of Japan;the name of the girl standing at the gate。vDoes anyone know the title
17、of the novel?vThey have the support of people of the developing countries.*v链接vof所有格还可以表示:v同位关系,如:the city of Zhengzhou,the month of May。v动宾关系,如:the love of ones country。v名词本身带有后置的修饰语或带有“the形容词”(其表示一类人)时,其所有格用of介词短语。如:the housing problem of the poor;the skills of the workers who have been well train
18、ed。*v5双重所有格v(1)双重所有格的构成:双重所有格即“ofs结构”。v(2)双重所有格的用法:表示整体中的一个或部分,用于修饰of前面的名词。如:a friend of my brothers;this book of the professors;this lovely baby of my aunts。vDo you know any friend of my husbands?*v典例(江南十校联考,32)Pardon?Who will come?v_.vA.The friend of Mr.GreensvB.A friend of a teachersvC.The aunt o
19、f Toms vD.A cousin of my fathers*v解析:D。考查名词所有格的表达方式。双重所有格中,带有s的名词必须是明确限定的指人的名词,同时of前面的名词必须不确指,故A、B、C三项错误,D项正确。*v五、具体语境中名词的选择v具体语境中名词的选择是高考考查的重点之一。解题的关键是利用好关键信息,分析语境,使填入的名词符合语境要求。v探究v知己知彼,才能百战不殆。要解决好这类问题,必须明确命题思路。高考考查的角度有以下几种:*v纯语境类:给出语境,让考生判断符合题意的名词。v具体语境中名词词义的辨析。v利用一词多义来设置题目。v具体语境中的词组搭配。*v【2012湖北卷】
20、29.It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any _.vA.symptom B.similarity vC.sample D.shadow真题链接真题链接*37v29.A【命题立意】考查名词辨析。难度中等。v【解题思路】句意为:定期检查眼睛看看是否有眼疾症状很重要。A项意为“症状”,符合句意;B项意为“类似”,C项意为“样本”,D项意为“阴影”,都与语意不符。*v【2012江苏卷】21.Can I help you
21、with it?v I appreciate your,but I can manage it myself.vA.advice B.questionC.offer D.ideav21.【考点】名词词义辨析v【答案】C【解析】句意为:我可以帮你吗?我感激你的提议“offer”,但我自己能设法做的。offer意为“提议”,符合题意。A意为“建议,劝告”;B意为“问题”;D意为“想法,主意”。【难度】一般*v【2012四川卷】15.He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later.Its just a matter of _.vA.lu
22、ck B.value C.time D.factv15.【答案与解析】C 本题考查名词辨析。句意为:他迟早会渐渐理解你付出的努力的。这只是个时间的问题。根据句意选C。*v【2012全国II】19.The Harry Potter books are quite popular;they are in great _ in this city.vA.quantity B.progress C.production D.demandv【答案】D*41v【解析】此处quantity数量;progress进步;production生产;demand要求。这里be in great demand意为:需求量很大,畅销。句意:哈利波特很受欢迎;在这个城市有很大的需求量。v【考点定位】考查名词词义辨析。*42v名词的复习方法:v熟记近义名词的辨析v熟记常见的不可数名词,单复数同形的名词,集合名词,如:advice,furniture,police,cattle;family,audience等等v掌握名词的抽象化和具体化v掌握名词的所有格形式v注意(复合)名词作定语v熟记名词与动词的固定搭配使用*