1、Halliday and Systemic-Functional GrammarContentsBrief IntroductionThe Development of SFGSystemic-Functional GrammarComparison between TGG and SFGReferencesBrief Introduction1.1 Halliday?Full name:Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday(born 13,April1925,Leeds,Yorkshire,England)?got BA in Chinese languag
2、e and literature at London Unversity in 1947.?From 1947 to 1949,studied at Peking University under the supervision of Luo Changpei(罗常培).?From 1949 to 1950,studied at Lingnan University in Guangzhou,tutored by Wang Li(王力).?Then he came back to London and got his Ph.D degree under the surpervision of
3、Firth.?In 1955,doctoral dissertation“the language of Chinese Serect History of the Mongols”(元朝秘史),written in a northern Chinese dialect in the 14th century.?Taught linguistics at a number of universities in Britain and America.(London University&Standford University&The University of Exeter)?In 1975
4、,moved to Australia and founded the Department of Linguistics at University of Sydney,working there till his retirement in1988.?Halliday has developed ideas stemming from Firths Theories in the London School.?He is probably the most important representative of the Systemic-Functional School.?His Sys
5、temic-Functional Grammar has had great effect on various disciplines related to language,such as language teaching,sociolinguistics,discourse analysis,stylistics,and machine translation.His Contributions1.2 The Components of Systemic-Functional GrammarSystemic-Functional GrammarSystemic GrammarFunct
6、ional GrammarIt aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network,or meaning potential.It aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction,based on the assumption that language system and the forms that makes it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions
7、 which they serve.1.3 The Basis of Systemic-Functional Grammar?Language users are actually making choices in a system of systems and trying to realize different semantic functions in social interaction;?Language is inseparable from social activities of man.Thus,it takes actual uses of languageas the
8、 object of study,in opposition to Chomskys TG Grammar which takes the ideal speakers linguistic competenceas the object of study.The Development of SFG2.1 The Initial Stage:1950-1960(初期)2.2 The Stage of Scale and Category Grammar:19602.3 The Stage of Establishment:1970-1980（中期）2.4 The Stage of Innov
9、ation and Development:1980-至今Systemic-Functional Grammar3.1 Systemic Grammar?The central component of a systemic grammar is a chart of the full set of choices available in constructing a sentence,with a specification of the relationships between choices.Examples are:Entry ConditionsOptionsEntry Cond
10、itionsOptionsNumber pluralsingular thirdsecond firstperson Discussion1.There are also systems of gender,tense and so on.Can you write down their choices like number and person？2.Discuss with your partner about these systems and generalize essential characteristics of all systems.3.Can you judge the
11、system is right or wrong?Why?4.declarative5.Mood interrogative6.third person7.8.?In systemic Grammar,the notion of system is made a central explanatory principle,the whole of language being conceived as a“system of systems”.Systemic Grammar is concerned with establishing a network of systems of rela
12、tionships,which accounts for all the semantically relevant choices in the language as a whole.?On a very general level,there is the Axis of Choice and the Axis of Chain:Axis of ChoiceAxis of ChainExplanations:(1)The axis of chain deals with the surface aspects of grammar,such as sentence structures,
13、linguistic units,and their ranks(sentence,clause,group,word,and morpheme).(2)The axis of choice deals with the meaning aspects of grammar,such as system and delicacy.?In English,we make choices between different types of processes,participants,and circumstances.They are known collectively as the tra
14、nsitivity choices.We first divide the choices into six kinds:material process(John kicked the ball.)behavioural process(John laughed.)mental process(John likes Mary.)verbal process(John said it is cold in the room.)relational process(John is on the sofa.)existential process(There is a cat on the sof
15、a.)TransitivityTransitivityI like it.The train left five minutes ago.John kicked the ball.Transitivitymaterial processmental processverbal process behavioural process.Action processEvent processInternalised processSupervention processIntention processExternalised processCognition processReaction pro
16、cessPerception processIt puzzled everybody.We can arrange systems on a scale according to the fineness of the distinction.This scale is called scale of delicacy.The delicacy of transitivity?When meanings are expressed,people are intentionally making choices in the system network.On this basis,choice
17、 is meaning.Halliday believes that there are realisation relationships between various levels.is coded by is realized by which is coded byThe choice of meaning(on the semantic level)is realised by the choice of the form(on the level of lexico-grammar);the choice of the form is realised by the choice
18、 of substance on the phonological level.MeaningWordingSemanticsLexicogrammar(syntax)Sound(or Writing)Phonology3.2 Functional Grammar?Halliday believes that language is what it is because it has to serve certain functions.In other words,social demand on language has helped to shape its structure.He i
19、nterprets language development from a functional point of view and formulates a functional theory of language.Three MetafunctionsThe Ideational FunctionThe Interpersonal FunctionThe Textual Function3.2.1 The Ideational Function(1)It is to convey new information,to communicate a content that is unkno
20、wn to the hearer.(2)It mainly consists of“transitivity”and“voice”.This function not only specifies the available options in meaning but also determines the nature of their structural realisations.For example,“John built a new house”can be analysed as a configuration of the function roles:Actor:JohnP
21、rocess:Material:Creation:built Goal:Affected:a new house(3)The Ideational FunctionVoice 语态系统Transitivity 及物性系统Transitivity 及物性系统In English,we make choices between different types of processes,participants,and circumstances.They are known collectively as the transitivity choices.The basic framework f
22、or the representation of process consists of three components:(1)the process itself,(2)Participants in the process,and(3)circumstances associated with the process.e.g.The birds are flying in the sky.Types of elementsTypically realised by1.Process1.Verbal group2.Participant2.Nominal group3.Circumstan
23、ce3.Adverbial group or prepositional phrase Transitivitymaterial process:processes of doingbehavioural process:processes of behavingmental process:processes of sensingverbal process:processes of sayingrelational process:processes of beingexistential process:processes of existing or happeningMaterial
24、 process:processes of doing?Such a process is expressed by an action verb(e.g.beat,break,kick),an Actor(logical subject)and the Goal of the action(logical direct subject,usually a noun or a pronoun).For example:(1)My brother broke the vase.Actor Process Goal(2)The vase was broken by my brother.Goal
25、Process Actor (3)The dean cancelled the department meeting.Actor Process Goal Mental process:processes of sensing?Mental processes fall into three types.They express such mental phenomena as perception(see,look),reaction(like,please)and cognition(know,believe,convince).?A mental process involves two
26、 participants,Senser and Phenomenon.Examples are:(1)John saw the murderer.Senser Process Phenomenon(2)My sister likes the skirt.Senser Process Phenomenon(3)I know that she was absent.Senser Process PhenomenonRelational process:processes of being?Relational processes can be classified into two types:
27、the attributive and the identifying.The former expresses what attributes a certain object has,or what type it belongs to.The latter expresses the identical properties of two entities.?These two relations can be further classified into the intensive,circumstantial,and possessive.Examples are:(1)E.E.C
28、ummings is an American Poet.(Intensive)(2)The film lasted two hours.(Circumstantial;Temporal)(3)This bike is Johns.(Possessive)?In an identifying relational processes,there is an Identifier and an Identified.For example:(1)The mans name is William Sydney Porter.Identified Process Identifier(2)Two ti
29、mes four equals eight.Identified Process IdentifierVerbal process:processes of saying?Verbal processes are those of exchanging information.Commonly used verbs are“say”,“tell”,“talk”,“praise”,“boast”,“describe”,etc.?In this type of processes the participants are the sayer,receiver,and verbiage.For ex
30、ample:(1)My watch says that it is nine-thirty.(2)He asked me to write my name.(3)“Will you please remind me when time is up?”he asked.(4)He asked me if I could spare him some minutes.The sayer is not necessarily a human beingThe Receiver can also appear as a participant.The verbiage may be a direct
31、speech or an indirect speech.Behavioural process:processes of behaving?Behavioural processes refer to physiological and psychological activities such as breathing,coughing,sighing,dreaming,crying,and laughing,etc.Generally only one participant,the behaver(often a human)is involved in these processes
32、.Examples are:(1)The girl laughed heartily.Behaver Process Circumstancial(2)The old man sighed for the days of his youth.Behaver Process CircumstancialExistential process:processes of existing or happening?Existential processes represent that something exists or happens,as in“There is a little pig n
33、ear the house.”,“There seems to be a problem.”,etc.?Verbs used in existential processes are“be”,“exist”,“arise”,etc.?In every existential process,there is an existent.For example:(1)There is a new office building at the end of the road.(2)Does life exist on Mars?Voice 语态系统Clause as representationPas
34、siveProcess passiveBy:The glass was broken by the cat.ActiveProcess active The cat broke the glass.Affective agent middleProcess active The glass broke.3.2.2 The Interpersonal Function(1)It embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations.(2)This includes the various ways the s
35、peaker enter a speech situation and performs a speech act.(3)The Interpersonal FunctionMood 语气系统Modality 情态系统Speech Functions 话语功能Mood 语气系统(1)It is the selection by the speaker of a particular role in the speech situation,and his determination of the choice of roles for the addressee.It is made up o
36、f subject and finite,and the reminder of the clause is called residue(It has three functional elements:the predicator,Complement,and Adjunct).The subject can be a noun phrase,or a clause.For example:He will give an apple to me tomorrow.Subject Finite PredicatorCompAdjunctMoodResidue(2)Types of MoodD
37、eclarative moodImperative moodExclamative moodInterrogative moodDeclarative moodFull declaratives(most 93.6%)Elliptical declarativesInterrogative moodYes-no interrogative(for one polar questions)WH-interrogative(for content questions)Imperative moodFunctions Purposes:goods or services1.Asking for pe
38、rmission to do something.2.Calling the audience and the speaker to do something together.In English,the exclamative clauses are introduced by“what”or“how”.E.g.What a fine day it is!Exclamative mood Modality 情态系统?It is another major component of interpersonal function.According to Halliday,modality i
39、s a form of participation by the speaker in the speech event.It specifies if the speaker is expressing his judgment or making a prediction.ModalityInclination:Ill give you a hand.Modality obligation:You should go now.Usuality:She often went there.Probablity:The child might be hers.Modulation(goods&s
40、ervices)Modalization(information)Speech Functions话语功能?According to Halliday,of the various speech roles,two are the most basic:giving and demanding.?In interpersonal communications,the commodities exchanged can also fall into two kinds:goods&services and information.?Speech roles and commodities exc
41、hanged make up four principal speech functions:offer,command,statement,and question,as in the following table:CommodityexchangedRole in exchangeProposalsGoods-&-servicesPropositionsinformationGiving Offer“Would you like the book?”Statement“Hes giving her the book.”DemandingCommand“Give me the book!”
42、Question“Whats he giving her?”3.2.3 The Textual Function(1)It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into coherent and unified texts and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences.(2)The Textual FunctionCohesion 衔接系统Inf
43、ormation 信息系统Theme 主位系统Theme 主位系统主位系统(1)It is about which gives the clause its character as a meaning.(2)Types of themeUnmarked themeMarked themeInformation 信息系统信息系统?Information,in its technical grammatical sense,is the tense between what is already known or predictable and what is new and unpredica
44、ble.?Hence the information unit is a structure based on the function of the Given(已知信息)and the New(未知信息).?In the idealized form each information unit consists of a Given element accompanied by the New.?According to Halliday,a sentence is the simultaneous realisation of ideational,interpersonal,and t
45、extual meanings.?Example1:IdeationalMaterial processAction/passiveThis housewasbuiltBy John SmithGoal:AffectedProcess:Material:ActionActor:Agent AnimateInterpersonalDeclarativeMoodResidueSubjectFinitePredicatorAdjunctTextualUnmarked ThemeThemeRhemeGivenNew?Example 2:Ideational Mental Process(Cogniti
46、on)Such a tale you will neverbelieve.Phenomenon:reportSenserProcess:Mental:CognitionInterpersonalDeclarativeNegativeResidueMoodResidueComplementSubjectFinitePredicatorTextualMarked ThemeThemeRhemeNew GivenNewCohesion 衔接系统衔接系统(1)It is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax.It
47、refers to relations of meaning that exists within the text,and define it as a text.(2)Textual cohesiveness can be realized mainly by two cohesive devices:Reference:A participant element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.E.g.He couldnt op
48、en the door.Itwas locked tight.Substitution:It is replacement of one linguistic item by another.E.g.-“Why couldnt you use your recorder?”-“I dont have one.”Comparison between TGG and SFGEpistemologyTheoretical baseResearch tasksMethodologySFGViews language as a part of social system&studies language
49、 from anthropologic&sociological perspective1.Malinowskis theory of anthropology2.Firths theory of System&Structure3.Hjelmslevs theory of language level&language system4.Prague schools function sentence perspective 1.To reveal how people make choices through meaning potential in the system of langua
50、ge to fulfill various functions2.Focus on why language possesses such structure1.From a functional point of view2.Language semiotic system of three levelsTGGLanguage is related to physiologic&psychological featuresRationalism&mentalism1.To study language structure in form2.Focus on how language is s
