1、1Social Services(US)Objectives Have a general knowledge about the social security in the United States Be informed of public welfare programs in the United States Be acquainted with charitable voluntary organizations in the United States Understand the health care services in the United States Be fa
2、miliar with the housing issues in the United States2Contents3II.Voluntary servicesI.Public social servicesIV.Housing III.Health care services Two Opposite Traditions Individualism and Indepedence Frontier Spirit and Self-reliant frontiersman Laissez faire（自由放任）:An economic doctrine that opposes gove
3、rnmental regulation of or interference in commerce beyond the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to operate according to its own economic laws.Interdependence Pioneer community（开拓者社区）:mutual dependence Interdependent and caring communityTwo Kinds of social services Contributory social se
4、curity system（贡献性社会保障制度）Welfare system（福利制度）Background of Social Services：Great Depression in the 1930s and the Social Security Act in 1935I.Public Social ServicesThe basic foundations of the social welfare system were laid down during the administration Franklin D Roosevelt during the the Great Dep
5、ression of the 1930s.The most important legislation was the Social Security Act(社会保险法）.Social Security Act1.Social Insurance a.Old-Age and Diability Insurance b.Medicare c.Unemployment Compensation 2.Welfare problems a.AFDC b.SSI c.General assistance d.“In kind”Benefit1.Social Security Coverage of s
6、ocial security system1.the old age,survivors,disability,and health insurance program2.Medicare（医疗保险制度/老年医疗保健制度）3.Unemployment compensation Financial source1.tax paid by both employers and unions 2.tax paid by workersOld-Age Benefit for the retired 老年退休福利 Managed by the federal government directly 由联
7、邦政府直接管理 Begin from 65 years old 从65岁开始可以退休并获得退休金 In 1983,age was raised to 66 by 2009 and to 67 by 2027 1983年，政府把退休年龄从2009年起改为66岁，2027年起改为67岁。Medicare医疗保险 Medicare is the national health insurance program for people over 65 year old.The program provides hospital and medical insurance for people over
8、 the age 65 and people under 65 with disability.The fund for Medicare comes from social security fund,monthly payments from participants and general revenues of the federal government.Unemployment Compensation失业补偿 It provides a safety net for a large number of people against economic disasters.2.Wel
9、fare Programme Nature:Aid to the needy and the poor Types1.financial assistance 2.job training3.rehabilitation（康复）4.health care5.housing6.food stamps(食物券）Main federal welfare programs Medicaid（公共医疗补助制度）AFDC/抚养未成年子女家庭补助)Food stamp（食物劵）：A stamp or coupon,issued by the government to persons with low in
10、comes,that can be redeemed for food at stores.General Assistance（一般救助）Supplementary Security Income(SSI)(补充保障收入）AFDC AFDC is financed by both national and state governments,but administrated by state and local governments.Eligibility standards and payment amounts are set by the states which vary gre
11、atly from state to states.AFDC was originally to provide financial assistance to poor children whose fathers had died.AFDC是由国家和州政府财政上支持，但由州和地方是由国家和州政府财政上支持，但由州和地方政府管理的。资格标准和付款数额由州来定，不同州政府管理的。资格标准和付款数额由州来定，不同州都不同。都不同。AFDC最初是提供财政援助给那些父亲去世最初是提供财政援助给那些父亲去世的孩子的。的孩子的。Today,however,about 90%of the AFDC pay
12、ments have gone to single-parent families in which the living father is divorced,separated from or has never married the mother.A single-parent family headed by the father can also qualify for the aid.然而今天，然而今天，90%AFDC的钱支付给那些的钱支付给那些父母离婚、分居或从未结婚的单亲家庭。父母离婚、分居或从未结婚的单亲家庭。一个由父亲支撑的单亲家庭也可以申请一个由父亲支撑的单亲家庭也可以
13、申请援助援助。AFDC在美国是最昂贵也最具争议性的项目。批评者在美国是最昂贵也最具争议性的项目。批评者称，称，AFDC已经引起了许多社会问题。最重要的批评已经引起了许多社会问题。最重要的批评是，它鼓励青年不工作、未婚妇女怀孕，或导致婚姻是，它鼓励青年不工作、未婚妇女怀孕，或导致婚姻破裂。有些人有意识地不结婚，以便申请破裂。有些人有意识地不结婚，以便申请AFDC援助援助.AFDC is the most costly and most controversial program in the United States.Critics claim that AFDC has caused a l
14、ot of social problems.The most important criticism is that it encourages young,non-working,and unmarried women to get pregnant,or causes marriages to break up.Some people consciously avoid marriage in order to qualify for AFDC payments.Source of the Cost of welfare programs:shared by federal,state a
15、nd local governments Difference in welfare programs between states:many in the northern states,but fewer in the southern states.II.Voluntary Services Nature of voluntary service Provide help to people in need of assistance Non-governmental and non-profit making Kinds of voluntary organizations in te
16、rms of the number of services Single-issue-oriented voluntary organizations Diversified-service-oriented organizations Kinds of voluntary services in terms of the nature of organizations Religious organizations:Covenant Houses（圣约家园）Private foundations(charity organizations):the Rockefeller Foundatio
17、n（洛克菲勒基金）,the Ford Foundation（福特基金）,the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation（盖茨夫妇基金）Unpaid volunteersHealth insurance coverageCompanies and trade unions may also be involved in insurance schemes as part of efforts to protect employees or union members against the cost of health treatment and loss of income
18、 in case workers fall ill.1.Private sectorIII.Health Care Services2.Public sector Medicare(医疗保险)is a social insurance program administered by the United States government,providing health insurance coverage to people who are aged 65 and over;to those who are under 65 and are permanently physically d
19、isabled or who have a congenital physical disability;or to those who meet other special criteria.Medicaid(医疗保健)is the United States health program for people and families with low incomes and resources.Medicare expenditure by states2.Public sector IV.Housing Percentage of house-owndership:70%Signifi
20、cance:a sense of possession,material satisfaction,personal identity,individual lifestyle Social and cultural implications of home-ownership:symbol of social and economic mobility;part of American Dream Ways to buy a house:borrow money from a bank with mortgage Problems with housing:foreclosure（丧失赎回抵
21、押权）Kinds of housing House:single-family dwelling（单门独户别墅式，木式，不超过三层，外涂有油漆）apartment complex/condominium（公寓大楼）1.The American social security system includes the following programs EXCEPT _.A.OASDHI B.Medicare C.Medicaid D.Unemployment Compensation 2.Americans may start receiving their pensions at the a
22、ge of _.A.55 B.60 C.65 D.70 3.The main federal welfare programs in the USA consist of the following programs EXCEPT _.A.Medicaid B.AFDC C.Food Stamps D.Medicare4.Which of the following belongs to the religious welfare organization?A.NCH.B.CWLA.C.CCHD.D.Ford Foundation.5.Among private foundations,whi
23、ch has become increasingly prominent in private charity activity?A.Rockefeller Foundation.B.Ford Foundation.C.Buffett Foundation.D.Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation.6.Which of the following statement is NOT true about American health care services?A.A sizable number of Americans still remain uninsured.B
24、.The U.S.has top-quality medical facilities.C.Medicaid covers only about 40 percent of the poor nationwide.D.Compared with other developed countries,the United States spends less on health care.7.According to the healthcare reform proposed during the Obama administration,the government will require most Americans to have health insurance by _.A.2011 B.2012 C.2013 D.20148.Homes and houses give Americans the following sense EXCEPT _.A.possession B.material satisfaction C.personal identification D.freedom
