1、中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- http:/www.dr- for hyperuricemia in gout）中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- 常見的疾病高盛行率 醫療花費增加 臨床治療標準不一 國際已有治療指引中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- in Taiwan16篇 since 1968 to 2004中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- HY,Pan WH,Yeh WT,Tsai KS.Hyperuricemia and gout in Taiwan:results from the Nutritional and Health S
2、urvey in Taiwan(1993-96).J Rheumatol.2001 Jul;28(7):1640-6.Population:2754 males and 2953 females aged 4 years and older The prevalence of hyperuricemia in aboriginal males and females：50 尿酸值尿酸值 年齡年齡男性男性 7.7 mg/dl 女性女性 6.6 mg/dl 19y/o261745y/o2223中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- SW,Tan CK,Ng KC.Epidemiology
3、of hyperuricemia in the elderly.Yale J Biol Med.2001 May-Jun;74(3):151-7.Time：1998 MayPopulation：586(66%Men&34%Women)mean age was 73.1+/-5.3 years The proportions of hyperuricemia：(p 416.5 micromol/l(7 mg/dl)in boys and 357 micromol/l(6 mg/dl)in girls Ninety of 224 girls(40.2%)and 56 of 190 boys(29.
4、5%)were hyperuricemic.中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- Chungtei 周昌德 Hyperuricemia and gout among Taiwan Aborigines and Taiwanese-prevalence and risk factors Chin Med J 2003;116(7):965-967 The prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout in Atayal Aborigines to be 41.4%and 11.7%,respectively.27%to 45%of aboriginal bo
5、ys and 13%to 41%of aboriginal girls had hyperuricemia.Kinmen：the prevalence of hyperuricemia in men was 25.8%(391/1515)through more than 6 years of follow-ups on 223 asymptomatic hyperuricemic patients,the 5-year cumulative incidence of onset of gout was 18.8%(42/223).The incidence increased with th
6、ree different baseline levels of uric acid,from 10.8%(7.0 uric acid8.0),to 27.7%(8.0uric acid 9.0),to 61.6%(uric acid9.0).中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- guideline 8篇，since 1996 to 20031:Meyers OL,Cassim B,Mody GM.Hyperuricaemia and gout:clinical guideline 2003.S Afr Med J.2003 Dec;93(12 Pt 2):961-71.2:Naka
7、jima H,Matsuzawa Y.Introduction of the new guideline for the management of hyperuricemia and gout with special reference to its policy Nippon Rinsho.2003 Jan;61 Suppl 1:442-9.3:Tatsuno I,Saito Y.Hyperuricemia and atherosclerosis Nippon Rinsho.2003 Jan;61 Suppl 1:259-65.Review.中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr-
8、 H.Definition and determination of serum uric acid level Nippon Rinsho.2003 Jan;61 Suppl 1:154-7.5:Nakajima H.Management of hyperuricemia in occupational health:with reference to guidelines for the management of hyperuricemia and gout Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi.2003 Jan;45(1):12-9.Review.Japanese.6:Gor
9、ter KJ,Romeijnders AC.The standard hyperuricemia from the Dutch Family Physician;reaction from rheumatology and general medicine Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd.2002 May 4;146(18):872;author reply 872-3.Dutch.7:Chalmers J.Role of diuretics in the treatment of hypertension:from large controlled trials to inter
10、national guidelines Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss.1996 Sep;89 Spec No 4:39-43.Review.French.8:Cummins D,Sekar M,Halil O,Banner N.Myelosuppression associated with azathioprine-allopurinol interaction after heart and lung transplantation.Transplantation.1996 Jun 15;61(11):1661-2.中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- http:/w
11、ww.dr- hyperuricemia and Asymtomatic hyperuricemia and treatment and reviewtreatment and review 23篇，since 1977 to 2003中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- HE,Dincer AP,Levinson DJ.Asymptomatic hyperuricemia:to treat or not to treat.Cleve Clin J Med.2002 Aug;69(8):594,597,600-2 passim.Publication Types:Review Tre
12、atment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia is not necessary in most patients,unless perhaps they have very high levels of uric acid or are otherwise at risk of complications,such as those with a personal or strong family history of gout,urolithiasis,or uric acid nephropathy.中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- T.Gout
13、and hyperuricaemia-should both be treated?Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen.2003 Oct 23;123(20):2878-80 Publication Types:ReviewPatients with increased levels of uric acid will usually be treated with drugs if symptoms of acute arthritis or kidney stones occur.There is still no consensus on the treatment of in
14、dividuals with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia.中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- MD,Siegel LB,Alloway JA.Gout and hyperuricemia.Am Fam Physician.1999 Feb 15;59(4):925-34.Publication Types:Review Patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia do not require treatment,but efforts should be made to lower their urate level
15、s by encouraging them to make changes in diet or lifestyle.中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- G,Kullich W,Klein G.Therapy of hyperuricemia and gout Wien Med Wochenschr.1997;147(16):382-7 Publication Types:Review Dietary regimen are in the forefront in treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia.Uric acid lowering
16、drugs can only be supported in repeated serum-measures from 9 mg/dl up.中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- and Gout and treatment資料來源：PubMed Bandolier Google 中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- T.Gout and hyperuricaemia-should both be treated?Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen.2003 Oct 23;123(20):2878-80 Publication Types:Review Drugs
17、 for the treatment of acute arthritis attacks include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs),glucocorticoids systematically or injected into the joint,and colchicine.As prophylactic long-term treatment of recurring attacks,allopurinol,probenicide and colchicine are therapeutic alternatives.中华
18、医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- JR.et al Diagnosis and management of gout.Am Fam Physician 1999 Apr 1;59(7):1799-806,1810 Treatment goals(of gout)include termination of the acute attack,prevention of recurrent attacks and prevention of complications associated with the deposition of urate crystals in tissues.
19、Pharmacologic management remains the mainstay of treatment.Acute attacks may be terminated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents,colchicine or intra-articular injections of corticosteroids.Probenecid,sulfinpyrazone and allopurinol can be used to prevent recurrent attacks.Obesity,alco
20、hol intake and certain foods and medications can contribute to hyperuricemia.These potentially exacerbating factors should be identified and modified中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- G,Kullich W,Klein G.Therapy of hyperuricemia and gout Wien Med Wochenschr.1997;147(16):382-7 Publication Types:Review The thera
21、py of an acute attack of gout primarily is done with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs,in rare cases with colchicine or corticoids.Gouty arthritis in intermission,independent of the extent of hyperuricemia,as well as chronic gout are indications for an uric acid lowering pharmacotherapy,usually f
22、or life.中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- KT,Agudelo CA:Gout.JAMA.2003;289(21):2857-60.A short,practical,up-to-date review article targeted at the non-rheumatologist clinician.Agudelo CA,Wise CM:Crystal-associated arthritis in the elderly.Rheum Dis Clin North Am.2000;26(3):527-46.A comprehensive review by two
23、 of the leading authorities on gout and other crystal-induced arthropathies.Emmerson BT:The management of gout.N Engl J Med.1996;334(7):445-51.A dated but insightful classic review article.PRODIGY Guidance-Gout.April 2002.www.prodigy.nhs.uk/A practical UK guideline that may be particularly useful fo
24、r US clinicians,especially until a standard evidence-based US clinical guideline is available.中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- and probenecid for Allopurinol,oxipurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid for lowering uric acidlowering uric acid1.HE Paulus et al.Prophylactic colchicine therapy of intercritical gout
25、.A placebo-controlled study of probenecid-treated patients.Arthritis and Rheumatism 1974 17:609-614.2.HR Arntz et al.Serum uric acid lowering effect of allopurinol and benzbromarone in low dosage.Fortschr Med 1979 19:1-3.3.GW Schepers et al.Benzbromarone therapy in hyperuricaemia:comparison with all
26、opurinol and probenecid.J Int Med Res 1981 9:511-515.4.PW Bull&JT Scott.Intermittent control of hyperuricaemia in the treatment of gout.J Rheumatol 1989 16:1246-1248.5.H Berg.Effectiveness and tolerance of long-term uricosuric treatment.Z Gestamte Inn Med 1990 45:719-20.6.I Walter-Sack et al.Uric ac
27、id lowering effects of oxipurinol sodium in hyperuricaemic patients-therapeutic equivalence to allopurinol.J Rheumatol 1996 23:498-501.中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- patientsoutcomesResultsHE Paulus et al,1974 Randomised,double blind comparison of probenecid 500 mg three times a day plus placebo versus pro
28、benecid plus colchicine for up to six months 53 men with gout and serum uric acid above 7.5 mg/dLUric acidResults reported only for men with significant and sustained falls in uric acid(38/52),when mean reduction was to 6.3 mg/dL from about 8.8 mg/dL.Acute attacks 0.5/month with probenecid alone,and
29、 0.2/month with probenecid plus colchicine.Pretreatment attacks averaged 3-4/12 months.Table 1:Allopurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid in goutTable 1:Allopurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid in gout中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- patientsoutcomesResultsArntz et al,1979 Random comparison of 100 mg allopurin
30、ol,20 mg benzbromarone and the combination in a crossover trial with four week treatment periods Twelve patients with hyperuricaemia and type IV hyperlipidaemia Uric acid Significant falls for all treatments,but more so for the combination.Table 1:Allopurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid in goutTabl
31、e 1:Allopurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid in gout中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- DesignIncluded patientsoutcomesResultsSchepers,1981 Non-random crossover of probenecid 1000 mg,allopurinol 300 mg daily,benzbromarone 100 mg daily in six patients.One week of treatment with two week wash out.Serum uric acid
32、of 450 mol/L or more.Uric acid Claims benzbromarone superior to other two treatments Table 1:Allopurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid in goutTable 1:Allopurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid in gout中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- patientsoutcomesResultsBull&Scott,1989 Random(last digit of hospital number)to
33、continuous daily allopurinol 300 mg(10)or allopurinol 300 mg(10)for two months every year.Aim of continuous treatment was uric acid below 6 mg/100 mL.Duration 2-4 years.At least three attacks of classical gouty arthritis with hyperuricaemia.Patients new to allopurinol.Acute attacks 20 attacks versus
34、 26 attacks(continuous/intermittent)in first two years.No attacks per 166 patient months thereafter for continuous,versus 10/140 months for intermittent.Table 1:Allopurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid in goutTable 1:Allopurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid in gout中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- patientsout
35、comes ResultsBerg,1990 Randomised comparison of 100 mg allopurinol plus 20 mg benzbromarone daily compared with 300 mg allopurinol over 24 weeks.Serum uric acid above 6 mg/100 mL in 30 patients with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia.Uric acid In both groups mean uric acid fell from over 7 mg/100 mL to abo
36、ut 5.5 mg/100 mL.Table 1:Allopurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid in goutTable 1:Allopurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid in gout中华医生网收集编目 http:/www.dr- patientsoutcomesResultsWalter-Sack et al,1996 randomised,double blind crossover study of rapid release allopurinol 300 mg/day and 384 mg/day of oxi
37、purinol sodium for 14 days each.Plasma uric acid above 7.5 mg/100 mL in men Uric acid Mean pretreatment levels of about 8.5 mg/100 mL fell to about 5.5-6.0 mg/dL with treatment.Table 1:Allopurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid in goutTable 1:Allopurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid in gout中华医生网收集编目 h
38、ttp:/www.dr- and Allopurinol,oxipurinol,benzbromarone and probenecid for lowering uric acidprobenecid for lowering uric acid CommentComment：Not exactly a wealth of information yet.The longer duration study by Bull&Scott implies that maintaining a serum uric acid level below 6 mg/100 mL(350 mol/L)eventually depletes body stores and gives good relief from acute attacks.The Paulus probenecid study did not appear to show any reduction in attacks without addition of prophylactic colchicine.
