1、高考英语语法复习高考英语语法复习非谓语动词非谓语动词怎么考怎么考 在语篇语境中考查非谓语动词的基本用法,侧重作在语篇语境中考查非谓语动词的基本用法,侧重作定语、状语、补足语的用法。定语、状语、补足语的用法。怎么学怎么学 在平时阅读、写作练习中,认真体会其基本用法,在平时阅读、写作练习中,认真体会其基本用法,尝试运用。尝试运用。怎么解怎么解 1.分析句子结构,确定设空处在句子中充当的成分分析句子结构,确定设空处在句子中充当的成分(如状语、定语等如状语、定语等);2.搜索句子中相关的时间信息,确搜索句子中相关的时间信息,确定非谓语动词的恰当形式。定非谓语动词的恰当形式。1.谓语动词:谓语动词:概述
2、:概述:2.非谓语动词:非谓语动词:在句子中担任谓语的动词在句子中担任谓语的动词 是动词的特殊形式,在句中可以是动词的特殊形式,在句中可以 作除谓语外的所有成分作除谓语外的所有成分1 The teachers sitting there are from other schools.表语表语2 We saw some teachers sitting there.宾语补足语宾语补足语3 We need to be active in class.宾语宾语谓语谓语宾语宾语主语主语定语定语连系动词连系动词非谓语动词大都可在句中作主非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、语、宾语、宾语
3、补足语、表语、定语、状语等定语、状语等.m4.To see you is glad.=Its glad to see you.m5.I want to see you.m6.I want him to see you.m7.My hope is to see you.m8.He is the man to see you.m9.Im glad to see you.10.I went to see you.11.He hurried to the station,only to find the train had left.(作主语)(作主语)(作宾语)作宾语)(作宾补)(作宾补)(作表语)
4、作表语)(作定语)(作定语)(作原因状语)(作原因状语)(作目的状语)(作目的状语)(作结果状语)(作结果状语)m12.Swimming is his favourite sport.m13.He enjoys swimming.m14.I found him swimming in the river.m15.His favourite sport is swimming.m16.He is the man swimming in the river just now.m17.Swimming in Summer,we can get cool.找出各句的谓语动词并指出其具体形式1.He h
5、ad a good memory like an elephant.他以前有很好的记忆力。2.It would be a waste of money building such a luxurious villa.建这么豪华的别墅太浪费钱。1哪些是动词的谓语形式?哪些是动词的谓语形式?答案答案 1.had,过去式 2.would be,附加情态动词的动词原形1哪些是动词的谓语形式?哪些是动词的谓语形式?3.When asked why,please just keep silent.当问到原因时,就保持沉默。4.The president was warmly welcomed by the
6、 residents.总统受到了居民的热烈欢迎。答案答案 3.keep,动词原形 4.was welcomed,动词的被动形式1 谓语动词的形式包括主动句各种时态下的谓语形式和被动句各种时态下的谓语形式以及情态动词与动词连用的各种形式。指出下列动词形式是谓语动词形式还是非谓语动词形式指出下列动词形式是谓语动词形式还是非谓语动词形式2 哪些是动词的非谓语形式?哪些是动词的非谓语形式?1.teaches _2.teaching _3.will teach _4.having taught _5.was taught _6.are teaching _7.to teach _指出下列动词形式是谓语动
7、词形式还是非谓语动词形式指出下列动词形式是谓语动词形式还是非谓语动词形式2 哪些是动词的非谓语形式?哪些是动词的非谓语形式?答案答案非谓语动词形式:2,4,7;谓语动词的形式:1,3,5,6。2 动名词,现在分词,不定式与过去分词以及它们相应时态与语态下的各种形式叫作动词的非谓语形式。换言之,不能作谓语的动词形式叫非谓语动词。3 非谓语动词的否定式怎么表达?非谓语动词的否定式怎么表达?根据汉语提示完成句子根据汉语提示完成句子(每空一词每空一词)1.因为不按时上学,他经常受到老师批评。He is often criticized by the teacher because of _ _ to
8、school on time.2.因为不知道真相,这些村民抗议修建高速公路。_ _ _ the truth,the villagers protested against building an express way.Not having knownnot going3 非谓语动词的否定式怎么表达?非谓语动词的否定式怎么表达?3.为了不让公众认出来,这个明星戴了副墨镜。In order _ _ _ _ by the public,the star wore a pair of sunglasses.4.没人告诉你怎样做,你就先休息一会儿吧。_ _ how to do it you can,t
9、ake a rest first.答案答案3.not to be recognized 4.Not told3 非谓语动词的否定式为 not 非谓语动词4非谓语动词有时态和语态吗非谓语动词有时态和语态吗?语态语态时态时态主动主动不定式动名词现在分词过去分词一般to dodoingdoing完成to have donehaving donehaving done进行to be doing非谓语动词不仅有时态,而且有语态,具体形式见下表 4非谓语动词有时态和语态吗非谓语动词有时态和语态吗?语态语态时态时态被动被动不定式动名词现在分词过去分词一般to be donebeing donebeing d
10、one完成to have donehaving donehaving done进行to be doing4非谓语动词有时态和语态吗非谓语动词有时态和语态吗?语态语态时态时态 主动主动 被被 动动不定式动名词现在分词过去分词否定式 not 非谓语动词(含各种时态)注意:注意:过去分词无所谓主动和被动式,有且只有一般式done1.作主语作主语 动词不定式动词不定式To see is to believe 注:注:常用常用it做形式主语,将做形式主语,将to do放在位于之后,使句子保持平衡。放在位于之后,使句子保持平衡。句型句型1:It+谓语谓语+to doIt takes us an hour
11、to get there by bus.句型句型2:Its+n.+to doIts our duty to help the poor.句型句型3:It is adj.for/of sb.to do sth.It is+adj+for sb to do sthIt is+adj+of sb to do sth(是形容人的品质的是形容人的品质的)(是形容事物的性质的是形容事物的性质的)It is easy for me to finish this work before ten.Its impolite(of you)to speak to the teacher like that.常见动词
12、有:常见动词有:口诀:想要决定同意,希望许诺选择口诀:想要决定同意,希望许诺选择 want,decide,hope,agree,choose,wish,need,promise2.作宾语作宾语 I want to know this matter.like,demand,expect,promise,begin,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,seem,intend,prefer,forget,mean,prepare,pretend,continue,start,afford,hate等等1).接不定式做宾语接不定式做宾语to beto go
13、to danceto give2).常跟疑问词常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词不定式作宾语的动词:tell,advise,show,teach,find out,decide,discuss,learn,explain,know,show,discover,see(understand)He taught us how to use the tool.No one could tell me where to get the book.I hope youll advise me what to do.I havent decided whether to go or stay.1)、主语)、主
14、语+be+to do sth 主语多为主语多为 duty/wish/hope/idea/plan/ambition/dream/work/job 等等 名词名词 1、My ambition is to be a singer.2、His work is to clean the classroom every day.3.3.作表语作表语我的梦想是成为一名歌手。我的梦想是成为一名歌手。他的工作是每天清扫教室。他的工作是每天清扫教室。2 2)、谚语中)、谚语中1、To know everything is to know nothing.2、To see is to believe.4.作宾语补
15、足语作宾语补足语(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系)1.Mother told me _ come back before 10 oclock.2.Ill get someone _ repair the recorder for you.3.What caused him _ change his mind?4.I wish you _ come as soon as possible.5.He asked me _do the work with him.to to to to to 2).I often hear them(sing)thi
16、s song.Did you notice anyone(come)in?I would have him(wait)for me for a long time.Look at the horse jump.注意:注意:当这类动词转为被动语态时,当这类动词转为被动语态时,其后其后的不定式则要加上的不定式则要加上“to”如:如:He is often heard _ the song He was seen _ the room.to singto enter5)有两个以上的不定式并列在一起时有两个以上的不定式并列在一起时,第二个不定式的第二个不定式的 to 可可以省略以省略I promise
17、 to finish my homework and hand it on time.5)当作宾语的不定式重复时当作宾语的不定式重复时,只保留只保留to-Do you want to have a rest?-Yes,I want to,but I cant.5.it作形式宾语作形式宾语I find/feel to work with him interesting I find/feel it interesting to work with him注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用把不
18、定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用it作形式宾语。作形式宾语。Subject+find/think/feel/make/consider it+adj/n+to do sth.1.We thought _ better _ start early.2.Do you consider _ better not _ go?3.I feel _ my duty _ change all that.4.We think _ important _ obey the law.5.I know _ impossible _ finish so much homework in a day.itto it i
19、t it ittotototo用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空,使句子完整、正确用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空,使句子完整、正确。1.Let me _(help)you _(water)the flowers.2.Little Sandy would love _(take)to the cinema this evening.3.Though he often made his deskmate _(cry),today he was made _(cry)by his deskmate.4.I saw him _ into the small store.A.wentB.goingC.to
20、goD.has gone5.Tell the boy _ out of the window.A.not to look B.to not lookC.dont lookD.not look help(to)waterto takecryto cry 6.作作定语定语1)不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系 Do you have anything to wash today?Do you have anything to be washed today?(区别区别主被动)主被动)2)不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容 I have no chan
21、ce to go there.3)被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语 She is the last to leave the room.4)不定式为不及物动词时,须加介词不定式为不及物动词时,须加介词 He is looking for a room to live in.1.The house is not big enough for us all_.A.to live inB.to be lived in C.to live D.for living in2.Would you please pass me the knife _?A.to cut the fruit
22、 withB.to cut the fruit C.cutting the fruitD.cutting the fruit with3.I have something important to say.please find a piece of paper (写上)(写上)4.Excuse me,could I use your pen for a moment?I have no pen (写)(写)to write onto write with动词不定式做定语动词不定式做定语 高中阶段能接高中阶段能接-ing作宾语的常见动词:作宾语的常见动词:mind(介意)(介意),sugges
23、t(建议)(建议),enjoy(欣(欣赏,)赏,),admit(承认)(承认),appreciate(感激,(感激,欣赏)欣赏),avoid(避免)(避免),delay(推迟)(推迟),dislike(不喜欢,厌恶)(不喜欢,厌恶),escape(逃脱)(逃脱),finish(完成)(完成),forgive(宽恕)(宽恕),imagine(想象)(想象),keep(保持)(保持),miss(错过)(错过),practise(训练)(训练),resist(抵抗,抵制)(抵抗,抵制),risk(冒险)(冒险),deny(拒绝,否认)(拒绝,否认),consider(考虑)等。(考虑)等。-ing作
24、作介词宾语介词宾语,经常用在一些短语的后,经常用在一些短语的后面。面。look forward to,be proud of,be responsible for ,insist on,think of,dream of ,object to,hear of,preventfrom,keepfrom,stopfrom,be engaged in,depend on,thankfor,excusefor,aim at,devoteto,set about(着手做)(着手做),get down to doing sth.be/get used to,be fond of,be afraid of,
25、be tired of,succeed in,be ashamed of,注意:在有些句子中,介词常可省去。如:注意:在有些句子中,介词常可省去。如:I have no difficulty(in)communicating with foreigners.He used to spend a lot of time(in)playing games.。What can prevent us(from)getting married?LOREM IPSUM DOLOR另外,-ing可以和一些介词如in,on,after,against,before,by,for,without,besides
26、等构成短语,在句中作状语。如:He left ahead of time without saying a word.Besides cooking and sewing,she had to take care of four children.On hearing the news,all the pupils jumped with joy.Grammar The Past Participle过去分词过去分词 1.过去分词具有动词的性质,同时兼有过去分词具有动词的性质,同时兼有形容词或副词的性质,可以拥有自己的逻形容词或副词的性质,可以拥有自己的逻辑主语,在句中可以作辑主语,在句中可以
27、作表语、定语、状语表语、定语、状语和补足语和补足语。Explanation2.v-ed表示动作已经表示动作已经完成完成或或被动被动意义意义eg:fallen leaves落叶落叶(已落下的叶子已落下的叶子)eg:I heard the door closed.我听见门被关上了。我听见门被关上了。3.否定式:否定式:not+v-edeg:He escaped,not seen by anyone.过去分词所充当的成分:过去分词所充当的成分:一、一、作表语作表语(predicative)1.过去分词作表语,表示主语的心理感觉或过去分词作表语,表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态,其用法相当于所处的状态,
28、其用法相当于adj.,放在系动,放在系动词后面。词后面。eg:The door remained locked till 7 oclock.I am pleased with the result of the experiment.(许多许多v-ed形式已经被当作形式已经被当作adj.使用使用,如如:excited,disappointed,moved,puzzled,lost等等)注意区别:注意区别:2.v-ed作表语时,与系动词一起构成的系表作表语时,与系动词一起构成的系表结构与普通的被动语态在形式上相似。结构与普通的被动语态在形式上相似。系表结构中的系表结构中的v-ed表示:表示:被动
29、语态中的被动语态中的v-ed表示:表示:主语所处的状态主语所处的状态一个被动的动作一个被动的动作eg:The cup is broken.The cup was broken by Tom.系表结构表状态系表结构表状态被动语态表动作被动语态表动作注意比较:注意比较:3.过去分词过去分词v-ed和和v-ing作表语的区别:作表语的区别:过去分词过去分词v-ed:现在分词现在分词v-ing:表主语表主语(人人)所处的心理状态,所处的心理状态,个人的感受个人的感受.“(人人)感到感到.”表主语表主语(物或人物或人)所具有的特征所具有的特征.“(物或人物或人)令人令人.”eg:surprised/su
30、rprising;encouraged/encouraging;moved/moving.二、二、作定语作定语(attribute)1.前置定语前置定语:单个的:单个的v-ed作定语,一般放在作定语,一般放在被修饰的被修饰的n.之前;之前;后置定语后置定语:v-ed短语作定语时,常被放在被短语作定语时,常被放在被修饰的修饰的n.之后,相当于一个定语从句。之后,相当于一个定语从句。eg:an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人一位受尊敬的客人eg:The injured bird lay on the ground.eg:The boy named Tom is my brother.
31、eg:a letter written in blue ink注意注意:如果被修饰的词是复合不定代词或指示代词如果被修饰的词是复合不定代词或指示代词those等时,即使是一个单一的分词作定语也等时,即使是一个单一的分词作定语也要放在被修饰的词之后。要放在被修饰的词之后。eg:There was nobody invited here.2.v-ed作定语与定语从句的互换作定语与定语从句的互换:(1)若是若是vt.的过去分词作定语表示已经完成的的过去分词作定语表示已经完成的动作,且含有被动意义,可改成动作,且含有被动意义,可改成v.用用被动被动形形式的定语从句。式的定语从句。eg:The lett
32、er posted today will reach you in a week.=The letter which was posted today will.(2)若是若是vi.的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成,不表被动,可改成成,不表被动,可改成v.用用完成完成时态的定语时态的定语从句。从句。eg:a retired teacher=a teacher who has retiredeg:the fallen leaves=the leaves which have fallen注意:注意:分词的完成式一般不作定语,若要分词的完成式一般不作定语,若要表达完成
33、意义常用定语从句。表达完成意义常用定语从句。我们一般不说我们一般不说 The girl having won the race is my friend.而常说:而常说:The girl who has won the race is my friend.3.v-ed形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别:形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别:(1)doing作定语作定语-主动主动,动作正在进行,动作正在进行(3)done作定语作定语-被动被动,动作已完成,动作已完成(2)being done作定语作定语-被动被动,动作正在进行,动作正在进行(4)to do作定语作定语-将来要发生的动作将来要发生的动作
34、(5)having done-不能作定语,用定语从句代替不能作定语,用定语从句代替注意比较:注意比较:eg:a broken cup;some singing birds三、三、作宾补作宾补(Object Complement)v-ed作宾补,表示作宾补,表示被动意义被动意义或或已完成意义已完成意义,或两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词或两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的与宾语有逻辑上的被动关系被动关系。v-ed作宾补的几大类型的作宾补的几大类型的v.:1.在在make,get,have,keep,leave等使役动词等使役动词后面作宾补:后面作宾补:eg:Please k
35、eep us informed of the latest news.请随时把最新消息告诉我们。请随时把最新消息告诉我们。eg:When you speak,you have to make yourself understood.说话时要让人听得懂。说话时要让人听得懂。注意:注意:在在have+n./pron.+过去分词,即过去分词,即have sth.done这一结构中,这一结构中,have通常有三种通常有三种意义。意义。eg:I usually have my clothes washed on Sundays,but I dont wash my clothes myself.(1)表
36、示表示“让某人做某事让某人做某事”,v-ed动作的执行动作的执行者通常不是句子的主语。者通常不是句子的主语。eg:The museum had everything robbed of in the war.eg:I have had my bike repaired.(2)表示表示“遭遇到某种不幸,受到打击遭遇到某种不幸,受到打击”,v-ed动作的执行者不是句子的主语,而是主动作的执行者不是句子的主语,而是主语受到这种动作的影响。语受到这种动作的影响。eg:The old man had his leg broken in the accident.(3)表示通常意义的表示通常意义的“有有”
37、。eg:We had a lot of books left in the classroom.2.在在see,hear,watch,notice,feel,find,think等感官动词或表示心理状态的动词后面作宾等感官动词或表示心理状态的动词后面作宾补:补:eg:I saw the thief caught by the policeman.eg:We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops.1.We found the trees _(plant)already.We found many people _ trees th
38、ere.plantedplantingExercise:2.Mrs.White found her husband _ by letters and papers and _ very worried.A.surrounding;looking B.surrounded;looked C.surrounding;looked D.surrounded;looking四、四、作状语作状语(Adverbial)v-ed作状语,它与作状语,它与主句的主语主句的主语构成被动关系,构成被动关系,表示被动的或已完成的动作。此时可以表示表示被动的或已完成的动作。此时可以表示原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随情况等
39、,相原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句。当于一个状语从句。v-ed作状语的几大类型作状语的几大类型:(1)作作原因状语原因状语,相当于,相当于as,since,because引引导的原因状语从句导的原因状语从句.eg:Deeply moved by the film,we all cried.=As we were deeply moved by the film,we all cried.(2)作作时间状语时间状语,相当于,相当于when,while,before,after引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句.Asked how he broke into the ro
40、om,he made no answer.=When he was asked how he broke into the room,he made no answer.(3)作作条件状语条件状语,相当于,相当于if,unless,once引导引导的条件状语从句的条件状语从句.eg:Given more time,we would do the work better.=eg:If we were given more time,we would do the work better(4)作作方式或伴随状语方式或伴随状语,可位于句首或句末,可位于句首或句末,可扩充为并列句。可扩充为并列句。eg
41、:The actress came in,followed by her fans.=The actress came in,and was followed by her fans.(5)作作让步状语让步状语,有时可以与,有时可以与although,though,even if,even though等连用等连用eg:Much tired,my parents still kept on working.=Although they were much tired,my parents still kept on working.eg:Though beaten by them,we wer
42、e not discouraged.=eg:Though we were beaten by them,we were not discouraged.注意:注意:过去分词作状语,有时无被动意味,过去分词作状语,有时无被动意味,只表示状态只表示状态,或是固定搭配。或是固定搭配。1._ in a white uniform,he looks more like a cook than a doctor.A.Dressed B.To dress C.Dressing D.Having dressed解析:解析:be dressed in sth.穿着穿着.,表状态,表状态2._ with a bi
43、ll for$10,000,he has taken an extra job.A.Facing B.Having faced C.To face D.Faced解析:解析:be faced with sth.面对面对.,是固定搭配,是固定搭配比较:比较:v-ed,v-ing,to do作状语的用法作状语的用法(1)v-ed作状语表示作状语表示:被动的或已完成的动作被动的或已完成的动作(2)v-ing作状语表示作状语表示:主动的和正在进行的动作,主动的和正在进行的动作,即动作由句子的即动作由句子的主语发出,并和谓主语发出,并和谓v.的动作同时发生的动作同时发生(3)to do作状语表示作状语表
44、示:主动的动作,常作主动的动作,常作“目的,原因,结果目的,原因,结果”状状语语Exercises:Exercises:1._ with other architecture,this building is special.2._ to other women,she was very lucky.3._ different cultures,we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.A.Compared B.Being comparedC.Comparing D
45、.Having comparedACA 翻译下列句子并指出非谓语动词在句中充当的成分翻译下列句子并指出非谓语动词在句中充当的成分1.The HR manager hurried to the airport only to be told the plane had taken off.那位人事经理急匆匆赶到机场想不到被告知飞机已经起飞。to be told作结果状语。5 动名词,现在分词,动词不定式及过去分词动名词,现在分词,动词不定式及过去分词在句中作什么成分在句中作什么成分?5 动名词,现在分词,动词不定式及过去分词动名词,现在分词,动词不定式及过去分词在句中作什么成分在句中作什么成分?
46、2.Talking to such a man is just like talking to a wall.3.He came running.答案答案2与这样的人谈话等于对牛弹琴。第一个“talking”短语作主语;后一个talking短语作宾语。3他跑着来了。running作方式状语。5 动名词,现在分词,动词不定式及过去分词动名词,现在分词,动词不定式及过去分词在句中作什么成分在句中作什么成分?4.Taken as a whole,the 16th Asian Games are well organized.答案答案整体来看,第十六届亚运会组织得很好。taken作条件状语。5 非谓语
47、动词动名词,现在分词,动词不定式及过去分词在句中可充当除谓语以外的各种成分,具体用法见下表(一般情况下)主语谓语宾语定语状语补语表语独立成分动名词5主语谓语宾语定语状语补语表语独立成分现在分词不定式过去分词6 现在分词和动名词作定语有何区别现在分词和动名词作定语有何区别?翻译下列句子,指出翻译下列句子,指出-ing形式的不同含义并判形式的不同含义并判断其类别断其类别1.Let the sleeping dog lie.2.A sleeping car is expensive.答案答案1不要自找麻烦(让正在睡觉的狗躺着)。dog与sleeping有逻辑上的主谓关系,即“狗睡觉”。sleepin
48、g 是现在分词。6 现在分词和动名词作定语有何区别现在分词和动名词作定语有何区别?翻译下列句子,指出翻译下列句子,指出-ing形式的不同含义并判形式的不同含义并判断其类别断其类别1.Let the sleeping dog lie.2.A sleeping car is expensive.答案答案2卧车是很昂贵的。sleeping表示car的用途,即“用来睡觉的车”。sleeping是动名词。6 动名词和现在分词均可作定语,动名词作定语时,动名词表达被修饰词的用途。现在分词作定语时表达被修饰词与该分词逻辑上的主谓关系。翻译下列句子,指出翻译下列句子,指出-ing形式的不同含义并判形式的不同含
49、义并判断其类别断其类别1.My job is teaching.7现在分词和动名词作表语有何区别现在分词和动名词作表语有何区别?答案答案我的职业是教书。teaching与my job是等同关系,teaching表达my job的具体内容。表语teaching和主语my job可交换位置,即可表达为:Teaching is my job.teaching是动名词。翻译下列句子,指出翻译下列句子,指出-ing形式的不同含义并判形式的不同含义并判断其类别断其类别 2.My job is interesting.7现在分词和动名词作表语有何区别现在分词和动名词作表语有何区别?答案答案我的职业很有趣。i
50、nteresting与my job是修饰与被修饰关系,interesting表达my job的特征、性质。表语interesting和主语my job不可交换位置。interesting是现在分词。7 动名词作表语表达主语的具体内容,此时表语与主语可交换位置。现在分词作表语表达主语的性质与特征,一般情况不可与主语交换位置。8现在分词和不定式作结果状语有何区别现在分词和不定式作结果状语有何区别?翻译下列句子,指出句中画线部分充当的成分及其含义 1.The old lady hurried to the bus station to see her son off only to be told