1、1883年,埃及发生了一次瘟疫大流行,一批批的病人相继死亡,共计58500人。,患者往往起病急,出现严重的腹泻和呕吐,米泔水样(rice water)腹泻物。若得不到及时救治,常常在短时间内因全身脱水、肌肉痉挛和周围循环衰竭,造成休克而死。,问题: 1、患者患有什么疾病? 2、如何确诊? 3、如何治疗?,霍乱弧菌,德国细菌学家科赫通过尸体解剖和镜检,从肠道乳白色液体中发现了外形短小、略有弯曲、拖曳细小尾部而形如逗号的霍乱弧菌。通过水、食物、生活接触和苍蝇等传播而进入人体的“逗号”,导致了霍乱。,霍乱弧菌,形态与染色:革兰染色阴性,弧菌,排列如“鱼群”状。单端鞭毛,运动活泼。可取呕吐或腹泻物,作
2、悬滴法活菌检查,可见细菌呈穿梭状或流星雨样运动。加入鞭毛血清(抗鞭毛抗体),运动终止(制动试验阳性)。,一、生物学特性,霍乱弧菌,培养特性:耐碱怕酸,最适pH为8.89.2,可在无盐环境中生长,常用碱性蛋白胨水或碱性琼脂平板培养。主要定植于小肠。,霍乱弧菌,抗原构造与分群:H抗原:无特异性;O抗原:分群。,O-1群:古典生物型和EL Tor生物型,引起霍乱 非O-1群:O2O138,引起散发性胃肠炎 O-139群:1992年新发现,毒力更强,引起霍乱,迄今,已发生过7次霍乱大流行。1900年,印度因霍乱死亡80余万人,创下印度单年霍乱死亡人数纪录。,霍乱弧菌,1、致病物质:鞭毛(运动,穿过肠黏
3、液层),菌毛(黏附至小肠黏膜上皮细胞表面微绒毛处),霍乱肠毒素。,二、致病性,霍乱弧菌,霍乱弧菌,2、所致疾病:霍乱。吞食细菌后23天,突然出现剧烈的腹泻与呕吐(上吐下泻),每小时失水量可达1L,腹泻物呈米泔水样,导致严重脱水,电解质紊乱,代谢性酸中毒,肾衰竭,休克。如未经治疗,病死率高达60%。,霍乱弧菌,1、标本:呕吐物、米泔水样粪便。 2、直接镜检:革兰染色阴性弧菌。悬滴法观察细菌运动活泼,呈穿梭状。制动试验阳性。 3、分离培养与鉴定:标本先接种至碱性蛋白胨水增菌,再作分离培养和革兰染色镜检。,三、微生物学检查法,霍乱弧菌,1、治疗的关键措施:及时补充水分和电解质。,四、防治原则,“急则
4、治其标,缓则治其本”。,霍乱弧菌,2、预防措施: 甲类传染病:鼠疫和霍乱。应在2小时内向 CDC报告,强制性隔离,加强国际性检疫。 乙类传染病,但纳入甲类管理:人感染高 致病性禽流感、SARS(传染性非典型肺炎、 严重急性呼吸综合症)、肺炭疽。 乙类传染病:麻疹、获得性免疫缺陷综合征 (艾滋病)。,霍乱弧菌,易感者:人类是霍乱弧菌的唯一易感者 传染源:患者和带菌者 传播途径:消化道:水、食物(海产品),霍乱弧菌,美国第11任总统波尔克在离任后的第103天死于霍乱。一年后,继任者扎卡里泰勒总统在独立日出席了华盛顿纪念碑奠基仪式,在返回白宫的途中,口渴的泰勒要了一杯冰冻混合饮料,5天后在总统任上命
5、赴黄泉。,霍乱弧菌,A 15-year-old girl develops severy diarrhea(腹泻). The stool(粪便)looks like “rice water.” It is voluminous more than 1L in the last 90 minutes. She has no fever and seems otherwise normal except th the effects of loss of fluid and electrolytes(电解质). Her fecal effluent is examined by darkfield
6、 microscopy(显微镜) and found to contain comma-shaped organisms.,霍乱弧菌,1The most likely cause of her illness is AClostridium difficile(艰难梭菌)enterotoxin BVibrio cholerae (霍乱弧菌)enterotoxin CShigella dysenteriae (痢疾志贺菌)Shiga toxin DEnterohemorrhagic E. coli(肠出血性大肠埃希 菌)Shiga toxin E. S. aureus(金黄色葡萄球菌)enter
7、otoxin,霍乱弧菌,2The microbial responsible for the patientss diarrhea is a toxin(毒素)that ABlocks EF-2 and inhibits protein synthesis BYields increased intracellular levels of cAMP CYields increased intracellular levels of cGMP DInbibits the release of acetylcholine(乙酰胆 碱)at the synapse(突触) E. Stimulates
8、 neural receptors,霍乱弧菌,3. Each of the following statements concerning the pathogen(病原体)is correct EXCEPT A. It is a gram-negative bacterium B. It grows best at a very high pH(8.8-9.0) C. It is actively motile by means of a polar flagellum(鞭毛) D. It is spread by contaminated water and food E. It can induce an invasive infection,霍乱弧菌,4The most important thing that can be done to treat the patient is ATo give her ciprofloxacin(环丙沙星) BTo give her the appropriate antitoxin CTo treat her with fluid and electrolyte replacement DTo give her probiotic(益生菌) E. To give her a toxoid(类毒素)vaccine,谢谢!,