1、应用文写作图表分析应用文写作图表分析越努力越幸运图表分析图表分析lReport the main feature and make analysis lNotice:l1.运用总分，比较，归类，排序，联系等逻辑方法进行分析,有选择的利用数据，而不是全部选取。l2.注意单词和短语的同义转换-Lexical Resourcel3.切忌过多的主观推测原因或者预测越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line GraphlThe basis for bar chart,pie chart and tablel分析重点：l1.单线条的趋势l2.高低点，转折点等特殊点l3.如果有多条线，需选出一条作为基准进行类比和对比
2、越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line GraphlThe graph shows rates of smoking in men and women in the UK from 1960 to 2000.分析：分析：1.men:平稳下降，降幅稍大平稳下降，降幅稍大2.Women:1975前上升，前上升，1975后下降（找转折点分段）后下降（找转折点分段）3.男女比较：最高点，最低点不同；男女比较：最高点，最低点不同；1975前趋势相反，前趋势相反，1975后类似后类似4.时态：一般过去式时态：一般过去式越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line Graph1.men:平稳下降，降幅稍大平稳下降，降幅稍大T
3、he number of British male smokers went through a continuous downward tendency from 600,000 in 1960 to about 250,000in 2000.总结：数据做主语，图中动名词可改为发出动作的人，趋势后面加上起总结：数据做主语，图中动名词可改为发出动作的人，趋势后面加上起止数据止数据越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line Graph2.Women:1975前上升，前上升，1975后下降（找转折点分段）后下降（找转折点分段）But woman cigarette addicts witnessed a s
4、lower decline of 1/3 number only after the year 1975,and before that time,there was a growing number of females who took up smoking.总结：另一条线可用人做主语，利用时间状语从句进行转折点前后的比较总结：另一条线可用人做主语，利用时间状语从句进行转折点前后的比较越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line Graph3.男女比较：最高点，最低点不同；男女比较：最高点，最低点不同；1975前趋势相反，前趋势相反，1975后类似后类似As time went on,the stri
5、king contrast between the proportions of male and female smokers(6:1 in the 1960s)faded away to about the same,with men still slightly more.总结：可用总结：可用“随着随着”状语开头，以表比较的表达做主语，比较后面用括号状语开头，以表比较的表达做主语，比较后面用括号写出图表的具体数据，以写出图表的具体数据，以with结构表面其中的一方，以结构表面其中的一方，以about等次表达不确等次表达不确定的数据定的数据越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line GraphlTh
6、e graph shows the unemployment rates in the US and Japan between March 1993 and March 1999.Write a report for a university lecturer.1.美国总趋势下降，需包含最大最小值美国总趋势下降，需包含最大最小值，期间有轻微反弹，在期间有轻微反弹，在97后趋于平稳后趋于平稳2.日本的总体趋势，日本的总体趋势，96的明显好转，的明显好转，93和和98的显著恶化的显著恶化3.98年中期，两国情况类似年中期，两国情况类似越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line Graph1.美国总趋势下降
7、，需包含最大最小值美国总趋势下降，需包含最大最小值，期间有轻微反弹，在期间有轻微反弹，在97后趋于平稳后趋于平稳The general trend of US unemployment information was declining(from7%in 1993 to about 5%in 1999),with frequent slight rebounds from time to time,plus the comparatively leveling up period since1997,averaging at 5%more or less.总结：表趋势词作主语，具体趋势的最大最
8、小值可放其后的括号，总结：表趋势词作主语，具体趋势的最大最小值可放其后的括号，with结构和非谓结构和非谓语结构表示总趋势中的特殊点语结构表示总趋势中的特殊点越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line Graph2.日本的总体趋势，日本的总体趋势，96的明显好转，的明显好转，93和和98的显著恶化的显著恶化Whereas,the rather different case was reported in the Japanese job market,a gradual growth of the jobless people during the same time period despite th
9、e spring of 1996 when there was a significant rise of employment-about 1%.Among all the data,the beginning of 1993 and the latter half of 1998 were the two extremely difficult periods for the Japanese job hunters due to the rocketing number of those with no jobs.总结：当需要表现总结：当需要表现2线强烈的反差时可将反差用线强烈的反差时可
10、将反差用different case表示放在单线描述中，表示放在单线描述中，总体趋势中特殊点可为增幅和降幅的描述，在有数据的支持下可进行合理推测（用上总体趋势中特殊点可为增幅和降幅的描述，在有数据的支持下可进行合理推测（用上因果表达）因果表达）越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line Graph3.98年中期，两国情况类似年中期，两国情况类似From the middle of the year 1998,both America and Japan had the similar unemployment rate,about 5%.总结：用时间介词短语开头总结：用时间介词短语开头越努力越幸运曲线图
11、曲线图Line Graphl总结：总结：lLine graph步骤步骤l1.read introduction-描写对象，时间描写对象，时间l对象：对对象：对Introduction进行改写写出第一段进行改写写出第一段l时间：确定时态时间：确定时态l2.构思构思l以时间顺序描写，以时间顺序描写，l多条曲线需要进行比较，多条曲线需要进行比较，l给曲线按趋势进行恰当的适当分段，给曲线按趋势进行恰当的适当分段，l多条曲线可按照它们上升，下降和持平的规律进行分多条曲线可按照它们上升，下降和持平的规律进行分组组越努力越幸运Relative expressionl句子开头：句子开头：l时间状语时间状语l句
12、子主语：句子主语：l数据，人物，表趋势，比较的词数据，人物，表趋势，比较的词 l引出数据：引出数据：l,()with,非谓语，非谓语，of which越努力越幸运Relative expressionl当数据不确定时，需要当数据不确定时，需要“模糊模糊”表达表达l大约：大约：labout,around,nearly,almost,roughly,approximatelyl多于：多于：labove,over,just over,well over,slightly more thanl少于：少于：lbelow,under,just under,well under,slightly less
13、than,within越努力越幸运Relative expressionl最高点：最高点：lReach the summit,peak,the highest pointlPeak at,mount to l最低点：最低点：lReach bottom,the lowest point,bottom outl表示不变：表示不变：lkeep/stay constant,remain steady/stable/unchanged,maintain the same levellLevel off,reach a plateau越努力越幸运Relative expression表示上升的其他词：表示
14、上升的其他词：rocket,climb,jump,leap表示下降的其他词：表示下降的其他词：shrink，diminish越努力越幸运Relative expressionl表示数据波动(fluctuate)的速度或幅度越努力越幸运Relative expressionlV.+adv.或者或者 Adj.+N.l持续下降：持续下降：ldip gradually,a smooth declinel缓慢上升：缓慢上升：lincrease slightly,a slow risel急剧下降：急剧下降：lfall sharply,a sharp decrease,plunge,slump,plumme
15、tl急剧上升：急剧上升：lgo up dramatically,a drastic growth,boom,shoot up,soar越努力越幸运纵比描写（表达趋势）纵比描写（表达趋势）lThe number of TV viewers in China increased dramatically from 0.5 million to 0.2 billion during the last decade of the 20th century.lThere was a dramatic increase from 0.5 million to 0.2 billion in the amou
16、nt of TV-viewers in China over a ten-year period of the 20th century.lThe last decade of the 20th century witnessed a drastic growth in the population of TV audience in China.lA marked upward trend took place in the population of TV audience in China in the last ten years of 20th century.越努力越幸运lThe
17、graph shows the trends in consumption of fast foods in Britain.越努力越幸运lIn 1970,the British people consumed slightly more than 300 grams fish and chips,which increased smoothly to reach a peak at less than 400 grams five years later.However,it showed a sharp decrease in the following ten years before
18、rising marginally to 250 grams in 1990.lAround 40 grams of pizza as well as 90 grams of hamburgers were consumed by Englishmen in 1970,and they both remained stable for five years,followed by a constant growth to nearly 300 and 550 grams respectively in 1990.lFrom the chart,we could conclude that Ha
19、mburgers have become the most popular fast foods among the three since1985,while an decreasing number of British people choose Fish and Chips.越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line GraphlPractice:lThe graph below show the number of enquires to Tourist Information Office made by telephone,letter/email,and in person from J
20、anuary 2001 to June 2001.lSummaries the information by selecting and reporting the main features,and make comparisons where relevant.越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line GraphThe line graph illustrates the changes in the numbers of different means to obtain tourist information during a six-month period from January 200
21、1.越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line GraphAs can be seen from the graph,three different choices,including consulting in person,by calling as well as by e-mail or letter,were presented.The number of enquires made by communicating face to face showed a constantly upward trend from 400 to 1200 over the half year,transfo
22、rming from the last popular way to the most prevalent mode.越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line GraphWith respect to the amount of citizens who chose to obtain information by letter/email,it stood at 800 in January,which remained stable in the first three months before increasing smoothly to about 1100 in June.The tren
23、d was quite similar for its speaking counterparts until March,keeping constant at 600,but afterwards,it reduced markedly to reach a bottom at 200 at last.越努力越幸运曲线图曲线图Line GraphOverall,it is obvious that people tended to seek advice about traveling from the professionals in person.越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar Cha
24、rtl多以数据间的比较为主l类型：2,3个单柱图or1个多柱图l单柱图重点：l最大值，最小值，并比较（横比）l注意相同或类似项目比较（if项目大于4,一般写出第二大类特点（排序），剩下的项目合并一项写（归类）越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar ChartlThe two charts show the deaths and medical research funding in Australia in 1990.l分析：分析：l图图1：l1.TB最高，为其他疾病总和（横最高，为其他疾病总和（横比）比）l2.其他类不高（归类）其他类不高（归类）l3.leprosy最低最低l图图2：l1.TB研究费
25、最低研究费最低-与图与图1.1关系关系（联系）（联系）l2.AIDS经费最多，为经费最多，为TB 5倍倍（横比）（横比）l3.tropical disease,leprosy几几乎一样（类比）乎一样（类比）越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar Chart 1.TB最高，为其他疾病最高，为其他疾病总和（横比）总和（横比）Among various reasons for the deaths of Australian in 1990,TB took the lead and claimed more than 1.8 million lives,outnumbering the total mort
26、ality of all the other listed diseases.总结：项目名称总结：项目名称claim+数据数据 outnumbering分次表比较分次表比较越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar Chart 2.其他类不高（归类）其他类不高（归类）l3.leprosy最低最低lFor the remaining 5 categories of diseases,each caused a certain number of deaths,but all with a minor proportion.Leprosy,in contrast with TB,was the least f
27、atal illness,of which only about 0.1 million persons were reported died.总结：总结：对比表达可做插入语对比表达可做插入语 ，of which+数据数据-非限定语从非限定语从句引出数据句引出数据越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar Chartl图图2：l1.TB研究费最低研究费最低-与图与图1.1关系关系（联系）（联系）l2.AIDS经费最多，为经费最多，为TB 5倍（横倍（横比）比）And the second chart illustrates the allotment of medical research funding
28、 on different kinds of disease.The most conspicuous item was TB,only 1/5 of the largest money spent on AIDS,which might account for the extremely high mortality rate by TB during the same time.总结：图做主语总结：图做主语+illustrates.分图进行特点说明分图进行特点说明 ，which might account for/be responsible for/contribute to/表示表示合
29、理猜测与合理猜测与1图连系图连系越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar Chartl图二图二l3.tropical disease,leprosy几乎一样（类比）几乎一样（类比）lAnother point worth mentioning in the second chart is that tropical diseases and leprosy were funded similarly,about 75 million.l总结：总结：point is that.l表达数据还可表达数据还可,+直加数据直加数据l多个单柱图先分图描述，并在多个单柱图先分图描述，并在第第2个图中描述与第一图之间的
30、个图中描述与第一图之间的关系关系越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar Chartl多柱图重点：多柱图重点：l横纵坐标分别一个表示数量，一个表示比较项目，每个项目上有几个横纵坐标分别一个表示数量，一个表示比较项目，每个项目上有几个数据数据l可以每个数据为主线，比较其在不同项目上的数量变化，可以每个数据为主线，比较其在不同项目上的数量变化，if项目有一项目有一定的连续性（定的连续性（age,income），需写出增减趋势），需写出增减趋势l也可以项目为单位，写出该项上的几个数据极值，并与其他项目比较也可以项目为单位，写出该项上的几个数据极值，并与其他项目比较l数据和项目，谁少谁做主线较好数据和项目，谁少
31、谁做主线较好越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar ChartlThe chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.1.以以male 为主线，极值对比，按顺序写后两项（归类）为主线，极值对比，按顺序写后两项（归类）2.转为转为female比例多的比例多的2项项3.通过之前数据比较，进行全图的总结通过之前数据比较，进行全图的总结越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar Chart1
32、.以male 为主线，极值对比，按顺序写后两项（归类）Nearly 90%of men held the skilled vocational diploma,which posed the most striking difference with women,about 1/9 of the figure of man.Besides,for 2 more items,Postgraduate diploma and Masters degree,men with these academic titles also had a predominance,and especially fo
33、r the postgraduate diploma,the percentage of males,70%was significantly more than that of the opposite gender,30%.Speaking of the other two categories,involving Postgraduate diploma and Masters degree,male still had a predominance,accounting for 70%and 60%respectively,which were significantly higher
34、 than those of females.总结：%of+人+v.做主语,which posed the difference with表对比 分数表对比 especially for 引出 数据越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar Chart2.转为female比例多的2项But ladies showed their advantage in the other 2 categories.Those having acquired a undergraduate diploma reached 70%,2 times that of men;and as for the item of Bac
35、helors degree,females also had 10%more and this was the only one with the quite similar number of holders.总结：特点：引出具体数据 人+ving+reach+百分比 times that of.表对比关系越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar Chart3.通过之前数据比较，进行全图的总结通过之前数据比较，进行全图的总结Except vocational diploma,it seemed that the higher the education,the less the number of f
36、emales.总结：总结：the more,the more句型可以隐含表示因果关系句型可以隐含表示因果关系越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar Chartl总结：总结：l1.柱状图分为柱状图分为2种：有时间种：有时间or 无时间无时间l有时间：类似曲线图有时间：类似曲线图l无时间：与其他对象进行比较，注意分组无时间：与其他对象进行比较，注意分组l2.分组原则：分组原则：l情况相似的为一组，情况相似的为一组，lThe same situation exists in.lSimilarly,.lIn a similar way,.l反差较大的放一组反差较大的放一组l尽量找倍数关系：尽量找倍数关系：3
37、times,threefold,triplel3.数据处理：数据处理：l避免从头罗列，描述整体趋势或比较时列举特值：最高，最低，倍数，避免从头罗列，描述整体趋势或比较时列举特值：最高，最低，倍数，微小变化等微小变化等越努力越幸运Relative Expressionl一个数据随着时间的变化一个数据随着时间的变化“超过超过”另一个数据：另一个数据：lsurpass,outnumber,exceedlThe amount of prisoners in Canada showed a dramatic growth during the decade,outnumbering that of Br
38、itain in 1995.l注意使用前提：图表有变化趋势注意使用前提：图表有变化趋势越努力越幸运Relative Expressionl当出现2个或者3个多个的比较，可进行排序，用上follow,rank等lWith respect to the consumption of energy,USA consumed the largest amount,followed by Japan and Spain.lSpeaking of the consumption of energy,USA consumed the largest amount,with Japan and Spain r
39、anking second and third respectively.lin the case of 在.的情况下 lin terms of/in respect of/regarding 在.方面 越努力越幸运Relative Expressionl形容词比较级也可表示比较lThe highest spending of oversea students in Australia is found in rent and food.lForeign students in Australia spend substantially more money on rent and food
40、than any other categories.越努力越幸运Relative Expressionl倍数表达表比较l.times,double,.percent,a quarter oflAs.aslThanl女性的失业率为30%，而男性失业率为10%lThe rate of unemployment of females was three time more than that of their counterparts during the course of Economic Depression.lThe rate of unemployment of women was thr
41、ee times as much as that of males over the period of Economic Depression.越努力越幸运Practice表达表达4个国家在个国家在population上的比较上的比较As can be seen in the table,Bolivia has the largest population among the four countries,with 23 million,which is nearly twice more than that of Ecuador(12 million).Besides,Singapore
42、and Jamaica rank in the third and fourth place,with 4 million and 2.3 million respectively.占据：占据：take up,occupy,account for,represent,constitute,be composed of越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar ChartlPractice:lThe chart below shows the percentage of young people aged 15 to 24 employed in different sectors in New Zeala
43、nd in 1990 and 2000.lSummaries the information by selecting and reporting the main features,and make comparisons where relevant.越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar ChartThe bar chart illustrates the different employment situation of young adults aged between 15 and 24 in New Zealand during the 1990s.越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar Cha
44、rtIn 1990,the positions in commercial sectors and hotel and restaurant were considered as the two most popular ones,with commerce leading with nearly 30%and hotel and restaurant following with 15%.The remaining four directions containing agriculture,manufacturing,transport and other sectors were mor
45、e or less similar,all of which took up around 13%.越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar ChartTen years later,the pattern did not change dramatically.Having experienced a dramatic increase,the proportions of graduates who worked in the world of commerce as well as in hotels and restaurants still ranked the first and secon
46、d,respectively.However,the percentages of graduates selecting other four departments as their career decreased,with the figure concerning transport ranking the last in 2000,constituting about 7%.越努力越幸运柱状图柱状图Bar ChartIn conclusion,it can be revealed evidently from the bar chart that the youth in New
47、Zealand would like to do some jobs about commerce rather than about transport.越努力越幸运饼形图（饼形图（Pie Chart）l特点：特点：l1.多伴随多伴随其他图标或多个饼形图其他图标或多个饼形图一起出现，写法一起出现，写法类似柱状图类似柱状图l2.但需要总体与各组成项目之间的但需要总体与各组成项目之间的总分关系总分关系描述描述l3.单个单个：（类似单柱图）（类似单柱图）比较极值，寻找相同项比较极值，寻找相同项，项目过多需要排序和归类，项目过多需要排序和归类l4.多个多个：选定参考点（一般第一个图）进行比较：选定参
48、考点（一般第一个图）进行比较越努力越幸运饼形图（饼形图（Pie Chart）1.考虑最大因素成本和零售商利润考虑最大因素成本和零售商利润,与农民所占份与农民所占份额比较（比较极值）额比较（比较极值）2.其他两项（归类）作为价格部分提及其他两项（归类）作为价格部分提及越努力越幸运饼形图（饼形图（Pie Chart）The pricing of chocolate concerns 5 factors,among which 37%,the largest share,goes to the cost of ingredients and overheads,several times as mu
49、ch as that of farmers.总结：总结：倍数比较倍数比较 _times as much as that of 越努力越幸运饼形图（饼形图（Pie Chart）The cost of ingredients and overheads and the supermarket are the two largest parts of the price division of chocolate,37%and 34%respectively,but farmers only got the slightest.The rest of the price covers the tax
50、 and the chocolate company,averaging 12%.总结：总结：所占比例：所占比例：A.总总 concern.,among which%goes to 项目名称项目名称B.项目名称项目名称 is/are.剩下比分：剩下比分：The rest of 总体总体covers,averaging(归类的平均值归类的平均值)越努力越幸运饼形图（饼形图（Pie Chart）lThe pie charts show how employees of an export company use different courses to foreign languages for
