1、张道真实用英语语法课件Chapter 3 Warming-up pGroup discussion Topic for discussion:What is a noun?Do you know which words belong to nouns?IntroductionpDefinition A noun is a word used to name a person,animal,place,thing,and abstract idea.Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn.The highlight
2、ed words in the following sentences are all nouns:e.g.Late last year our neighbours bought a goat.Portia White was an opera singer.The bus inspector looked at all the passengers passes.According to Plutarch,the library at Alexandria was destroyed in 48 B.C.Introduction A.Classification a.Proper Noun
3、s Persons name e.g.Diana,Mrs Green,President Clinton,etc.The name of place e.g.Beijing,West Lake,the Yellow River,etc.IntroductionA.Classification a.Proper Nouns The name of certain people e.g.Americans,Russians,Democrats,etc.The name of some abstract things e.g.English,Buddhism,Christianity,etc.Int
4、roductionA.Classification a.Proper Nouns The name of months,weekdays,and festivals e.g.May,Saturday,Easter,etc.The name of books,films,and poems e.g.A Tale of Two Cities,Gone with the Wind,etc.The address to the family members e.g.Mum,Dad,Uncle Tom,etc.IntroductionA.Classification b.Common Nouns Ind
5、ividual Nouns The nouns which indicate the specific person or thing,has both the singular form and the plural form.e.g.He has two aunts.Collective Nouns e.g.aristocracy,army,audience,cast,etc.IntroductionA.Classification b.Common Nouns Material Nouns The things that cannot be divided into smaller pa
6、rts are called material nouns.e.g.beer,coffee,fabric,fertilizer,etc.Abstract Nouns Characteristics:1)abstract 2)uncountable 3)no plural form 4)without a/an ahead of it(in common condition)e.g.absence,age,agriculture,etc.IntroductionB.Countable noun&Uncountable noun a.Some nouns are uncountable in En
7、glish,but countable in Chinese e.g.Furniture,equipment,clothing,news,etc.b.Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable e.g.glass,copper,youth,etc.IntroductionB.Countable noun&Uncountable noun c.Some individual nouns can be changed as abstract ones e.g.They are building a new school.He finished
8、school at sixteen.d.Some paired nouns are one countable,the other uncountable e.g.poem(C.)poetry(Uc.)machine(C.)machinery(Uc.)IntroductionC.The plural Form of Nouns a.The regular form +-s/-es(common condition)+-es(s,x,ch,sh)consonant+-y i+-es(consonant+y)The pronunciation of“-(e)s”/s/(after/p/,/t/,/
9、k/,/f/)/iz/(after/s/,/z/,etc.)/z/IntroductionC.The plural Form of Nouns a.The regular form Ended with“-o”+-es e.g.heroes,potatoes,echoes,etc.Exceptions:1)Vowel+o/oo+-s e.g.videos,radios,studios,etc.2)Some loan words e.g.pianos,concertos,solos,etc.3)Some abbreviations and proper nouns e.g.kilos,photo
10、s,micros,etc.IntroductionC.The plural Form of Nouns a.The regular form Ended with f/-fe f v+-es e.g.half halves wolf wolves Exceptions:/fs/e.g.roof roofs cliff-cliffs proof proofsIntroductionC.The plural Form of Nouns b.The irregular form man men woman women ox oxen policeman policemen Loan words e.
11、g.analysis analyses basis bases crisis crises thesis thesesIntroductionC.The plural Form of Nouns c.Other forms Compounding +-e(s)e.g.theatre-goers fire-engines forget-me-nots Others 1)Years +-s/s e.g.the 1990s/1990sIntroduction 2)Abbreviations +-s/-s e.g.VIPs/VIPs 3)English letters +-s e.g.es,is,et
12、c.IntroductionC.The plural Form of Nouns d.Zero form Common condition 1)The name of some animals e.g.bison,deer,reindeer,cod,etc.2)Compounding(-craft)e.g.craft,aircraft,hovercraft,etc.3)The name of some countries e.g.Chinese,Japanese,etc.Introduction 4)Others e.g.species,means,works,offspring,etc.Ex
13、ceptions 1)hair/hairs e.g.Go and get your hair cut.Therere hairs on your jacket.2)fruit/fruits e.g.He does not eat too much fruit.There the most common fruits are pear,apple and peach.3)fish/fishes e.g.I caught a fish(two fish).Well go and look at the fishes in the aquarium.IntroductionC.The plural
14、Form of Nouns e.Plural nouns Some nouns are usually used in plural forms e.g.scissors,trousers,pliers,etc.Some nouns ended with s are not the plural ones e.g.diabetes,rickets,physics,etc.Some nouns are in plural form to indicate a certain meaning e.g.see the sights the authoritiesThe Possessive Case
15、 of NounslA.Formation s(apostrophes)the possessive case of nouns a.Rules Singular form+-s e.g.Philips new address her sister-in-laws mother Plural form+e.g.workers restrooms the officers living quarters Plural form(without(e)s)+s e.g.childrens books the Working Peoples Palace of Culture s+s/e.g.Enge
16、lss works The Possessive Case of NounslA.Formation b.Pronunciation /s/(after/p/,/t/,/k/,/f/voiceless consonant)/iz/(after/s/,/z/,/t /,/,/d/)/z/(Other conditions)The Possessive Case of NounslB.Usage a.Often used in the nouns indicating persons,to show sbs belongings e.g.Is this Mr.Blacks office?b.Use
17、d in some advanced and lower animals name e.g.birds eye,mares,ewesThe Possessive Case of NounslB.Usage c.After some lifeless nouns Time e.g.yesterdays Ill never forget that nights experience.Distance,price e.g.The park is a stones throw from here.Nation,city e.g.That was the first time I had left En
18、glands shore.Mass,organization e.g.We sat in the stations waiting-room until evening.The Possessive Case of NounslB.Usage d.In some fixed phrases e.g.Ill take the risk for friendships sake.The Possessive Case of NounslC.Significance a.Active relation e.g.Johns gift to Marry was a watch.b.Passive rel
19、ation e.g.Everybody is singing the fighters praise.c.Features e.g.The young boy has a mans voice.d.s+of phrase e.g.I saw a play of Shaws.The Possessive Case of NounslD.Some omissions a.To avoid repetition e.g.“Whose seat it is?”“It is Marys.”b.To show churches,shops,etc.e.g.We visited St.Pauls(Cathe
20、dral).He went into a stationers to buy a ruler.c.To show sbs house e.g.He had to go to his sisters for dinner.u A.Masculine&Feminine form a.The nouns of persons e.g.god goddess prince princess b.The nouns of animals e.g.lion lioness tiger tigressu B.Most of the words cannot be divided into masculine
21、 and feminine forms,but can show the gender provided adding man or woman,etc.e.g.a man servant,a woman worker,a male monkey,a she-wolfp A.Subject e.g.Knowledge is power.p B.Predicative e.g.Smoking is my only weakness.p C.Object e.g.They agreed to fax us their proposals tomorrow.D.Appositive e.g.This is our department head,Dr.Owen.E.Direct Address e.g.Come in,Mrs.Patterson.F.Attribute e.g.We bought a new color TV.
