1、汉译英方法与技巧?汉语的句法特征：?主语由诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或无主句情况时常可见；谓语成分复杂，不受主语支配，无人称、数、时态的变化。句子与句子之间多无明显的逻辑关系连接。?英语句法特征：?主语突出，只能由名词或相当于名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主语的支配，人称和数上必须主谓一致，有时态、语态和语气的变化；句子与句子之间多以连接词相联。牢记！?英语是主语显著语言，英语句子构建在主谓轴上。因此选择确定主语和谓语是成功构句的关键。主语的确定?1.以原句主语作为译文主语?我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。?Our house was built over a hunderd years
2、 ago.?2.重新确定主语?可以是句子中其他词语，也可以是句外词语。?他的身材魁梧，长着一副大长方脸。?He was a gaint of a man with a long square face.?人不可貌相。?It is impossible to judge people from their appearance.?3.增补主语?用劳动实现自己的理想，用理想指导自己的劳动。?You realize your ideals through labour and you guide your labour by ideals.谓语的确定?选择谓语时必须考虑英语句法规范，遵循“主谓一致”
3、原则，保证谓语和主语在人称和数上一致，动词时态、语态正确。鉴于此，强化语法意识，增强句法观念至关重要。?旅途中的情景很多，在此就不一一描写了。?My experiences of this trip are too numerous to be described one by one.语序的调整?一.句内语序调整?1.状语的位置：灵活，一般按照?动词-方式-地点-时间 的顺序。?他每晚都在图书馆用心读书。?He reads hard in the library every evening.?2.定语位置?单词作定语放在中心词前，较长定语如词组或句子则放在中心词之后。?举世闻名的万里长城?T
4、he world famous Great Wall?山东曲阜是中国古代著名的思想家、教育家孔子的故乡。?Qufu,Shandong Provience,is the birthplace of Confucious,a well-known ancient Chinese thinker and teacher.句间语序?1.S+V+O，and/but S+V+O?2.引导词+从句+主句或者?主句+引导词+从句否定句的翻译?英语中的否定手段：?1.词汇手段no/not/never/nor/neither/hardly/rarely/seldom/scarcely/few/little/否定前
5、缀或后缀/lack/fail/deny/miss/exclude/run short/out of/beyond/without/above/except/before/unless/other than?2.句法手段?Morethan/other than/rather than/know better than/tooto方法?1.直接已成否定句?注意否定转移情况?我认为他不够格。?I dont think he is qualified.?2.译成肯定句?人民军队离不开人民，就像鱼儿离不开水一样。?The people is to the peoples army what water
6、is to fish.?他无可指责。?He is above blame.?他考试不及格。?He failed to pass the exam.?3.译成否定句?直到.才?直到考完试我才能去看你。?Not until I finish taking the exam can I pay a visit to you.常见方法?visit you.假如你不来，我就去看你。?改译法 他提醒我们要注意身体He warned us to take care of ourselves。?增译法 不知你是否完成了任务。I wonder whether you have finished your tas
7、k.许多商店开展买一赠一的活动。Many departments provide service of“Buy One Get One Free”对应法对应法If you dont come here,I will go to?省译法省译法你们需要的是快速进步，而不是慢慢你们需要的是快速进步，而不是慢慢的进步。You need rapid progress,not slow.?调整顺序 我能在这儿坐一会吗？Can I sit here for a while 好的建议，谁来提都无所谓。好的建议，谁来提都无所谓。If the suggestion is advisable,it does not
8、 matter who gives it.不管晴天阴天，比赛准时进行。Rain or shine,the match will go on time.转换语态和正反对译转换语态和正反对译?这座桥将在今年年底建成。The construction of the bridge will becompleted by the end of this year.我还没来得及拦住她，她就向大家宣布了这个消息。BeforeI could stop her,she shouted the news to everyone.当时女孩子没有受教育的机会。会。Girls were denied the chanc
9、e to education at that time.常用的句型?Notuntil.句型?1.She did not go to bed until her mother came back.她直到她妈妈回来才上床睡觉。2.Tom did not watch TV until he finished his homework.（2003.68）?3.It was not until in my thirties that I made this important discovery:giving-away makes life so much more exciting.直到将近不惑之年，
10、我才如梦方醒，意识到奉献社会使我们的生活更加灿烂。（模拟1.58）?4.Not until the beginning of the twentieth century did the human beings learn to prevent the disease from spreading.直到二十世纪初，人类才学会防治疾病的传播。It is reported/said/estimated that?It is reported that foreign insurance companies has entered into nineteen Chinese cities so fa
11、r.=made their way据报道，迄今为止，外国保险公司已打入中国19个城市。?据估计，已经有100多万人从这个工程中受益。Its estimated that more than 1 million people had been benefited from this project.It is necessary/important for sb to do sth?我们有必要了解一些英语国家和中国的文化差异。It is necessary for us to learn/know some differences between some English speaking co
12、untries and China.（2002.70）?大学生学好英语很重要。It is important for university students to learn English well.（2003.66）比较级?你练得越刻苦，你取得的进步就越大。The harder you practice,the greater progress you will make.（2003.70）?他在各方面都比我好He is much better than I in every aspect.?This year they have made by far greater progress
13、in business than they did last year.他们今年的业务进展比去年大得多?The people there will pay two or three times as much as they used to pay for a house.对于同一所房子，人们将要支付的是往常支付钱数的两三倍之多。Be likely to and not.but.?The words and phrases given in this dictionary are those that are likely to be needed by every person.本词典词条所
14、列，都是每个人极可能用得上的单词和词组。?如果你想获得成功，除了努力工作以外别无选择。There is no other choices but hard-working if you want to be successful.It seems thatand in spite of.?It seems strange that in the past ten years Mike and I might just as well have been in different worlds.看起来很奇怪的是，在过去的十年里，麦克和我可能恰好在不同的世界里。（2008.57）?In spite
15、 of differences of opinion,we share a common interest in the preservation of the world.尽管意见有分歧，我们对维护世界和平有着共同的利益。Although,but and depend on?尽管警察怀疑这名年轻人，但没有足够证据证明他就是犯罪。Although this young person is under suspicion,there is no proof to show he is the criminal.(2005.80)?使我们自己的所为和所不为决定着我们的未来。Our future d
16、epends on what we ourselves should do ornot do.(2007.61)?我们能否出行取决于天气。Our trip is dependent onthe weather.(depends on)(模拟1.64)So.thatand sb have the/no little chance of/there is little chance of?汤姆筋疲力尽，看着书竟睡着了。Tom was soworn out thathe fell asleep while reading a book.?He has no chance of passing the
17、 examination.He never goes his lesson.他绝没有及格的可能，因为他从来不复习功课。There is little chance of our coming to business because of the big differences between ourprice.由于双方价格悬殊，我们恐怕很难达成协议。Scarcely/hardlywhenand sb wonder?He had scarcely handed me the letter whenhe asked me to read.他把信一交给我，就叫我念给他听。（2002.61）?我想知道
18、他是否能看英文小说I wonder whether he can read English novel well.(2002.67)应试技巧?书写工整?不要犯低级错误，例如；首字母大写，简单词不要错，性别正确试题特点?结构简单?题材很广?重点词汇?语言的运用能力基本方法?句子顺序调整?分译?合译端午节每年农历的五月初五是中国的一个民间传统节日，叫端午节。在这一天，人们要赛龙舟、吃粽子。这个节日是为了纪念著名诗人屈原。相传两千多年前，楚国诗人屈原因政治改革，屡遭保守势力的诽谤，失去楚王的信任，后被放逐。最终，因国家衰败，理想无法实现，自投汨罗江而死。据说，老百姓听到屈原投江自尽，就有人驱舟去打捞
19、，但没有找到。他们担心屈原的遗体会被鱼吃掉，便将煮熟的米饭撒到江中。我们今天吃粽子、赛龙舟的习俗就是因此慢慢演变而来。The fifth day of the fifth lunar month every year is a traditional Chinese gala which is named Dragon Boat Festival,when people hold dragon boat races and eat rice dumplings.This gala has been practiced to commemorate the famous Chinese poet
20、,Qu Yuan.It was recorded that more than two thousand years ago,Qu Yuan,a great poet in the state of Chu,was defamed by the conservatives because he was inclined to reform the government.As a result,he lost the kings trust and was driven out of the state.At last,seeing that he could not reach his goa
21、l in a declining state,he jumped into the Mi-Luo River and ended his life.It is said that people went to save him by boat on hearing of his suicide,but in vain.Therefore,they threw cooked rice into the river for fear that his body might be eaten by fishes.The dumplings we eat and the dragon boats we
22、 race today both result from the story.在家里，家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到合适的问题，家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见，让他们参与决策。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情，大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己作决定并清楚其后果，要让孩子从尽可能早的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力，即便只是在午餐的两种食物的选择上做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应该让孩子自己做主支配时间和金钱；当他们做出错误的决定时，不要不假思索给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解，但这没有关系。
23、因为富有创造力的人有很强的动力，他们能够从混乱中创造秩序。There are things that parents can do at home to encourage childrens creativity.They can involve children in decision-making if the problem is appropriate,asking children for suggestion.Parents should also encourage their children to talk out loud about things they are do
24、ing,for talking out loud improves language skills and thinking skills.It is also very important to give children choices.From the earliest age,children should be allowed to make decisions and understand their consequences.Even if its choosing between two food items for lunch,decide how to use their
25、time or spend their money but not automatically help them too much if they make wrong decisions.This may be confusing for children,but that is all right,because the creative people are of strong motivation and capable of making order out of confusion.家何以为家？家就是爱、支持和信任，是其成员之间温馨情感共存之处，父母给孩子以呵护，孩子也关注父母的
26、行为。父母和孩子因爱而紧密相连，家成为世上最令人愉悦的地方。没有爱的家庭，如同没有灵魂的躯体，也就不能称其为“家”。作为社会的一员，没有人能独自生存。一个人可能过着成功而富足的生活。但锦衣玉食不一定就幸福。世界历史上的许多伟人都对家有着深深的眷恋。也许你的家贫穷而简陋，但这正是你的职责所在。你应该努力使你的家更温馨舒适，面临的困难愈大，你的收获愈多。What makes a home?Love,sympathy and confidence.It is a place where kindly affections exist among all the members of the fami
27、ly.The parents take good care of their children,and the children are interested in the activities of their parents.Thus all of them are bound together by affection,and they find their home to be the cheeriest place in the world.A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a ma
28、n.Every civilized person is a social being.Now one should live alone.A man may lead a successful and prosperous life,but prosperity alone can by no means insure happiness.Many great personages in the world history had deep affections for their homes.Your home may be poor and humble,but your duty lie
29、s there.You should try to make it cheerful and comfortable.The greater the difficulties,the richer will be your reward.历年真题翻译评析中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济与保护环境双重任务。从国情出发，中国在全面推进现代化的进程中,将环境保护视为一项基本国策,将实现经济持续发展视为一项重要战略。同时在全国范围内开展污染防治工作和生态环境保护活动。自改革开放以来的18年中，中国国民生产总值的年均增长率为10左右。环境恶化的状况基本得到了控制。实践证明，我们协调经济发展与环境保
30、护两者之间关系的做法是行之有效的。中国作为国际社会中的成员。在努力保护自己环境的同时，还积极参与国际环保事务。促进国际环保合作，认真履行了国际义务。所有这些都充分表明了中国政府和人民保护全球环境的诚意和决心。人类在解决环境与发展问题中仍面临着大量的难题，任重而道远。中国将一如既往，与其他国家合作。为保护我们的生存环境，为人类的幸福和繁荣，为造福下一代而奋斗。As a developing country,China is confronted with the dual task of developing the economy and protecting the environment.
31、Preceding from its national conditions,China has in the process of promoting its overall modernization program made environmental protection one of its basic policies regarded the realization of sustained economic development as an important strategy and meanwhile carried out throughout the country
32、campaigns for pollution prevention and treatment as well as ecological environmental protection.Over the 18 years since its adoption of reform and opening policy,Chinas gross national product has achieved a sustained average annual growth of around10 percent.While its environment has basically cease
33、d from deteriorating,the results of our work have shown that Chinas endeavor in striking a balance between economic development and environmental protection has been effective.As a member of the international community,while making great efforts to protect its own environment.China has taken an acti
34、ve part in international environmental protection affairs to promote international cooperation in environmental protection and earnestly fulfilled her international obligations.All these have given full expression to the sincerity and determination of the Chinese government and people to protect the
35、 global environment.Mankind still faces a great many difficulties in solving the problems of the environment and development and there is a grand task to perform and a long way to go.China will do as it did in the past to cooperate with other countries of the world and strive for the protection of t
36、he environment for human survival for the happiness and prosperity of humanity and for the benefits of our children.李成业是文化部翻译组的主任。他认为，语言是一种活的东西，和我们的日常生活息息相关。他说他十分幸运，最初做法庭翻译和目前在翻译组里的工作，使他能够不断的学习和接触两种语言。当他还在学校教英语的时候，就曾翻译了好多英文杂志中的文章，投给本地英语报。杂志中的文章，投给本地英语报。他说：“学习语言的动机和兴趣都非常重要。”他把学习语言比喻为跑步，跑步虽然非常吃力，但运动员知
37、道它的好处并饶有兴趣，所以还是一点都不觉得厌倦。“在学习语言的过程中，我们一定要创造学习语言的机会和环境。”他认为看电影，阅读和交流等都是学习语言的好机会。最后他说：“由于现在大家的时间都很有限，如果阅读能力短篇故事或一些名人的语录，对我们学习英语会很有帮助，同时也能增进学习的兴趣。语会很有帮助，同时也能增进学习的兴趣。”Li Chengye is the head of the Ministry of Cultures Translation Section.He believes that language is something alive,which relates/is relev
38、ant to our daily life closely.According to him,he was lucky in the sense that he could maintain his grasp of English and Chinese with constant use of the languages in his work first as a court interpreter and now as the supervisor in the translation section.Li Chengye is the head of the Ministry of
39、Cultures Translation Section.He believes that language is something alive,which relates/is relevant to our daily life closely.According to him,he was lucky in the sense that he could maintain his grasp of English and Chinese with constant use of the languages in his work first as a court interpreter
40、 and now as the supervisor in the translation section.Even when he was a teacher of English,he kept in touch with Chinese by translating articles from English magazines into Chinese for the local press.He said:“Internet and motivation are most important in learning and mastering a language.”He compa
41、res language learning to jogging.It is a laborious exercise,but what keeps the jogger running is an interest and the knowledge of the advantages and benefits of the exercise.One must always create the environment and opportunities for language learning.He suggests watching movies,reading books,and even writing to pen-pals as some of the ways to get involved in the learning.“Because of the limited time we have,reading short stories,or even lines of famous quotations of wise men,is good,and helps make language learning more interesting,”he added.
