1、动词可以按照其含义及它们在句中的功能分成四类：连系 动词、实义动词、助动词和情态动词。连系动词 连系动词又叫系动词，它不能直接作谓语，后面常跟形容 词(作表语)构成系表结构表达完整的意义。常见的系动词有：be,become,get,turn,grow,look,sound,smell,taste,feel,keep,seem,remain,stay,come,fall,go 等。如：He looked very excited.他看起来很兴奋。Roses smell sweet.玫瑰闻起来很香。Its getting colder and colder.天变得越来越冷了。注意：系动词没有被动语
2、态，一般不能用于进行时态。动词的类别动词的类别 实义动词 实义动词又叫行为动词，它表示事物的动作或状态，在句 中能独立作谓语。它可分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)。及 物动词后面需跟宾语才能使其意义完整，如 like,make,clean,love 等。不及物动词本身意义就完整，不能直接跟宾语；如果 要跟宾语，则要与介词搭配，如 come,go,leave,laugh,listen,run,swim,stand 等。如：I am reading an interesting book.我正在看一本有趣的书。(及物动词)He is running.他正在跑步。(不及物动词)The b
3、oy is listening to music.这个男孩正在听音乐。(不及物动词)一、及物动词：一、及物动词：?buy,catch,invent,found,like,observe,offer,prevent,promise,raise,find,forget,receive,regard,see,say,seat,supply,select,suppose,show,make,take,tell 二、不及物动词：二、不及物动词：?agree,go,work,listen,look,come,die,belong,fall,exist,rise,arrive,sit,sail,hurry,
4、fail,succeed 三、及物与不及物意思不一样 1.beat vi.跳动 vt.敲、打;2.grow vi.生长 vt.种植 3.play vi.玩耍 vt.打（牌、球）,演奏 4.smell vi.发出（气味）vt.嗅 5.ring vi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话 6.speak vi.讲话 vt.说（语言）7.hang vi.悬挂 vt.绞死 8.operate vi.动手术 vt.操作 9.lift vi 烟雾消散 vt举起 助动词 助动词本身没有任何实际的意义，必须和实义动词连用，帮助构成疑问句、否定句以及各种时态、语态、语气等。常见 的助动词有：be(am,is,are,wa
5、s,were),do(does,did),have(has,had),will,would,shall,should 等。其中 do,have 也可作实义动词。情态动词 情态动词本身具有一定的意义，但不能单独作谓语，后面 必须跟动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气、态度以及 请求、愿望等。它没有人称和数的变化(have to 除外)。常见的 情态动词有：can,could,may,might,must,should,would,need 等。?大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、第三人称单数、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。?1第三人称单数形式的构成?一般现在时中主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词
6、后要加s或es，其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同。?不规则变化的有havehas等。2现在分词的构成 规则变化 动词原形动词原形 现在分词 一般在动词后加-ing help work helping working 以不发音的字母e结尾的 动词，先去e再加-ing write move writing moving 以y结尾的动词，直接 加-ing play study playing studying 以重读闭音节结尾的动 词，先双写末尾的辅音 字母，再加-ing get begin getting beginning 以ie结尾的名词，一般 将ie改为y，再加-ing lie die
7、lying dying 规则变化 动词原形 第三人称单数 一般在动词词尾加-s(-s在清辅音后读/s/，-s在浊辅音后读/z/)work grow works/s/grows/z/以s，x，sh，ch或o结尾的动词加-es(-es读/iz/，o后的-es读/z/)guess mix finish catch go guesses/iz/mixes/iz/finishes/iz/catches/iz/goes/z/以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加-es(-ies读/iz/)study carry studies/iz/carries/iz/以元音字母加y结尾的动词，直接加-s(-s读/z
8、/)play say plays/z/says/z/以字母e结尾的动词，直接加-s(-s读/z/或/s/)write like writes/z/likes/s/?3.过去式和过去分词的构成?规则变化 规则变化规则变化 动词原形 过去式，过去分词及其读音 一般在动词词尾加-ed(在清辅音后读/t/，在浊辅音后读d，在t和d后读/id/)ask answer want need asked-asked/t/answered answered/d/wanted wanted/id/neededneeded/id 以不发音的e结尾的动词，只加-d(读/d/)love dance lovedloved
9、/d/danced danced/d/以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，把y变为i，再加-ed(读/d/)try study tried tried/d/studied studied/d/以元音字母加以元音字母加y结结尾的动词，直接尾的动词，直接加加-ed(读读/d/)play stay played played/d/stayed stayed/d/以重读闭音节结尾的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed(在清辅音后读/t/，在浊辅音后读/d/，在t和d后读/id/)stop plan stopped stopped/t/planned planned/d/1.beat beat beaten 2
10、.become became become 3.begin began begun 4.bend bent bent 5.blow blew blown 6.break broke broken 7.burn burnt burnt 8.build built built 9.bring brought brought 10.buy bought bought 11.catch caught caught 12.choose chose chosen e came come 14.cost cost cost 1.cut cut cut 2.do did done 3.draw drew dr
11、awn 4.drink drank drunk 5.drive drove driven 6.eat ate eaten 7.fall fell fallen 8.feed fed fed 9.feel felt felt 10.find found found 11.fit fit fit 12.fly flew flown 13.forget forgot forgotten 14.get got got 常见的不规则动词变化 1.give gave given 2.go went gone 3.grow grew grown 4.have had had 5.hear heard hea
12、rd 6.hide hid hidden 7.hit hit hit 8.hold held held 9.hurt hurt hurt 10.keep kept kept 11.know knew known 12.lead led led 13.leave left left 14.lend lent lent 1.let let let 2.lie lay lain 3.light lit lit 4.lose lost lost 5.make made made 6.meet met met 7.pay paid paid 8.put put put 9.read read read
13、10.ride rode ridden 11.ring rang rung 12.rise rose risen 13.run ran run 14.say said said 1.see saw seen 2.sell sold sold 3.send sent sent 4.set set set 5.shall should should 6.shine shone shone 7.show showed shown 8.shut shut shut 9.sing sang sung 10.sit sat sat 11.sleep slept slept 12.smell smelt s
14、melt 13.speak spoke spoken 14.spend spent spent 1.spill spilt spilt 2.spit spat spat 3.spoil spoilt spoilt 4.stand stood stood 5.sweep swept swept 6.swim swam swum 7.take took taken 8.teach taught taught 9.tell told told 10.think thought thought 11.throw threw thrown 12.understand understood .13.wak
15、e woke woken 14.win won won 15.write wrote written?1、以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时，表示动作到现在为止已结束，例如：He has studied English for three years.He has gone.?2、持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，而瞬间性动词则不能。例如：His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.?3、瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用?例如：He has been in the army/a soldier fo
16、r three years.（他参军已有3年了。）不能用has joined?瞬间动词和持续性动词 非延续性动词 延续性动词 非延续性动词 延续性动词 borrow/lend keep die be dead open be open close be closed buy have join be in/a member of leave be away(from)finish/end be over begin/start be on arrive/come be here/in catch/get a cold have a cold marry be married 常见非延续性动词与
17、延续性动词的转化对照表：常见非延续性动词与延续性动词的转化对照表：配to的 配for的 bring,fetch,give,hand,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,post,promise,sell,send,show,take,teach,tell,throw,write 动词后同时用人、物做宾语（注意人和物的不同位置）例:give me the book=give the book to me ask,buy,call,choose,cook,do,find,get,keep,leave,save 1arrive,get to,reach 这三个词都有“到达”之意。(1)a
18、rrive 和 get 是不及物动词，后面需加介词才能接地点。其中 arrive at小地方，arrive in大地方，get to地点。(2)reach 是及物动词，后面直接加地点。即景活用 to in at/(1)I got _ the village last month.(2)Well arrive _ Shanghai tomorrow morning.(3)When did you arrive _ the station?(4)Please call me when you reach _ Changsha.2take,bring,fetch,get (1)take 指从说话者所
19、在的地方把某人(物)“带去”(单 程)。(2)bring 指从别处把某人(物)带来说话者所在的地方(单 程)。(3)fetchget，指从某地到别处把某物拿来(双程)。即景活用 bring take fetch/get (1)Next time dont forget to _ me a copy of your work.(2)He likes these art works in this town very much,so he wants to _ them to his country when he leaves.(3)Please _ me the documents in th
20、at room.3join,join in,attend,take part in(1)join 指参加某党派、某组织或某社会团体并成为其中的 一员，如参军、入党、入团等。(2)join in 指参加小规模的活动，如球赛、游戏等，多用于 口语中。(3)attend 是正式用语，指出席或参加会议、仪式，如婚礼、葬礼、上课、上学、听报告等，强调的是“出席”这一动作本 身。(4)take part in 指参加群众性的活动，重在说明主语参加这 一活动并在活动中发挥积极作用。take part in joined joined in attend 即景活用 (1)Every excellent pla
21、yer wants to _ the Olympics and win.(2)His brother _ the army three years ago.(3)The whole class _ to sing the song soon.(4)I will _ an important meeting tomorrow.4tell,say,speak,talk (1)tell 意为“告诉；讲述”，表示告诉某人某事，着重指 把一件事情传达给别人，或讲述一个事件、一个故事等，可接 双宾语。(2)say 意为“说；诉说”，指用言语表达自己的思想，后 接说的内容，常作及物动词，后接名词、代词或从句
22、。(3)speak 意为“说；说话”，用作不及物动 词时强调 “说”这一动作，而不是指说的内容；作及物动词时通常接某 种语言作宾语。(4)talk 是不及物动词，意为“谈话”，指两人或两人以上 的一般交谈，常与介词 to,with 连用，意为“与交谈”；与 about,of 连用时意为“谈论”。即景活用 speak to say in(1)请找李雷听电话，好吗？told not to lie May I _ _ Li Lei,please?(2)你能用英语说这个单词吗？Can you _ the word _ English?(3)妈妈告诉我不要躺在床上看书。Mum _ me _ _ _ in
23、 bed to read.talking with/to(4)李先生正与布朗太太在交谈。Mr.Li is _ _ Mrs.Brown.5pay,spend,cost,take (1)pay 意为“付款；赔偿”，主语通常是人，常用结构为：sb.pay some money for sth.或 pay sb.(some money for sth.)。(2)spend 的 主 语 通 常 是 人，常 用 结 构 为：(sb.)spend money/time on sth.或(sb.)spend money/time(in)doing sth.。(3)cost 的主语必须是物，常用结构为：sth.
24、cost(sb.)some money。(4)take 表示“占用、花费”时间，其主语通常为形式主 语 it 或物，常用结构为：It/sth.takes sb.some time to do sth.。spent pay took cost 即景活用 (1)They _ two years building the bridge.(2)How much money did you _ for the jacket?(3)It _ him three hours to finish his homework.(4)The car _ me lots of money.6borrow,lend,k
25、eep (1)borrow 表示从别人那里借来东西，即“借进来”。常 用的搭配是 borrow sth.from sb.。borrow 是一个瞬间完成的动作，因此不能与一段时间连用。(2)lend 表示把自己的东西借给别人，即“借出去”。常 用的搭配是 lend sb.sth./lend sth.to sb.。lend 与 borrow 一样，也 是一个瞬间完成的动作，不能与一段时间连用。(3)keep 也可意为“借”，但侧重指借来后的保存或使用 阶段，表示借用一段时间，因此可以与一段时间连用。borrow from lending me lending to 即景活用 (1)我们经常从学校图
26、书馆借书。We often _ books _ our school library.(2)谢谢你把自行车借给我。Thank you for _ _ your bike.Thank you for _ your bike _ me.(3)这本书我才借了一星期。have kept I _ _ this book for only one week.7dress,wear,put on,be in(1)dress 意为“给穿衣”，只用于穿衣服，不用于 穿鞋、戴帽子等，宾语为人。(2)wear 表示“穿、戴”衣物、鞋、帽、饰物等，强调“穿着”的状态。(3)put on 意为“把穿上”，强调“穿”的动
27、作。(4)be in 表示“穿着，戴着”，后接颜色或衣物，强调 状态。dress in wearing put on 即景活用 (1)Please _ the children right now.(2)John is _ white today.(3)The girl is _ a pair of glasses.(4)Its cold.Youd better _ your coat.8happen 与 take place 两者均可意为“发生”，都是不及物动词，不能用于进行 时态和被动语态。(1)happen 常指具体事件的发生，特别是那些偶然的或未 能预见的“发生”，此时主语为“事”；还
28、可表示“碰巧；恰 好”之意，此时主语为“人”。(2)take place 通常指“(某事)按计划进行或发生”，还可 表示“举行某种活动”。happens taking place happened 即景活用 (1)He _ to know the place.(2)Great changes are _ in the city.(3)Has anything _ to him?(4)The meeting will _ next Friday.take place 9look,see,watch,read(1)look 强调“看”的动作，是不及物动词，后接宾语 时要加介词 at。(2)see
29、强调“看”的结果，意为“看见”，是及物动词，可用于短语 see sb.do/doing sth.(看见某人做过/正在做某事)。(3)watch 意为“观看，注视”，强调过程，常用于看电 视、球赛等。(4)read 意为“读，阅读”，指看书、看报等。saw look watching reading 即景活用 (1)I _ a bird in the tree just now.(2)The teacher told us to _ at the blackboard.(3)All the students are _the football match carefully.(4)Li Lei
30、is _ the letter from his parents.动词短语 动词短语指动词跟一个或两个介词或副词构成的固定词语。其意义上与原来动词不同。常用短语如下：look短语 look for寻找；look after照顾；look over查看；look forward to渴望，向往；look at看着；look up抬头看，查找，look into 调查；look out当心；look like看起来像；look the same看起来一样；look through浏览 put短语 put off推迟；put on 穿上，上演；put away 把暂时收起来；put out扑灭；pu
31、t down写下；put back放回；put up 举起，建造，张贴。turn短语 turn on打开；turn off关掉；turn up把音量开大一点；turn down把音量开小一点；turn to朝向；turn into变成；turn over翻开，翻转；turn into把变成。get短语 get on/along(well)with与某人相处(融洽)；get up起床；get on上车(船、飞机、马)；get off下车(船、飞机、马)；get back回去；get back to回到；get away离开，逃脱；get down下来；get home到家；get into进入，
32、陷入；get out(of)(从)出去；get to到达；get together聚会。take短语 take off(飞机)起飞，脱掉(衣服)；take in吸收，上当；take away拿走；take out取出；take on雇佣，呈现；take down取下；take up占据时间、空间，开始从事，拿起。agree短语 agree with同意某人的(意见、想法、分析、解释)；agree to同意(计划、办法)；agree to do sth.同意做某事。go短语 go over温习，复习 go swimming/skating/shopping/dancing/fishing/hun
33、ting/camping去游泳/溜冰/购物/跳舞/钓鱼/打猎/野营；go into走进；go out出去，熄灭；go away走开；go back回去，回顾；go up上升，攀登；go by时间流逝，从旁经过；go down下降，下沉；go for为而去；go on继续；go through经历；go to school去上学；go home回家；go to the doctor去看医生。come短语 come along一道来；come in进来；come into进入；come out出来，出版 come down下来；come from来自；come back回来；come across
34、偶然遇到 come over过来；come home回家；come into use开始使用；come on快，得啦，跟着来，加油。give短语 give up放弃；give off放出、发出(气体、气味、烟雾、光、水、热等)；give out精疲力竭、累倒，耗尽、用完 give away泄露，赠送；give in屈服，让步，投降。make短语 make a decision作出决定；make sb.do sth.让某人做某事；make a mistake犯错误；make progress取得进步；make friends with与交朋友；make up编造，虚构，打扮，构成，组成；make
35、 a face做鬼脸。?be短语 be friendly/kind to对友好；be different from与不同；be afraid of害怕；be popular with受欢迎；be interested in对感兴趣；be strict with对某人严格；be strict in对某事严格；be famous/known as作为出名；be famous/known for因著名；be surprised at对惊讶；be pleased with对满意；be proud of对感到自豪；be polite/impolite to对某人有礼貌/不礼貌；be thankful/grateful to对某人感激；be good for对有好处；be good at擅长于；be made up of由构成；be angry with对某人生气；be busy with忙于；be full of/filled with装满；be late for迟到；be covered with覆盖着。?call短语 call at拜访(后接地点)；call on拜访(后接被拜访的对象)，号召；call back回电话；call up打电话，使回忆起；call for 叫某人同往某处。
