1、Grammar and usageNon-restrictive attributive clauses非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句Finish the attributive clauses below:1.The lesson _ we studied yesterday was hard to understand.2.You can take any book _ interests you best.thatwhich/that Practice 3.People like to live in a place _ theres fresh air and little nois
2、e.4.The girl _ you saw at the meeting is a well-known swimmer.5.He is the very worker _ picture we saw in the newspaper yesterday.6.He was very happy on the day _ he entered the university.where whom/thatwhoseon whichwhen/7.I never really understand the reason _ he made such a serious mistake.8.Dont
3、 read such books _ you cannot understand.9.Is that the student _ you lent your dictionary?to whomwhyas10.Is this the new novel _ you have talked so much?11.The little hero,_ has given his life for his country,will always live in the heart of the people.whowhich/thatWhats the difference between No.10
4、 and No.11?No.No.10 is a restrictive clause while No.11 with a comma is a non-restrictive clause.Question:1.定语从句定语从句(attributive clauses)通常由关系通常由关系代词或关系副词引出。常见的关系代词代词或关系副词引出。常见的关系代词有有:which(指物指物),that(既可指人又可指既可指人又可指物物),who(指人，在定语从句中作主语或指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语宾语),whom(指人，在定语从句中作宾指人，在定语从句中作宾语语),whose(指人或物，作定语
5、指人或物，作定语)等。关系等。关系副词有副词有:when(指时间指时间),where(指地指地点点),why(指原因指原因)等。等。Explanation2.定语从句分为限制性定语从句定语从句分为限制性定语从句(restrictive)和非限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive)两种。限制性定语两种。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词从句紧跟先行词,与先行词之间一与先行词之间一般不加逗号；非限制性定语从句与般不加逗号；非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号分开。主句之间通常用逗号分开。Try to find the attributive clauses in the Readi
6、ng section on page 42-43 and tell their functions.restrictive attributive clauses:1.They contain a harmful chemical that caused my liver to fail.Practice2.We shouldnt be ashamed of the way we look,should we?3.This is really a touching storya stranger who donated part of his liver to a girl he doesnt
7、 even know!1.My mother,whom you met last year,keeps telling me not to take them because they are dangerous.2.Im taking weight-loss pills called Fat-Less,which are quite popular among young women here.non-restrictive attributive clauses:3.Then the doctor found someone in your country,whose name is Li
8、 Dong,was an exact match for me.4.Its the same in Chinamany people,some of whom are not overweight at all,are always going on diet or taking weight-loss pills,which are often dangerous.Differences between the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.DiscussionLook at the following example
9、s and tell the differences between the sentences.1.His father,who works in Beijing,came back yesterday.2.Shanghai,which is in East China,is developing rapidly.Example 1Conclusion 1当先行词是地名、人名、世界上独当先行词是地名、人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。1.I have a sister who/that wor
10、ks in a hospital.我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。2.I have a sister,who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。Example 2不只一位姐姐不只一位姐姐只有一位姐姐只有一位姐姐3.The magazines here have nice pictures in them were written by him.里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。4.The magazines here,which have nice pictures in the
11、m,were written by him.所有的杂志都是他写的所有的杂志都是他写的,里面都有漂亮里面都有漂亮的图画。的图画。杂志有两类杂志有两类杂志只有一类杂志只有一类Conclusion 21.限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,是先行词不可缺少的部分是先行词不可缺少的部分,如果去掉如果去掉它，主句意思往往不明确。它，主句意思往往不明确。2.非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充或说明充或说明,去掉它也不会影响主句的去掉它也不会影响主句的意思。意思。1.This is the house(which/that)we bought last
12、month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。2.The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这房子很漂亮这房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。是我们上个月买的。Example 3限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句3.He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.他似乎没领会我的意思他似乎没领会我的意思,这使我心烦。这使我心烦。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句Conclusion 31.限制性定语从句可以由关系代
13、词限制性定语从句可以由关系代词,关关系副词来引导，关系代词作宾语时系副词来引导，关系代词作宾语时可以省略。可以省略。2.非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句又可修饰整个主句,不可用不可用that引导引导且关系代词不可以省略。且关系代词不可以省略。1.The famous basketball star,_ comes from America,will visit our school soon.2.In those days,she used to go to Mr black,with _ she had a wonderful time.3.I
14、bought a car yesterday,_ cost me a lot.whichwhomwho Practice4.Xian,_I visited last year,is a nice old city.5.He will come to see me next July,_ he wont be so busy.6.The school,_ I once studied,was built thirty years ago.whichwherewhen7.John said hed been working in the office for an hour,_ was true.
15、8._ we all know,he is good at English.Aswhich非限制性定语从句考点归纳：非限制性定语从句考点归纳：I.as 和和which引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句,代替整个主句。代替整个主句。1.As everyone knows,China is a country with a long history.众所周知，中国是一个众所周知，中国是一个历史历史悠久的国悠久的国家。家。Example:2.She is a teacher,as is clear from her manner.她是个教师她是个教师,这一点从她的举止可以清这一点从她的举止可以
16、清楚地看出。楚地看出。3.He missed the show,which was really a great pity.他他错过了演出，这真是很大的遗憾。错过了演出，这真是很大的遗憾。4.He invited me to dinner,which made me very happy.他请我吃饭，这使我很高兴。他请我吃饭，这使我很高兴。Conclusion1.as 和和which在引导非限制性定语从句在引导非限制性定语从句时时,as和和which可代替整个主句，相当可代替整个主句，相当于于and this或或and that。这两个关系代。这两个关系代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思词都可指
17、代主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。2.as和和which引导非限制性定语从句的不引导非限制性定语从句的不 同之处在于：同之处在于：(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首引导的定语从句可置于句首,而而which引导的定语从句不可放在句首。引导的定语从句不可放在句首。(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若若从句中的谓语为行为动词，则从句中从句中的谓语为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用的关系代词只能用which。另外。另外,as引导引导非限制性
18、从句非限制性从句,常带有常带有“正如正如”的意思。的意思。Practice1.Alice received an invitation from her boss,_ came as a surprise.2.The weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expect.3._ is expected,the England team won the football match.Aswhichwhich4.It rained hard yesterday,_ prevented me from going to
19、the park.5._ we can see,the smoke came from the little dustbin.whichAsII.all/some/of+whom/which引导非引导非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句Example:1.He has told us many stories,all of which are about the famous Long Match.2.The students of Class 1,some of whom came from Japan,went camping yesterday.Conclusion 在非限制性定语从句中在非限
20、制性定语从句中,一些表达数量一些表达数量或定位的数词或代词如或定位的数词或代词如 all/some/one/both/neither/none/any/either/any 等可等可与与 of 构成介词词组修饰限制先行词构成介词词组修饰限制先行词,此时此时先行词在其后的定语从句中作介词的宾语先行词在其后的定语从句中作介词的宾语,关系代词不可用关系代词不可用that。如先行词指人则用。如先行词指人则用whom，如先行词指物则用，如先行词指物则用which引导从句。引导从句。1.Many students in this school,some of which are not overweigh
21、t,are going on diets.2.There are 54 students in my class and ten of whom come from US.whomCorrection:them3.Half a million pairs of shoes are produced by the workers here every year,80%of whom are sold abroad.4.I have many friends in this town,some of which are businessman.5.I am doing different type
22、s of exercises,all of them are quite helpful to my health.whichwhich 或或 all 前加前加andwhomA.Join each pair of sentences to form one sentence,using one of them as o non-restrictive atttribute clause with whose,which,where or when.1.Amy is an actress.She is Zhou Lings friend.Amy,who is an actress,is Zhou
23、 Lings friend./Amy,who is Zhou Lings friend,is an actress.2.The doctors at the hospital tried their best to save Amy.Amy spent about two months in that hospital.The doctors at the hospital,where Amy spent about two months,tried their best to save Amy./The doctors at the hospital tried their best to
24、save Amy,who spent about two months.3.Amy eats lots of fruit and vegetables.All of them are good for her healthAmy eats lots of fruit and vegetables,all of which are good for her health.4.Amy sometimes goes for a walk in the afternoon.It is fine and warm in the afternoon.Amy sometimes goes for a wal
25、k in the afternoon,when it is fine and warm.5.My uncle is an engineer and is working in Beijing.I told you about him yesterday.My uncle,whom I told you about yesterday/about whom I told you yesterday,is an engineer and is working in Beijing.6.Mike has decided to visit the Great Wall next month.His h
26、obby is travelling.Mike,whose hobby is travelling,has decided to visit the Great Wall next month.B:Below is a message and some replies that were posted on a health website.Compare them with who,whose,which,where or when.Hi,there I have a good friend,_ is really thin.Yet he wants to become a great at
27、hlete.Every week he goes to the gym,_ he exercises and lifts weights.But the fact is that it does not work,_ makes him unhappy.Now he is considering taking some pills,_ he thinks will help him become stronger.Does anyone know its safe to take these pills?Chris whowhere whichwhichHi,ChrisI think goin
28、g to a gym is a good way to keep healthy and strong.If your friend wants to be stronger,he should try to go there more often.Yes,there are some pills to make you look strong.However,they have side effects,_ will damage your health.After taking this kind of pill for some time,your friends hair might
29、fall out or he might have health problems,some of friends hair _ may even affect his liver or heart.whichwhichSome athletes,_ achievements were great,died very young because they took these kinds of pills.I dont think your friend should take the risk.Tell your friend not to take the pills because he
30、 may have health problems in the future,_ it is too late.whosewhenHi,ChrisI just read your post and would like to tell you about my brother,_ had the same problem as your friend.You never mentioned how old your friend is,but when my brother was about eighteen years old,he was quiet thin.At that time
31、,there were some new pills in the shops,so he tired them.whoHowever,unlike what Jeff said,they didnt make my brothers hair fall out.By the way,do you which pills your friend is thinking of taking?Whose idea was it to take them?Be careful where you get them from,because the pills that my brother used
32、 made his hair turn grey.My brother,_ is now thirty-four,is still thin,but at least hes healthy.Jonathan whoPractice time1.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,_,of course,made the others envy him.A.who B.that C.what D.which2.The English play,_ my students acted at the New Ye
33、ars party,was a great success.A.for which B.at which C.in which D.on which3.There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.A.where B.which C.when D.that4.Great changes have taken place in that school.It is no longer what it was 20 years ago,_ it was so poorly equipped.A.when B.whic
34、h C.what D.that5.The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,_is often the case in other countries.A.it B.that C.as D.so6.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,_was very reasonable.A.which price B.the price of which C.its price D.the price of whose7.Mr.
35、Smith will move into his new house next Sunday,_ it will be completely finished.A.by the time B.on that time C.on which D.by which time8.Have you seen the film“Titanic”,_ leading actor is world-famous?A.its B.its C.whose D.which9.Is there a department store around _ I can get a birthday present for
36、my daughter?Yes,just across the street.A.here B which C.where D.it10.Jiuzhaigou Valley is a most famous place of interest,_ I will never forget in my life.A.it B.that C.one D.what1.This is one of the most interesting films _ shown last week.This is the very one of the most interesting films _ shown
37、last week.A.which was B.that was C.which were D.that wereBDComparison2.He has two sons,_ are college students.He has two sons,and _ are college students.A.both of which B.both of whomC.both of them D.both of itCB 3.He still lives in the room _ window faces to the east.He still lives in the room,the
38、window _ faces to the east.He still lives in the room _ is in the north of the city.He still lives in the room _ there is a beautiful table.A.which B.whose C.where D.of whichCADB4._ we all know,China is rich in natural resources._ is well-known that China is rich in natural resources._ is well-known
39、,China is rich in natural resources.A.Which B.As C.It D.ThatBCB5.Is this museum _ he visited last month?The teacher tells us that _ cleans the blackboard is to be praised.A.that B.the one C.which D.the one whoBD 1.Go over the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.2.Finish the exercises
40、 of Part A and B on p48-49 in your textbook.3.Finish Part C1 on P96 in your workbook.Homework Question tagsDo you often say“I love you”to your parents?How do you say that?Sometimes you may ask them:You love me,dont you?1.What are question tags?Question tags are short questions that come at the end o
41、f statements.Discussion2.Look at the following examples and tell in what different situations the question tags are used.Example 1:Its a lovely day,isnt it?Situation 1:to start a conversationExample 2:Neither of you has heard the news,have you?Situation 2:to request information in a more polite way.
42、Example 3:Pass the knife on the table to me,will you?Situation 3:to soften an order or a request for someone to do something.Situation 4:1.to ask for agreement,using a falling tone.(The speaker is sure about what is said.)2.to ask for confirmation,using a rising tone.(The speaker is not sure about w
43、hat is said.)Example 4:1.Youre a high school student,arent you?2.Youre a high school student,arent you?Try to find the question tags in the Reading section on page 42-43 and tell the situations and tones.Practice:1.Looking good is important to women,isnt it?2.I was lucky,wasnt I?3.We shouldnt be ash
44、amed of the way we look,should we?ExamplesAll the question tags above are used to ask for agreement by the writer and they should be read in a falling tone.Conclusion:DiscussionPair work 1.What are the two kinds of question tags?Positive question tags and negative question tags.2.How are question ta
45、gs formed?Usually a negative question tag is used at the end of a positive statement;a positive question tag is used at the end of a negative statement.Formation of question tags:Neither of you will have coffee,will you?No one has found my CD,have they?Nobody understood his speech,did they?His siste
46、r seldom argues with people,does she?Example 1When the main clause uses negative words like neither,none,nobody,nothing,few,little,never,hardly or seldom,it is followed by a positive question tag.Conclusion 1e.g.There are a group of little children in the museum,_?arent thereWhat does the word“littl
47、e”mean here?“Small or young”rather than“almost no”.AttentionQuestionIm late,arent I?Peter often helps the old man,doesnt he?Everyone has advised you not to go on a diet,havent they?We use a personal pronoun like I,we,you,he,she,it or they in a question tag.Example 2Conclusion 2Example 3Conclusion 3Y
48、ou like traveling,dont you?There is something wrong,isnt there?You cant speak Italian,can you?We use an auxiliary verb,model verb or be in a question tag.Example 4Conclusion 4Post a letter for me,will you?Lets have a break,shall we?Let us go home now,will you?After an imperative clause,we use will y
49、ou.After Lets,we use shall we.Example 5I think everyone will be interested in these books,wont they?I guess they havent heard about the plan,have they?I dont suppose Tom went back home yesterday,did he?Conclusion 5When the main clause of the sentence begins with I think/suppose/guess/believe/imagine
50、 and is followed by an object clause introduced by that,the question tags are formed according to the object clause.1.I told him that you had finished the work,_?2.You think he comes from Japan,_?3.He doesnt guess you are right,_?4.We dont imagine that he has lied to us,_?do wedoes hedont youdidnt I
