1、Sept.10,2010 英语短文的结构及段落的组织一、短文的结构一、短文的结构 任何一篇文章都是由以下结构组成的：文章、段落、句子、词组、单词。学习过程中，总是把词法和句法作为语法来学习，这是在练习写作之前必需的知识，有了这些知识，我们才能将句子按其结构组成段落，然后按照段落的功能组成文章，这就是篇章结构。从文到段，从段到句，是篇章结构的主要内容。了解篇章结构，是进行写作的必备常识。掌握了篇章结构，才会使文章建立起骨架。一篇文章通常可分为以下三种段落：第1页/共51页Sept.10,2010 (一)引言段(Introductionary Paragraph)：向读者介绍此片文章的主题及背景材
2、料。在文中起到开宗明义，即“启”的作用，是全文的主题所在。(二)主题段(Body Paragraph)：也叫正文，是文章的主体部分，也是情节发展、事实说明或者层层递进的部分，把要论述的，具体而明晰。文章内容要具有 一致性、连贯性，在文章中起到“承”和“转”的作用。(三)结尾段(Conclusion Paragraph)：也叫结束语，是由通篇文章所得出的简短结论，或者事情发展到了最后一个情节，即故事的结束、结局、其作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或者肯定文章的中心思想，用以加深印象，在文章中起到“合”的作用。第2页/共51页Sept.10,2010 段落是英语作文的基本结构单位，是文章中相对独立的
3、一个部分。它与文章的关系是既紧密相依，又独立成体。一方面每一个段落都必须紧扣文章的主题展开叙述；另一方面它只有一个中心目的，即集中表达文章主题的一层意思或一部分内容。段落与文章的三个组成部分相对应，通常由三个部分组成：主题句、发展句和结尾句。二、文章的段落第3页/共51页Sept.10,2010 短文写作的技巧与套路一、写作步骤一、写作步骤1.多读多练 充分准备 考前应写几篇短文，先找自己感兴趣的题目写。要克服畏难情绪，写作时，有可能出现较多较严重的错误，但不要紧，因为只有迈出第一步，才能取得更大的进步，否则会永远停留在不会写的水平上。动笔写作前，最好不看范文，写完后再与范文对照。另外，不要死
4、记硬背范文，应从范文中找出自己喜好和需要的句型或词汇记忆，因为作文没有唯一的标准，只要写的好都会得高分。第4页/共51页Sept.10,2010 2.细读指令 认真审题 审题是写好文章的前提，审题的主要任务是弄清题目对文章内容的要求与限制，确定文章的中心思想。因此，再动笔写作之前，首先要认真阅读写作部分的要求，对作文题目仔细推敲，抓住题目中的关键词，以明确命题意图，确定写作重心和范围，有时同一题材，因命题的角度不同，写作的重点和范围也不一样，且可以写成不同题材的文章。其次要逐一揣摩提示的内容，摸清段与段之间在意思上的联系和逻辑发展层次。第5页/共51页Sept.10,2010 3.理清思路 构
5、思布局 审题之后，文章的大致方向已经明确，解决了“写什么”的问题。构思就是要确定文章的布局，解决“怎么写”的问题，即在脑子里勾勒出文章的框架，思考一下围绕主题写那些内容，段落怎么安排，开头结尾怎么写，并草草记下有关材料和关键词。第6页/共51页Sept.10,2010 4.精选素材 列出提纲 在构思的基础上，按文章发展的逻辑顺序进一步确定每段的中心内容，列出段落主题句，并围绕中心思想在原来草记的材料中精选出紧扣主题的素材，分段落排列顺序，最后整理成简略提纲。写作时根据提纲的思路来写，可减少盲目性，增加科学性，不致使重点遗漏。第7页/共51页Sept.10,2010 5.动笔写作 组织成文 草拟
6、提纲后，要根据主题和提纲列出的要点来发挥，扩展所阐述的观点，叙述的事实都应为主题服务，与主题无关的内容都应删掉。为了保持思路清晰，避免出现太多语法错误，尽量使用自己熟悉、有把握的句式和词语，不要一下串几个从句，让人看不懂，弄巧成拙。还要注意字迹工整，拼写正确，标点无误。第8页/共51页Sept.10,2010 6.用此简洁 篇幅适中 遣词造句注意做到简洁、朴素、易懂、多样。多用动词短语，使文章简洁流畅。7.认真检查 仔细修改 文章写成后要认真检查，检查重点应放在删去和主题不大相干的句子，纠正语法错误，拼写错误，标点和大小写错误，把因笔误或粗心而写错的地方及时改正过来，将差错率减少到最小程度，但
7、原文不宜做大的调整和改动。第9页/共51页Sept.10,2010 二、写作套路 1.写作类型 1)现象阐释型现象阐释型 通常要求考生对某一现象进行解释说明，分析其原因并加以评论.其基本结构是：首先描述现象并说明其现状；然后分析这种现象的原因或相关因素；最后提出建议或总结观点。典型题目如：Why College Students Have Difficulty Finding Jobs?Why College Students Take a Part-time Job?Chatting on Line第10页/共51页Sept.10,2010 2)问题解决型 通常要求考生从试题的提示行文字入手
8、，描述其反映出的问题，提出解决方案或应对措施。其基本结构是：首先引出要解决的问题及其严重性或必要性，并简要分析其产生的原因或带来的危害和影响；然后提出解决问题的办法或措施；最后表明自己的态度，提出建议并展望前景。典型题目如下：How to Solve the Problem of Heavy TrafficHow to Succeed in a Job InterviewHow I Finance My College LifeStaying Healthy第11页/共51页Sept.10,2010 3）对比选择型 这类作文的标志十分明显，其要求比较明确，即直接要求考生比较两种观点或两种做法，
9、进而表明自己对问题或事物的态度或观点，也就是做出选择。其基本结构：首先对要评论的事物或现象进行整体介绍；然后陈述两种不同的观点或做法及其理由;之后表明自己的观点或态度。典型题目如：It Pays to Be HonestShould Education Be Commercialized?Choose a Famous University or a Favorite Major?Reading Selective or Extensively?Money第12页/共51页Sept.10,2010 4）利弊评述型 此类作文要求考生客观地分析和评论某一事物的正反两方面，或在某一问题上反映出的两种
10、不同看法，并不需要明确表明态度，说明事物的对与错，尤其是会有较大争议的问题，可采用平衡利弊的态度，提出某种希望和设想。典型题目如：The Positive and Negative Aspects of SkyscrapersThe Development of a Private CarDo“Lucky Numbers”Really Bring Good LUCK?College Life in Internet EraMy View on Examination第13页/共51页Sept.10,2010 5)观点论证型 此类作文一般要求考生根据题目所给的论点，按照题目要求通过摆事实、讲道理
11、的方式对该论点进行论证或反驳。其基本结构是：首先提出要论证或反驳的论点；然后提出论据对其进行论证或反驳；最后表明自己的立场和看法。典型题目如：Harmful of Fake CommoditiesWhy I Attended CollegeThe Job I Like BestThe Benefits of Making Friends of Different Kinds第14页/共51页Sept.10,2010 2.段落类型（1）描述段：一般首先对命题中提供的信息（如某现象、问题、背景或事件）进行提炼和概括，然后进行扩展描述。（2）说明段：主要对原因、危害、影响、作用、方法、过程等进行分析
12、说明，段落的组织必须要注意以下两点：一是要条理清楚，尽量使用一些比较清晰的表达方式。如说明原因时，可以使用the main reason,what is more,as a result等短语，以突出文章的条理性；二是要根据标题和提纲内容确定合适的说明角度和说明方法，如说明原因或举例说明等。（3）议论段：通常是考生根据文章的主题提出、论证或总结某项观点。写议论段时应做到观点明确、论证充分，并有令人信服的数据和例子来支持论点，使文章具有说服力。议论段主要有四种：提出观点段（有时是提出一种观点，有时是提出两种对立观点）、论证观点段、对比论证段（对两种观点进行对比论证，有时可分成两段来分述两种观点）
13、和总结观点段。第15页/共51页Sept.10,2010 3.写作模板1）现象阐释型 Nowadays,there exists a social/economic/environmental phenomenon,which has aroused great concern among people around us./总体现象has increasingly become a common concern of the public./总体现象is commonly accepted by the people from all walks of life.According to a
14、 survey,。there are a couple of reasons booming this phenomenon./this problem/phenomenon has a great effect on Firstly,/above all/First of all/原因一/影响一Secondly/whats more/furthermore（原因二/影响二）Besides/Finally（原因三/影响三）As a result/Therefore/consequently,（结果）As far as I am concerned/As to me/In my opinion,
15、“我”的观点/态度/做法furthermore,进一步说明 Therefore/based on the above discussions,I can conclude/it can be concluded that(总结全文)第16页/共51页Sept.10,2010 (1)描述段：描述现象描述段：描述现象开门见山，总述现象阐释现象的具体表现或变化(2)说明段：阐述原因说明段：阐述原因承上启下，引出原因/因素/影响具体阐述原因一/因素一/影响一列举原因二/因素二/影响二（可以用例证支持）列举原因三/因素三/影响三（可以用例证支持）总结以上原因或因素导致的结果/该现象的最终影响(3)议论段
16、：表明观点议论段：表明观点我对此现象的思考或看法（可能是个人选择或者是对现象、趋势或影响的评述）进一步说明自己的看法或陈述理由总结全文第17页/共51页Sept.10,2010 Cards1.现代城市中持卡的人越来越多；2.原因在于。；3.“我”的看法。第18页/共51页Sept.10,2010 Nowadays,holding cards has become a common phenomenon.According to a survey,over 80%of people in big cities hold various kinds of cards issued by banks
17、,restaurants,supermarkets,etc.（描述段）There are a number of reasons for it.First of all,it is convenient to consume by cards.Whats more,it is safer to carry cards than cash.For example,if ones cards are lost,the owner neednt worry too much because no one else can get the money out without the password.
18、In addition,cards can give card holders certain privilege or discount in service.Therefore,holding cards,especially among the youth,becomes fashionable recently.（说明段）As for me,cards have a bright future.With the development of science and technology,cards will become much safer and easier to use.The
19、refore,it can be concluded that more people will use cards.(议论段，表明观点)sample第19页/共51页Sept.10,2010 模仿练习1 Limiting The Use of Disposable Plastic Bags outline:1.一次性塑料袋曾被广泛的使用 2.造成的问题 3.限制使用的意义第20页/共51页Sept.10,2010 模仿练习2 On Power Failure 1很多城市缺电现象严重 2分析原因 3提出建议第21页/共51页Sept.10,2010 模仿练习3 Online Education
20、 Outline:1.目前网络教育形成热潮 2.我认为这股热潮的的原因是 3.我对网络教育的评价第22页/共51页Sept.10,2010 模仿练习4 Skipping Classes on College CampusOutline：1.大学里逃课现象时有发生；2.分析学生逃课的原因；3.如何减少逃课现象第23页/共51页Sept.10,2010 In recent years,increasing numbers of people关注/牵涉/参与不良现象或某一问题 It is obvious that 危害一/作用一 Additionally,危害二/作用二therefore,speci
21、al/considerable attention should be paid to 该问题 on the one hand/firstly,方法一 On the other hand/secondly,方法二 In addition/thirdly,方法三 Of course,following these suggestions/methods may not surely solve the problem,but it is worth of trying As for me/in my opinion,“我”的思考或看法 Only in this way 倒装句总结全文/undou
22、btedly,it is necessary/essential 根本途径2）问题解决型第24页/共51页Sept.10,2010 (1)描述段：描述问题描述段：描述问题开门见山，综述不良现象或某一问题问题的危害一/解决问题的作用一问题的危害二/解决问题的作用二承上启下，表达解决问题的必要性和紧迫性，引出解决问题的方法或相关因素(2)说明段：说明方法因素说明段：说明方法因素解决方法一/决定因素一解决方法二/决定因素二解决方法三/决定因素三(3)议论段：议论段：指出这些方法不一定能成功解决问题，但付出总是值得的“我”倾向的方法和途径提出根本途径或建议，应该采取的态度，总结全文第25页/共51页S
23、ept.10,2010 How to Treat the Parent-Child Relationship1.父母与孩子之间的代沟越来越大；2.代沟带来那些影响；3.如何消除代沟，并改善父母与孩子之间的关系。第26页/共51页Sept.10,2010 More and more people are paying attention to the generation gap between parents and their children.Obviously,the generation gap is a source of family disharmony.Additionally
24、,it may lead to a number of social problem.Therefore,measures should be taken to deal with the issue.On the one hand,parents should be more tolerant to their children,remembering that a child is a child and there is always such a stage in ones growth.On the other hand,children should also understand
25、 that without parents guidance,they wont be able to grow up healthily.Finally,parents should spent more time with their children.Of course,following these suggestions may not surely solve the problem,but it is worth the effort.As for me,mutual understanding is the key solution.Undoubtedly,it is esse
26、ntial for both parents and children to understand each other for a good parentchild relationship.第27页/共51页Sept.10,2010 模仿练习1 How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic 1.Importance of solving the problem of heavy traffic 2.Ways to solve the problem of heavy traffic 3.My suggestion 第28页/共51页Sept.10,20
27、10 模仿练习2 How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities.1.解决住房问题的重要性 2.三种可能解决住房问题的方案：1)多造高层建筑；2)向地下发展；3)疏散城市人口。3.我的建议第29页/共51页Sept.10,2010 When asked about/when it comes to事物/问题,different people will offer different opinions.Some people take it for granted that观点一 in their opinion,选择观点一的理由一Besides,选
28、择观点一的理由二 however,others hold that观点二 They maintain that观点二/选择观点二的理由一And观点二/选择观点二的理由二 Weighing up these two arguments,I am for the former/later viewpoint/choice.”我”的理由Therefore,as stated above,重申观点/选择3)对比选择型第30页/共51页Sept.10,2010 (1)议论段：提出观点开门见山，指出人们对某事物/问题存在不同的观点/选择提出观点一/选择一提出观点一/选择一的理由一提出观点一/选择一的理由二
29、(2)议论段：对比论证提出观点二/选择二提出观点二/选择二的理由一提出观点二/选择二的理由二(3)议论段：总结观点标明“我”的倾向阐述“我”的理由总结全文，重申“我”的观点/选择第31页/共51页Sept.10,2010 例：To Be a Small Fish in a Big Pond or a Big Fish in a Small Pond1.在大企业工作的特点；2.在小企业工作的特点；3.我的选。第32页/共51页Sept.10,2010 To the question whether to work in a large enterprise or in a small firm,
30、different people may have different answers.Some may choose to be a small fish in a big pond.They hold that they can derive a sense of pride from being a member of a famous organization such as General Motors.Besides,they can work with people from different parts of the world.Still others may prefer
31、 to be a big fish in a small pond.According to them,in a small company,they may be given greater responsibilities without much restriction.Consequently,they can show their talents fully and freely.Weighing up these two choices,I am for the latter.I prefer to work in a small enterprise,where I can ge
32、t more chances of promotion.Id rather become an important figure within my own small pond.第33页/共51页Sept.10,2010 模仿练习1 MoneyOutline:1.有人认为金钱是万能的。2.有人说金钱是万恶之源（the source of all crimes）3.我对金钱的看法。第34页/共51页Sept.10,2010 模仿练习2Choose a Famous University or a Favorite MajorOutline:1.有人认为应该选择重点大学；2.有人认为应该选择重点
33、专业；3.我的观点。第35页/共51页Sept.10,2010 模仿练习3 Reading Selectively or Extensively?针对阅读，人们有不同的看法：1.有人认为应该精读；2.有人认为应该泛读；3.“我”的看法第36页/共51页Sept.10,2010 模仿练习4 The Best Means of TransportationOutline：1.私家车越来越多，污染问题、交通问题随之产生；2.人们出行时其实有多中交通方式可以选择；3.从健康和环保节能出发，我认为最好的交通方式是第37页/共51页Sept.10,2010 (1)议论段：提出观点指出普遍存在的某种观点活态
34、度或做法进一步说明此观点转折提出与之相反的本论文观点承上启下，引出对观点的论证(2)议论段：论证观点列举论据一举例说明论据一列举论据二并加以说明列举论据三(3)总结段：总结观点承接上文，重申观点总结全文，可表达我们应该坚持该观点或采取该观点相符合的做法第38页/共51页Sept.10,2010 4)观点论证型模板一（驳论）Up to now,many people hold it true that某观点 They believe进一步说明此观点However,recent survey/research shows that 与上述观点相反的论点 The arguments for this
35、 point of view can be listed as follows.Above all,论据一For example,（支持论据一的事例）Furthermore,论据二及支持论据二的事例 Most importantly,论据三All that has been discussed above points to the fact that重申本文论点 Therefore,与该观点相符合的做法和态度第39页/共51页Sept.10,2010 模板二（立论）People are familiar with/it is widely accepted that某观点As we know
36、,观点正确性的表现Therefore,小结观点There are numerous examples supporting this argument.A case in point is 例一 For another example,引出说明例二Moreover,阐述第三个例子 From what has been discussed above,we should understand that重申观点 But(one thing we have to notice is that)提出个人建议 Therefore,总结全文第40页/共51页Sept.10,2010 (1)议论段：提出观点
37、开门见山，直接提出观点阐述观点正确性的表现小结观点承上启下，引出对观点的论证(2)议论段：论证观点列举支持论点的具体事例一列举支持论点的具体事例二列举支持论点的具体事例三(3)总结段：总结观点承接上文，重申观点指出坚持该论点应该注意什么总结全文，指出正确的态度或做法第41页/共51页Sept.10,2010 例1 Wealth and Happiness1.每个人都想获得财富，财富似乎就是幸福，其实不然；2.世界上有许多东西是财富换不来的。第42页/共51页Sept.10,2010 Up to now,many people still hold that wealth can bring h
38、appiness.They believe that with a great amount of money,they must live a happier life.However,recent survey shows that wealth is not necessarily associated with happiness.The arguments for this point of view can be listed as follows.Above all,good health plays an important role above wealth in a hap
39、py life.For example,people can buy medicine with money,but cannot buy health.Furthermore,wealth may encourage those harmful habits which may ruin the wealth owner,such as addition to drugs and gambling.Most importantly,there is one thing essential to happiness which cannot be bought with wealth-love
40、.All that has been discussed above shows that wealth is not equal to happiness.Therefore,we should not be crazy about money and earn it with honest work.第43页/共51页Sept.10,2010 例2 Blood Donation In modern society,it is widely accepted that blood donation is good for health.As we know,donating blood be
41、nefit both society and people.Therefore,people should be encouraged to donate blood regularly.Many remarkable facts can support this argument.First of all,according to medical research findings,donating blood can effectively reduce the happening of certain disease.Whats more,donating blood regularly
42、 could reduce the pace of aging.Besides,donating blood regularly could help people keep good mood.All mentioned above tell us that blood donation does more than harm to health.We should hold a positive attitude towards it.Therefore,it can be concluded that bllod donation should be encouraged under t
43、he scientific instruction.第44页/共51页Sept.10,2010 5)利弊评述型 For the past years,某事物has been widely accepted by people/has come into peoples daily life.No one can deny that 某事物的好处.For one thing,好处一For another,好处二 However,just as all coins have two sides,there are also disadvantages about某事物的弊端.For example
44、 弊端一Moreover,弊端二.Finally,弊端三 In my opinion,“我”的建议only in this way,can we 总结全文.第45页/共51页Sept.10,2010 (1)议论段：开门见山，总述现象分析某事物的有利面举例说明好处一举例说明好处二举例说明好处三(2)说明段：承上启下，引出对弊端的讨论举例说明弊端一举例说明弊端二(3)总结段：“我”的建议（如何趋利避害）总结全文第46页/共51页Sept.10,2010 例 The Positive and Negative Aspects of Home Computers1.家用电脑的普及；2.家用电脑的好处；
45、3.家用电脑带来的问题。第47页/共51页Sept.10,2010 Nowadays,computers have come into peoples home as one of common household appliances.There is no doubt that like TV,home computers benefit people greatly.With the computer,the home becomes a library,a school,an office and an entertainment center.All kinds of informa
46、tion can be close at ones finger tips.In addition,home computers bring people far away closer to us.Despite the convenience that home computers bring about,they have disadvantages.For example,people,especially the youth,may easily get addicted to computer games.Besides,since nearly everything can be
47、 done in front of the computer,we may become more isolated from people around us.In my opinion,we all should consider how to control home computers,so that they wont control us.Only in this way,can we make full use of them,while avoiding of the side effects.第48页/共51页Sept.10,2010 模仿练习1 The Development of Private CarsOutline：1.私家车普及的好处；2.私家车带来的问题；3.“我”的看法第49页/共51页Sept.10,2010 模仿练习3 Reading Selectively or Extensively?针对阅读，人们有不同的看法：1.有人认为应该精读；2.有人认为应该泛读；3.“我”的看法第50页/共51页Sept.10,2010 洛阳师范学院 黄保超感谢您的欣赏！第51页/共51页
