1、第第1讲讲文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译 学习目的和要求:学习目的和要求:了解文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译的关系重点和难点:重点和难点:文法与翻译;如何让译文符合英文文法教学课时:教学课时:4汉英翻译要考虑到合乎逻辑,合乎文法,还要考虑到使用较好的修辞手段这三个要素 首先,熟知汉英两种语言的语法特点,具有合乎英语语法的遣词造句的能力、有一定的英文写作能力,是从事汉英翻译的前提。再次,修辞是为提高语言的表达效果而对表达手段的恰当的运用,若要译文达到同原文一样的效果,必须使用适当的修辞手段。其次,语言的逻辑各不相同,在汉语里符合逻辑的表达法到了英语里不一定符合逻辑。同样合乎语法的语言现象不
2、一定符合逻辑,符合逻辑的表达方式不一定符合语法。三者与翻译的关系可以这么说,文法是决定译文通不通的问题,逻辑是看译文对不对的问题,而修辞则是管译文好不好的问题。第第1节节 文法与翻译文法与翻译文法包括字法、句法和章法等。汉译英中的文法问题包括两个方面,一是汉语原文的语法,特别是文言文语法,一是英语译文语法,前者涉及理解,后者涉及表达。坐在花园的篱笆旁,一个黄蜂刺了我一下。Sitting against a fence in my garden,I was stung by a wasp.昨晚他们家被偷了。Their house was robbed last night 归根结底,文法问题是一
3、个语言基础问题,就翻译而言,是一个基本功问题。尽管翻译时可以随心所欲,但不可逾矩。如果翻译时文法不加以考虑,可能由于词法、句法、意境等原因导致模糊美感的丧失。汉语在写景抒情方面的特点是虚、空,用词凝练含蓄、音韵和美。英语需要以语言形态来表意,在词语后面留下的想象空间就难以达到汉语的高度。1.选词导致模糊美感的丧失选词导致模糊美感的丧失 杭州境内西湖如明镜,千峰凝翠,洞壑幽深,风光奇丽。杭州的春天,淡妆艳抹,无不相宜,夏日荷香阵阵,沁人心脾,秋天,桂枝飘香,菊花斗艳;冬日,琼装玉琢,俏丽媚人。西湖以变幻多姿的斗艳,令人心旷神怡。此段之美,既美在浅层,美在辞藻,美在四字结构;又美在深层,美在不“嚼
4、饭与人”,没有“描完述尽”,而是留下了较多的“不确定性”和“意义的空白”。诸如:凝翠/幽深/淡妆艳抹/沁人心脾/斗艳/媚人/心旷神怡,等等,无不含有模糊色彩,朦胧意境。逢“模糊”,遇“朦胧”,读者就自然要变“意义不确定”为“意义确定”;变“意义空白”为“意义丰盈”。这个“变”,是思考,更是想象,是品味,更是创造。The West Lake in Hangzhou is like a mirror,embellished all around with green hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty.Sunny or rainy,Hangzhou
5、looks its best in spring.In summer the fragrance of lotus flowers gladdens the heart and refresh the mind.Autumn brings with it the sweet scent of laurel flowers,and chrysanthemums are in full bloom.In winter the snow scenery looks just like jade-carvings,charming and beautiful.The ever-changing asp
6、ects of the beauty of West Lake makes one carefree and joyous.英汉两种语言的明显句法区别除了意合与形合之外,另一个明显区别在于汉语之句法趋于流散,自由及模糊。水浒第四十三回写李逵打虎,有此一句:那一阵风起处,星月光辉之下,大吼一声,忽那一阵风起处,星月光辉之下,大吼一声,忽地跳出一只吊睛白额虎来。那大虫望李逵势猛地跳出一只吊睛白额虎来。那大虫望李逵势猛一扑一扑。2.句法导致模糊美感的丧失句法导致模糊美感的丧失 郭绍虞先生曾经就上句分析如下:假如以动词为重点,那么,在这一句中就要以白额虎为主语,说成一只吊睛白额虎在星月光辉之下,随着一
7、阵风,大吼一声,忽地跳了出来;如果李逵为主语,说成李逵在星月光辉之下,猛觉一阵风起,听到一声大吼,看到一只吊睛白额虎跳了出来。这样说,语法上都是通的,也表达了同样意思,但都失掉了汉语的精神,变得干瘪而无生气了。相应的英译就必须循规蹈矩,合乎规范语法,主语是主语,谓语是谓语,宾语是宾语。一个关系代词(where),一个连词(and),一个介词(at)都不能少。上句的译文是:From the place where the wind blew,a roaring tiger leaped out.It had upward-slanting eyes and a white forehead,an
8、d it charged directly at Li Kui.(沙博理译)在我的后园,可以看见墙外有两株树,一株是枣树,还有一株也是枣树。In our backyard,there stood two Chinese jujubes.鲁迅先生的散文作品鲁迅先生的散文作品秋夜秋夜中有这样的描述:中有这样的描述:3.句法差异导致模糊美感的丧失句法差异导致模糊美感的丧失在这里,我们不妨从杜甫的诗春望中的“国破山河在国破山河在”一句的英译为例,作一番比较。译者全部为国外汉学家。(注:每行下面是逐字直译,括号中的文字或标点是根据英语语法所必须增添的)Though a country be sunder
9、ed,hills and rivers endure.-Bynner(虽然)(一个)国家(被)隔绝(,)(群)山(和)河流忍耐(着)(。)A nation though fallen,the land yet remains.-W.J.B.Fletcher(一个)国家(虽然)沦陷(,)(那)土地(仍然)留存(。)The state may fall,but the hills and streams remain.-David Hawkes(这个)国家(也许)沦陷(,)(但)(这)(群)山(和)小溪留存(。)汉语是意合语言,行文过程中无须任何逻辑标记,而逻辑自明。读者心领神会之。比如“国破山河
10、在”一句,隐含着“对比”的逻辑意味。若使用逻辑标记,则应该说:国已破,山河却依旧存在。这种句子,对英语国家的人来说,堪称十足的“语义模糊”。英译,就必须化隐为显,变含蓄为明示。英语和汉语在写景状物方面存在的极大差异:中国的诗人离开了自然景物就难以成诗,而西方人“观察自然,从来不想到要用它来作诗”(歌德语)。英语更多地强调摹写和再现,而中国传统意境理论强调文艺是人类情感的表现,并认识到由于语言本身的局限性,文艺应通过感性经验的形式唤起欣赏者的联想,从而尽可能丰富地表现人类的情感。在艺术欣赏中强调通过直觉、妙悟来体味艺术作品的意蕴。4.意境导致模糊美感的丧失意境导致模糊美感的丧失 在醉翁亭记(Th
11、e Old Drunkards Arbor)中,欧阳修写道:若夫日出而林霏开,云归而岩穴暝,晦明变化者,山间之朝暮也。Now at dawn and dusk in this mountain come changes between light and darkness:when the sun emerges,the misty woods become clear;when the clouds hang low,the grottoes are wrapped in gloom.朱自清在他的名篇荷塘月色中有一段经典描述:曲曲折折的荷塘上面,弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高,像婷婷的舞女
12、的裙。层层的叶子中间,零星地点缀着些白花,有袅娜地开着的,有羞涩地打着朵儿的,正如一粒粒的明珠,又如碧天里的星星,又如刚出浴的美人。微风过处,送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。All over this winding stretch of water,what meets the eye is a silken field of leaves,reaching rather high above the surface,like the skirts of dancing girls in all their grace.Here and there,layers of leave
13、s are dotted with white lotuss blossoms,some in demure(graceful)bloom,others in shy bud,like scattering pearls,or twinkling stars,or beauties just out of the bath.A breeze stirs,sending over breaths of fragrance,like faint singing drifting from a distant building.(杨宪益,戴乃迭译)1 语音层灵感语音层灵感 如:李煜乌夜啼:林花谢了春
14、红,太匆匆!无奈朝来寒雨晚来风。胭脂泪,留人醉,几时重?自是人生长恨水长东!第2讲 汉英翻译过程中模糊美感的挽留汉英翻译过程中模糊美感的挽留Springs rosy color fades from forest flowersToo soon,too soon,How can they bear cold morning showersAnd winds at noon?Your rouged tears like crimson rainIntoxicated my heart.When shall we meet again?As water eastward flows,so shal
15、l we part.(许渊冲 译)2 词汇层灵感词汇层灵感 如:扫街的在树影下一阵扫后,灰土上留下来的一条条扫帚的丝纹,看起来既觉得细腻,又觉得清闲,潜意识下并且还觉得有点儿落寞,古人所说的梧桐一叶而天下知秋的遥想,大约也就在这些深沉的地方。(郁达夫:故都的秋)After a street cleaner has done the sweeping in the shade of the trees,you will discover trails left by his broom in the dust,which look so fine and leisured that someho
16、w a feeling of forlornness begins to creep up on me.The same depth of implication is found in the ancient saying that one single fallen leaf from the phoenix tree drops a broad hint of the approaching of autumn.(毛荣贵 译)3 句法层灵感句法层灵感 如:当你走入沟中,便可见林中碧海澹荡生辉,瀑布舒洒碧玉。一到金秋,满山枫叶绛红。盛夏,湖山幽翠。仲春,树绿花艳,四时都呈现出它的天然原始,
17、宁静幽深。Mystic lakes and sparkling waterfalls captivate your eyes as you enter the ravine.The trees are in their greenest in spring when intensified by colorful flowers.In summer,warm tints spread over the hills and lake lands,As summer merges into autumn,the maple trees turned fiery red.Splashing colo
18、r through the thick forest hillstranquility pervades primitive Jiuzhaigou throughout the year.4 语篇层灵感语篇层灵感 如:这里的峡谷又是另一番景象:谷中急水奔流,穿峡而过,两岸树木葱茏,鲜花繁茂,碧草萋萋,活脱脱一幅生机盎然的天然风景画。各种奇峰异岭,令人感受各异,遐想万千。It is another gorge through which a rapid stream flows.Trees,flowers and grasses,a picture of natural vitality,thr
19、ive on both banks.The weird peaks arouse disparate thoughts.原文中的“萋萋”,“奇峰异岭,令人感受各异,遐想万千”都是模糊词眼。诚想,如果连对“萋萋”两字的含义都缺乏起码的了解,怎能有合格的译文。有幸的是,我们读到的译文比较成功。vitality和thrive二词富有动态美,可谓画龙点睛,与“树、花、草”的搭配也自然合理。译文的最后一句保留了原文的朦胧色彩,而且极富感染力。第第2节节 逻辑与翻译逻辑与翻译一、思维逻辑和语言逻辑 思维逻辑指人的思维方式在语言中的反映。每各个民族都有其独特的思维方式,每一种语言都有其内在的逻辑。翻译时,就
20、要尊重译人语的语言逻辑,不要把原语的逻辑强加给译文读者,例如:1免费入场entrance free 2双杠parallel bars 3座钟standing clock 4挂钟wall clock 5太平门emergency exit 6教练车training vehiclestudent vehicle 7九五折5 percent discount 8母细胞parent cell 9子细胞daughter cell10田径项目track and field events大熊猫一胎产仔两只。An adult female giant panda gives birth to two cubs
21、at a time 二、逻辑与翻译使用语言时要注意避免违反逻辑,翻译时亦是如此。在原文里合乎情理的说法,换成英语有可能不合逻辑。当然,不合逻辑的用法作为一种修辞手段使用时,翻译时要体现出来。例如:2也许是吴所长的开场白把瓶口封紧了,应该发言的两大派都暂时沉默,不愿过早地暴露火力。(围墙)1“窃书不能算偷窃书!读书人的事,能算偷么?”(孔乙己)“Perhaps Director Wus opening remarks had sealed peoples mouths,for the factions who should have begun the skirmish were tempora
22、rily silent,unwilling to reveal their firepower too early(Tr Rosie ARoberts)Taking a book cant be considered stealingTaking a bookthe affair of a scholar,cant be considered stealing!”三、逻辑和语法汉语的名词译成英文的名词或代词时,要注意单复数及性别方面的逻辑问题。例如:1这次吵架像夏天的暴风雨,吵的时候很厉害,过得很快。可是从此以后,两人全存了心,管制自己,避免说话冲突。(围城)This quarrel was
23、like a summer rainstormviolent while it lasted but over very quicklyFrom then on,however,each determined to control himself and avoid saying anything that would start a conflict 2(赵辛楣)“大家把身上的余钱摊出来,看共有多少。”If everyone would take out the money he was carrying,they could see how much they had altogether
24、.”四、逻辑与行文行文叙述当中,也要注意逻辑关联,适当加词,以保证思路的连续和线索的清晰:1车又停了,妇女千恩万谢地下了车。(祝承玉钱包)When the bus stopped again,she rose,offered a thousand thanks to her newlyfound friends,and slipped out of the bus(TrHe Zhifan)2当时菅原惠庆长老怀着对祖师庭的崇高敬意,从寺中摘了一把枣子带回日本,(常书鸿五台名刹画沧桑)Having a deep respect for the founder,Master Sugehara pic
25、ked a handful of dates from the date tree in the Monastery and took them to Japan(TrGuo Jianzhong)五、正反表达法 翻译过程中的逻辑还表现为正反表达的方式,即原文正面表达的意思在译文里可以反面的字句表达(反之亦然),意思不变,且译文更合乎习惯。例如:1有志者事竟成。Nothing is impossible to a willing heart2智者千虑,必有一失。There is none so wise but he is foolish at some time 3.司马相如对卓文君说:“你太
26、美丽太多才了,我怎能不爱你!”Sima Xiangru said to Zhuo Wenjun,“You are only too beautiful and gifted not to make me fall in love with you!”正反表达法作为一种翻译技巧,不仅用于肯定与否定之间的转换,也表现在否定与比较之间、时间的先与后之间,以及原因与结果、让步与转折、条件与结果、目的与原因等关系之间的转换,这些转换都以逻辑为依据,逻辑关系形式可能发生变化,但语义关系不变。第第3节节 修辞与翻译修辞与翻译修辞是提高语言表达效果的手段。分一般修辞和特殊修辞。前者的任务是用词是否恰当,造句是
27、否得当,谋篇是否严密,描述是否生动。后者即修辞格的运用。这里看看汉英翻译中的一般修辞问题。一、用词要贴切翻译中应特别重视选词,要对原文和译文所用词语在词义的范围、轻重、分寸及色彩方面仔细琢磨,反复推敲,以求译文用词精当、贴切。例如:1.说他(赵辛楣)调戏汪太太,把她气坏了。She said he flirted with MrsWang and got her upset 把“调戏”译作“flirt with,表达不出原文用词的分量,拟改译为he took liberties with。二、词语的重复与精简汉语喜欢重复,英语崇尚简洁。汉语的重复作为一种修辞手有两种作用。一是为了强调,或增添修饰
28、,加强语义。二是为了便于词语搭配,或平衡节奏,增加可读性。英语忌重复,在汉语里习以为常的重复词语到了英语里要么不合逻辑,要么累赘冗长,所以翻译时要有所删削省略。例如:这是革命的春天,这是人民的春天,这是科学的春天!让我们张开双臂,热烈拥抱这个春天吧!Let us stretch out our arms to embrace the spring,which is one of the revolution,of the people,and of science 汉语的对比结构常含有重复成分,英译时要适当从简:汉语的对比结构常含有重复成分,英译时要适当从简:你要觉得合适就干,不合适就不干。你
29、自个儿看着办吧。Go ahead if you think the job suits you and dont if notIts all up to you to decide.有时汉语通过词汇重复表示强调,而英语则要借助动词或用代词复指:我劝是劝过了,但没有用。I did persuade him,without avail(二)搭配性重复汉语中的范畴词也构成一种语义上的重复。范畴词是一些具有概括意义、表示人或事物分类范畴的词语,常用在具体词的后面,对其进行分类总括,以便与其它词语搭配。到了英语里,具体词语直接就能构成搭配关系,原文中的范畴词便成了冗赘。例如:1见到自己的故乡,他想起了童
30、年的情景。The sight of his native place called back his childhood2据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深。He was described as impressed by Dengs flexibility3那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局势。What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties(连淑能英汉对比研究)(三)节奏性重复汉语成语中有许多音韵整齐语意重复的四字对偶词组,翻译时不必亦步亦趋,译出一组的意思就够了:油嘴滑舌glib tongue长嗟短叹sighing deeply精疲力竭ex
31、hausted随波逐流swim with the stream发号施令issue orders土崩瓦解fall apart两面三刀two-faced tactics水深火热in deep waters自吹自擂blow ones own trumpet三、描述要生动叙述要明白晓畅、描写要生动逼真、说明要条理清楚、辩论要充分有力。这里仅以“化静为动”为例,说明翻译时修辞手段的运用。1花坛北面有一株腊梅花,南端是一丛南天竹。(王士菁鲁迅传)A winter plum stood on the northern end of the terrace,and a nandina on the south
32、ern end 2山行六七里,渐闻水声潺潺而泄出于两峰之间者,酿泉也。(欧阳修醉翁亭记)A walk of two or three miles on those hills brings one within earshot of the sound of falling water,which gushes forth from a ravine known as the WineFountain(TrHAGiles)以上例句中的“有”、“渐闻”等静态描写的词语用“stand”、“bring”等具有动态意义的词语来译,更好地传达了原文生动的描写效果。Task 2 请谈谈郭沫若主要翻译思想。要求:所有学生使用ppt制作。下节课抽选部分同学上台介绍。其他同学地址邮件发给我。