1、The United States of America Chapter Chapter 1111EconomyEconomyThe United States The United States of Americaof AmericaForeign Language Teaching and Research PressThink about these questions before Think about these questions before we start:we start:What industrial developments took place What indu
2、strial developments took place during the colonial period of America?during the colonial period of America?How did the Civil War affect the American How did the Civil War affect the American economy?economy?Why does America try to reduce trade Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?barriers?W
3、arming-up Activities Warming-up Activities Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressContentsContents History of American Economy Current American Economy General IntroductionForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvUSthe current industrial,economic and USthe current industrial,economic and te
4、chnological gianttechnological giant ranking first in computer technology,space technology,nuclear energy,and electronics,etc.;producing a major portion of the worlds machinery,automobiles,oil,electrical energy,and chemicals.vMixed economyMixed economy emphasizing private ownership federal governmen
5、tregulating businesses anti-trust laws General IntroductionGeneral IntroductionForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvPrivate businesses produce most goods and Private businesses produce most goods and services.services.Two thirds of the output goes to individuals;One third is bought by govern
6、ment and business.v“Consumer economy”“Consumer economy”General IntroductionGeneral IntroductionForeign Language Teaching and Research Press History of American Economy History of American EconomyThe Colonial Period Since American IndependenceThe 20th Century 123Foreign Language Teaching and Research
7、 Press1.The Colonial Period1.The Colonial PeriodvMassachusettssettled by Pilgrims to Massachusettssettled by Pilgrims to escape religious persecutionescape religious persecutionvOther colonieslike Virginia and Other colonieslike Virginia and Pennsylvania,founded as business venturesPennsylvania,foun
8、ded as business ventures contribution to Englands colonizing process of the would-be United States charter companies King provided a charter or grant conferring economic rights as well as political and judicial authorityForeign Language Teaching and Research Press1.The Colonial Period1.The Colonial
9、PeriodMayflower,the ship that carried the Pilgrims from England to Plymouth,Massachusetts,where they established the first permanent New England colony in 1620.Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press1.The Colonial Period1.The Colonial PeriodvEnglish investors turned over colonial English invest
10、ors turned over colonial charters to the settlers.charters to the settlers.enormous political implications Colonists were left to build their own lives,communities,and economy,that is,to construct their new nationForeign Language Teaching and Research Press1.The Colonial Period1.The Colonial Period
11、appearance of sawmills(锯木场)and gristmills(磨房)shipyardsbuilding fishing fleets and trading vessels small iron forges(冶炼厂)vSecondary industries(Secondary industries(二级产业二级产业)Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressGristmillGristmillIron forgeIron forge1.The Colonial Period1.The Colonial PeriodFore
12、ign Language Teaching and Research PressvClear regional patterns of development Clear regional patterns of development by by the 18th century:the 18th century:New Englandship-building and sailing;Maryland,Virginia,and Carolinastobacco,rice and indigo(靛蓝属植物);New York,Pennsylvania,New Jersey and Delaw
13、areshipped crops and furs;The field was open for entrepreneurs(企业家、创业者)among the colonists to establish themselves.1.The Colonial Period1.The Colonial PeriodForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvDisputes over taxation and other matters with Disputes over taxation and other matters with Britai
14、n:Britain:Americansmodification(减轻)of taxes and regulations;demand for more self-government Mounting quarrelleading to war against the British and to independence for the coloniesvAmerican Revolution:bolstered(American Revolution:bolstered(支持、支撑支持、支撑)by an emerging middle classby an emerging middle
15、class rallying cry“inalienable rights to life,liberty,and property”1.The Colonial Period1.The Colonial PeriodForeign Language Teaching and Research Press2.Since American Independence 2.Since American Independence vU.S.Constitution established the nation as a U.S.Constitution established the nation a
16、s a unified market.unified market.no tariffs or taxes on inter-state commerce;Federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states,establish uniform bankruptcy laws,create money and regulate its value,fix standards of weights and measures,establish post offices and ro
17、ads,and fix rules governing patents(专利权、专利品)and copyrights.“intellectual property”Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvAlexander Hamiltons Alexander Hamiltons economic development economic development strategystrategy2.Since American Independence 2.Since American Independence nurture infant
18、industries by providing overt subsidies(公开的补贴)impose protective tariffs(保护性关税)on imports create a national bank assume public debts Alexander Hamilton was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury,a Founding Father,economist,and political philosopher.Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pr
19、essvThe new government did make tariffs an The new government did make tariffs an essential part of American foreign policy.essential part of American foreign policy.vPresident Jackson opposed to Hamiltons President Jackson opposed to Hamiltons national bank.national bank.vWhen elected for a second
20、term,Jackson When elected for a second term,Jackson opposed renewing the banks charter.opposed renewing the banks charter.vBusinesses panicked in both 1834 and 1837.Businesses panicked in both 1834 and 1837.2.Since American Independence 2.Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Res
21、earch PressvThe Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution nBy 1860,one third of the nations income came from manufacturing;nCotton cloth production was the leading industry;nUrbanized industrylimited to the Northeast;nImmigrant workers Between 1845 and 1855,some 300,000 European immigrants arr
22、ived annually.2.Since American Independence 2.Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressUrban IndustrializationTextile Plant2.Since American Independence 2.Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe Southrural and dependent on the The S
23、outhrural and dependent on the North for capital and manufactured goods North for capital and manufactured goods vEconomic policy under President Lincoln:Economic policy under President Lincoln:2.Since American Independence 2.Since American Independence nIn 1861,adoption of a protective tariffnIn 18
24、62,the first Pacific railroad was chartered.nIn 1863 and 1864,a national bank code(银行代码)was drafted.Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvNorthern victory in the Civil Warensured Northern victory in the Civil Warensured the destiny of the nation and its economic the destiny of the nation and
25、its economic systemsystemnslavery system was abolished,making southern cotton plantations less profitable;nNorthern industry surged ahead:Industrialists domination in social and political affairs Disappearance of the southern planter aristocracy(贵族)v“Second industrial revolution”“Second industrial r
26、evolution”2.Since American Independence 2.Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pressv“Second industrial revolution”an explosion“Second industrial revolution”an explosion of new discoveries and inventions:of new discoveries and inventions:The discovery of oil;The develop
27、ment of typewriter;The invention of telephone,phonograph(速记法),and electric light;Refrigerated railroad cars came into use;Cars were replacing carriages and people were flying in airplanes by the dawn of the 20th century.2.Since American Independence 2.Since American Independence Foreign Language Tea
28、ching and Research Press3.The 20th Century3.The 20th CenturyvExperienced a period of prosperity in the Experienced a period of prosperity in the early 20th centuryearly 20th centuryvSuffered Great Depression in the 1930sSuffered Great Depression in the 1930snWall Street Crash in October 1929 Foreign
29、 Language Teaching and Research Press3.The 20th Century3.The 20th CenturyvPresident Roosevelts President Roosevelts NewNew Deal(Deal(新政新政)intervention of the governmentintervention of the government ensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people;prevent flagrant(公然公然的的)abus
30、es of the system;Dampen(抑制抑制)the effects of inflation;stimulate growth.His New Deal was popular with the electorate(选民)and led to a successful reelection in 1936.Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pressv Reagan Administrations new monetaristReagan Administrations new monetarist (货币货币主义者主义者)polic
31、ies in the early 1980spolicies in the early 1980s control over government spending deficits cutting taxes to enhance economic development raise of interest ratesvGeorge H.W.Bushslow economic recessionGeorge H.W.Bushslow economic recessionvClintoneconomic recovery Clintoneconomic recovery vAppearance
32、 of new tycoonsAppearance of new tycoons (企业界或政界巨企业界或政界巨头头)Bill Gates)Bill Gates3.The 20th Century3.The 20th CenturyForeign Language Teaching and Research PressII Current American EconomyII Current American EconomyAgriculture Agriculture 1ManufacturingManufacturing IndustryIndustry2Service IndustryS
33、ervice Industry3High-tech IndustryHigh-tech Industry4Foreign TradeForeign Trade5Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press1.Agriculture1.AgriculturevConditions for developing agriculture:Conditions for developing agriculture:vastness of the land generosity of nature rainfall,rivers and underground
34、 water allowing for irrigation where necessaryvAverage American Average American farm462 acres farm462 acres(187 hectares)(187 hectares)Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvSuccess of agricultureSuccess of agriculture large capital investments highly trained labor new methods for raising cro
35、ps1.Agriculture1.AgriculturevModern farmingModern farming disease and drought resistant seeds fertilizers and pesticides space technology utilizationForeign Language Teaching and Research Press1.Agriculture1.AgricultureLets take a look at American farm scenery Foreign Language Teaching and Research
36、Pressv“Agribusiness”“Agribusiness”a variety of farm businesses and structures from small,one-family corporations to huge conglomerates（联合企业:由许多不同行业的公司组成的有不同经营范围的大企业）or multinational firmsvAmerican farms low-cost outputAmerican farms low-cost outputvOne-third of crops for exportEurope,Asia,One-third
37、of crops for exportEurope,Asia,Africa and Latin America Africa and Latin America vAgricultural imports lag far behind,leaving a Agricultural imports lag far behind,leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of tradesurplus in the agricultural balance of trade1.Agriculture1.AgricultureForeign Lang
38、uage Teaching and Research PressvFarmersnot work on the farms full-timeFarmersnot work on the farms full-time 45 percent with other occupations 240,000 tenant farmersrent land for cash or pay the owner a share of the crops they grow migrant workershired only for a specific chorevAgriculture remains
39、the foundation Agriculture remains the foundation upon upon which American well-being and prosperity are which American well-being and prosperity are based.based.1.Agriculture1.AgricultureForeign Language Teaching and Research Press2.Manufacturing Industry2.Manufacturing IndustryvLarge manufacturing
40、 industries employing Large manufacturing industries employing more than 24 million workersmore than 24 million workersvHighly developed military industryHighly developed military industryvAuto companiesFord,General Motors and Auto companiesFord,General Motors and ChryslerChryslervBoeing Aircraft Co
41、mpanycommercial Boeing Aircraft Companycommercial airlinersairlinersvOther industries:food,clothing,etc.Other industries:food,clothing,etc.America has formed an America has formed an industrial system with large industrial system with large productivity.productivity.Foreign Language Teaching and Res
42、earch Press2.Manufacturing Industry2.Manufacturing IndustryForeign Language Teaching and Research PressDivision of Manufacturing Activities Division of Manufacturing Activities vThe East North CentralThe East North Centraln the leading regionn over 25%of manufacturing capacityn motor vehicles and ot
43、her transportation equipments,non-electrical machinery,and fabricated metals vThe Middle Atlantic regionThe Middle Atlantic regionn occupying the second placen almost 20%of the total value added n chemicals and machinery,both electrical and non-electrical vThe Pacific coast regionThe Pacific coast r
44、egionn dominated by the manufacturing activities of Californian the third place with about 15%of the total value addedn Transportation equipments,food products,and electrical and electronic equipmentsForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe South Atlantic regionThe South Atlantic regionnthe
45、fourth leading region nover 10%of the total US manufacturing outputntextiles,chemicals,tobacco products,and apparelvThe West South Central and the East South The West South Central and the East South Central regions Central regions nabout 15%of the total national outputnchemicals,food products,elect
46、rical and electronic equipments,and non-electrical machineryDivision of Manufacturing Activities Division of Manufacturing Activities Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe West North Central,New England and The West North Central,New England and the Mountain states regionremaining 15%the
47、Mountain states regionremaining 15%of the national output of the national output nNew Englandelectrical and non-electrical machinery,and fabricated metalsnThe West North Central statesmachinery and food productsnThe Mountain statesfood products,primary metals and non-electrical machineryDivision of
48、Manufacturing Activities Division of Manufacturing Activities Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press3.Service Industry3.Service IndustryvTremendous growth in employment in the Tremendous growth in employment in the service sector since the 1970sservice sector since the 1970s three categories:s
49、ervices for the affluentcommercial banking,life insurance,real estate and law services welfare serviceshealth care,education,government and social services services provided by the poorservices to buildings and dwellings,retail servicesForeign Language Teaching and Research Press3.Service Industry3.
50、Service IndustryAdvanced service industryForeign Language Teaching and Research Press4.High-tech Industry4.High-tech IndustryvHigh-tech industries ranking first in the worldHigh-tech industries ranking first in the worldvMore emphasis on space technology,More emphasis on space technology,electronics
