1、第一篇 总论第2章 桥梁的基本组成和分类武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology本章内容 2.1 桥梁的基本组成部分 2.2 桥梁的主要类型武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology 2.1 桥梁的基本组成部分 Composing of Bridges桥梁基本组成：
2、由传递荷载功能划分(According to the Function of Passing Load)上部结构(Superstructure)下部结构(substructure)支座(Bearing)附属设施(Accessory)武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology知识点：桥梁基本组成，开始讲解这个知识点 2.1 桥梁的基本组成部分 Composing of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of
3、Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology上部结构(Superstructure)上部结构俗称桥跨结构，是跨越障碍的主要承重结构。上部结构 2.1 桥梁的基本组成部分 Composing of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology下部结构(Substructure)下部结构包括桥墩(pier)、桥
4、台(abutment)和基础(foundation)。下部结构桩基础基础墩桥台 2.1 桥梁的基本组成部分 Composing of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology 下部结构作用：将上部结构的荷载传递到基础中去(Transfer load of superstructure to foundation)挡住路堤的土(Block off the soil of road embankment )保证桥梁的温
5、差伸缩(Ensure the expansion joint in temperature fluctuation)下部结构(Substructure)下部结构包括桥墩(pier)、桥台(abutment)和基础(foundation)。2.1 桥梁的基本组成部分 Composing of Bridges支座(Bearing)和墩(Pier)武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology支座垫板支座垫板 bearing plates基
6、础footing支座支座bearing墩帽 pier cap墩pier 2.1 桥梁的基本组成部分 Composing of Bridges桥台(Abutment)武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology重力式桥台 Masonry abutment轻型桥台 RC abutment翼墙 wing walls基础footing翼墙 wing walls背墙 back wall胸墙 breast wall基础footing台帽 cap
7、背墙 back wall 2.1 桥梁的基本组成部分 Composing of Bridges附属设施(Accessory)l桥面铺装(bridge decking)l排水设施(drainage)l伸缩缝(expansion joint)l桥梁与路堤衔接处的桥头搭板(transition slab at bridge head)l锥形护坡(conical slope)l人行道(pavement)l路灯(lamp standard)l栏杆(guardrail)l缘石(kerb)武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of T
8、ransportation,Wuhan University of Technology知识点：桥梁基本组成，讲解结束 2.1 桥梁的基本组成部分 Composing of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology桥梁常用名词(Nouns in Common Use)p20净跨径(clear span)l0总跨径、桥梁孔径(total span)l0计算跨径(computed span)l 标准跨径(standar
9、d span)lb (20m、25m)桥梁全长(total length of bridge)L 桥下净空(clearance of span)H 桥梁建筑高度(construction height of bridge)h桥梁高度（the height of bridge）H1 容许建筑高度（allowable construction height of bridge）Ll0lh设计 水位H低水位H1知识点：桥梁常用名词，开始讲解这个知识点 2.1 桥梁的基本组成部分 Composing of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engi
10、neering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology低水位 (low water lever)：枯水季节的最低水位。高水位 (high water lever)：洪峰季节河流中的最高水位。设计洪水位(designed flood lever):桥梁设计中按规定的设计洪水频率计算所得的高水位。计算水位(calculated water lever):设计洪水位加壅水和浪高得到的水位。通航水位(navigable water lever):在各级航道中能保持船舶正常航行时的水位。2.1 桥梁的基本组成部分 Composing
11、 of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology净矢高(clearance of rise)f0计算矢高(computed rise)f矢跨比(rise-span ratio)f/ll0lf0f知识点：桥梁常用名词，讲解结束本章内容 2.1 桥梁的基本组成部分 2.2 桥梁的主要类型武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transpor
12、tation,Wuhan University of Technology 2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges划分原则：按跨径大小分类(According to the span)按桥面的位置划分(According to the position of deck)按桥梁用途来划分(According to the Use of Bridge)按材料来划分(According to the Material)按结构体系划分(According to Structural System)按跨越方式(According to types of span)按施工方法(
13、According to the Construction Method)武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology知识点：桥梁的主要类型，开始讲解这个知识点 2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology
14、按跨径大小分类(According to the span)我国公路工程技术标准桥梁分类(the types in )桥涵分类多孔跨径总长L（m）单孔跨径Lk（m）特大桥L100LX150大桥100L100040LK150中桥30L10020LK40小桥8L305LK20涵洞LK5 2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按跨径大小分类(According to
15、the span)国际特大桥梁分类标准(the International Classification Standard of Grand Bridges)2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按桥面的位置划分(According to the position of deck)上承式(Deck Bridge)视野好、建筑高度大(good view,great
16、 construction height)下承式(Through Bridge)建筑高度小、视野差(small construction height,bad view)中承式(Half-through bridge)兼有两者的特点(have the two types characteristics)2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按桥面的位置划分(Ac
17、cording to the position of deck)上承式(Deck Bridge)视野好、建筑高度大(good view,great construction height)2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按桥面的位置划分(According to the position of deck)下承式(Through Bridge)建筑高度小、视
18、野差(small construction height,bad view)2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按桥面的位置划分(According to the position of deck)中承式(Half-through bridge)兼有两者的特点(have the two types characteristics)2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Mai
19、n Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按桥梁用途来划分(According to the Use of Bridge)公路桥(Highway Bridge)铁路桥(Railway Bridge)公路铁路两用桥(Combined Highway)农桥(Agro-bridge)人行桥(Pedestrian Bridge)运水桥(渡槽)(Aqueduct)其它专用桥梁(如通过管路、电缆等)2.2
20、桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按材料来划分(According to the Material)木桥(Timber Bridges)钢桥(Steel Bridges)圬工桥(包括砖、石、混凝土桥)(Masonry Bridges)钢筋混凝土桥(Reinforced Concrete Bridges)预应力钢筋混凝土桥(Prestressed Concrete B
21、ridges)2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按结构体系划分(According to Structural System)梁式桥(Beam Bridges)主梁受弯(Bending Girder)拱桥(Arch Bridge)主拱受压(pressing main arch)刚架桥(Rigid Frame Bridge)构件受弯压(Member of mo
22、ment and pressure)缆索承重(Cable Bearing)缆索受拉(Cable of Tension)组合体系(Combination System)几种受力的组合(combination of different members)2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按结构体系划分(According to Structural System)
23、梁式桥(Beam Bridges)：主梁受弯 竖向荷载下无水平反力，梁只承受剪力和弯矩。2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按结构体系划分(According to Structural System)拱桥(Arch Bridge)：主拱主要受压 竖向荷载下有水平反力，能消除拱体部分弯矩，拱主要受 压，可采用圬工或混凝土结构建造，对基础地质条件要求较高。2.2
24、 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按结构体系划分(According to Structural System)刚架桥(Rigid Frame Bridge)p22：构件受弯压 梁柱共同工作，桥下净空易保证，对跨线桥非常有利。2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge
25、Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按结构体系划分(According to Structural System)缆索承重(Cable Bearing)：缆索受拉 2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按结构体系划分(According to Structural
26、System)组合体系(Combination System)：几种受力的组合 2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按跨越方式(According to types of span)固定式的桥梁(Immovable Bridge)开启桥(Movable Bridge)浮桥(Floating Bridge)漫水桥(Submersible Bridge)2.2 桥
27、梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology开启桥(Movable Bridge)2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology按施工方法(Accord
28、ing to the Construction Method)整体施工桥梁(Integral Construction Bridge)上部结构一次浇筑而成(superstructure casted in one time)节段施工桥梁(Segmental Cast Bridge)上部结构分节段组拼而成(superstructure casted in segment)2.2 桥梁的主要类型 Main Types of Bridges武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology节段施工桥梁(Segmental Cast Bridge)上部结构分节段悬浇或组拼而成(superstructure casted in segment)知识点：桥梁的主要类型，讲解结束End本章完武汉理工大学交通学院道路桥梁工程系Dept of Road&Bridge Engineering,School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology
