1、Unit 9Business CompetitionWords&ExpressionsWarming upText AText BExercise Culture TourWords&Expressions1.merger(CET 6)n.the joining together of two separate companies or organizations so that they become one.合并There has been a lot of talk about a merger with another leading bank.人们纷纷传言要和另一家大银行合并。2.p
2、rice-fixing n.the setting of prices by agreement among producers and distributors 协定物价With overt price-fixing cartels clearly illegal,the railroads turned to mergers as the way to eliminate competition between them.由于公开联合固定价格的卡特尔明确属于非法，铁路业者转而以合并作为避免相互间竞争的手段。3.airfare n.The airfare to a place is the
3、amount it costs to fly there.飞机票价Most airfare price drops last less than 48 hours,so people need to be ready to jump when a fare falls.多数的机票降价持续时间不超过48小时，因此人们必须准备在票价一下跌时立即行动。4.inflation-adjusted 扣除物价上涨因素In inflation-adjusted terms this is far lower than rates of the countrys key trading partners.在通货
4、膨胀调整条款里，这利率还远低于国家主要的贸易伙伴。5.collude(TEM8)v.If one person colludes with another,they cooperate with them secretly or illegally.(秘密或非法地)串通(collusion n.)Several local officials are in jail on charges of colluding with the Mafia.几位地方官员因涉嫌串通黑手党而锒铛入狱。6.consolidate(CET6 TEM 4)v.To consolidate a number of sm
5、all groups or companies means to make them into one large organization.合并Scientists have found that sleep helps consolidate memories,fixing them in the brain so we can retrieve them later.科学家已经发现，睡眠可以帮助巩固记忆，将记忆存进大脑以便我们日后取回。7.hub-and-spoke denoting a method of organizing intercontinental air traffic
6、in which one major airport is used as a feeder for local airports(Sometimes shortened to hub).轴辐路网空中交通组织法 In order to optimize extended hub-and-spoke regional transportation network,interactive fuzzy programming model was introduced.为了对基于轴-辐结构的区域运输网络实行优化，建立了模糊交互规划模型。8.transatlantic adj.Transatlantic
7、 flights or signals go across the Atlantic Ocean,usually between the United States and Britain.横跨大西洋的Many transatlantic flights land there.很多飞越大西洋的航班都在那里着陆。9.concentration(CET4 TEM4)n.the amount of a substance contained in a liquid 液体中某物质的浓度pH is a measure of the concentration of free hydrogen atoms
8、 in a solution.pH值是溶液中游离氢原子浓度的计量单位。A gas in solution diffuses from a region of greater to one of less concentration.溶液中的气体会由浓度高的部分扩散到浓度低的部分。10.monopoly(CET6 TEM4)n.If a company,person,or state has a monopoly on something such as an industry,they have complete control over it,so that it is impossible
9、 for others to become involved in it.垄断Russian moves to end a state monopoly on land ownership.俄罗斯人提议结束国家对土地所有权的垄断。11.switch(CET6 TEM4)v.to change from doing or using one thing to doing or using another转换，转变，改变You have to switch your mindset.你必须要转换思维。12.premium（CET6 TEM8）n.an additional amount of mo
10、ney,above a standard rate or amount附加付款；额外费用Consumers are prepared to pay a premium for organically grown vegetables.消费者愿意多花钱购买有机蔬菜。13.tacit（CET6 TEM8）adj.If you refer to someones tacit agreement or approval,you mean they are agreeing to something or approving it without actually saying so,often bec
11、ause they are unwilling to admit to doing so.默许的The question was a tacit admission that a mistake had indeed been made.这个问题等于默认确实已犯了错误。14.on the flip side 反过来说；另一方面On the flip side,CEOs often find that their suggestions take on a far greater magnitude than what they intended.另一方面，首席执行官们常常发现，他们的建议对下属
12、所造成的影响，往往超出了他们的本意。15.incentive(CET6 TEM4)n.If something is an incentive to do something,it encourages you to do it.鼓励There is little or no incentive to adopt such measures.几乎或根本没有鼓励来采取这样的措施。16.retaliation n.action against someone who has done something bad to you报复，反击 This action was undoubtedly in
13、retaliation for last weeks bomb attack.这个行动无疑是对上周炸弹袭击事件的报复。17.substantially adv.If something changes substantially or is substantially different,it changes a lot or is very different.很大程度地The percentage of girls in engineering has increased substantially.工科女生的比例已经大大增长了。18.lure(CET6 TEM8)v.To lure so
14、meone means to trick them into a particular place or to trick them into doing something that they should not do.引诱They did not realize that they were being lured into a trap.他们没有意识到正被人骗入圈套。19.entrant(TEM4)n.An entrant is a person or company who has recently become a member of an institution or marke
15、t.新成员the company that made a name for itself as an early entrant in the digital video-recorder market.这个以数码录像机市场的早期进入者而享有名气的公司。20.render(CET4 TEM4)v.You can use render with an adjective that describes a particular state to say that someone or something is changed into that state.For example,if someo
16、ne or something makes a thing harmless,you can say that they render it harmless.使成为;使变得It contained so many errors as to render it worthless.太多的错误使之变得毫无价值。21.vulnerable(CET 6 TEM 4)adj.Someone who is vulnerable is weak and without protection,with the result that they are easily hurt physically or em
17、otionally.易受伤害的Old people are particularly vulnerable members of our society.老人是我们社会中特别容易受到伤害的成员。22.barrier(CET4 TEM4)n.A barrier is something such as a rule,law,or policy that makes it difficult or impossible for something to happen or be achieved.障碍Duties and taxes are the most obvious barrier to
18、free trade.关税及其他各种税是自由贸易最明显的障碍。23.wither(CET6 TEM4)v.If someone or something withers,they become very weak.变虚弱When he went into retirement,he visibly withered.到了退休年龄时，他明显变得虚弱了。24.innovation(CET6 TEM4)n.Innovation is the introduction of new ideas,methods,or things.创新;革新We must promote originality,ins
19、pire creativity and encourage innovation.我们必须提倡独创性，激发创造力，鼓励创新。25.sustainable(CET 4)adj.A sustainable plan,method,or system is designed to continue at the same rate or level of activity without any problems.可持续的The creation of an efficient and sustainable transport system is critical.一个高效而可持续发展的交通系统的
20、创建是非常重要的。26.stagnate(CET6+)v.If something such as a business or society stagnates,it stops changing or progressing.(商业、社会等)停滞不前Industrial production is stagnating.工业生产停滞不前27.anecdote(CET6+TEM4)n.An anecdote is a short,amusing account of something that has happened.趣闻轶事Peter was telling them an anecd
21、ote about their mother.皮特正告诉他们一个关于他们母亲的趣闻轶事。28.abound(CET6+TEM4)v.If things abound,or if a place abounds with things,there are very large numbers of them.充满Stories abound about when he was in charge.他负责时传闻很多。29.metric(CET4 TEM4)n.30.entrepreneurship n.Entrepreneurship is the state of being an entrep
22、reneur,or the activities associated with being an entrepreneur.企业家(身份、行为);企业家精神Its the kind of entrepreneurship the Government of Rwanda wants to foster and promote.卢旺达政府打算培育和推广的就是这种企业家精神。31.dynamism(TEM8)n.If you say that someone or something has dynamism,you are expressing approval of the fact tha
23、t they are full of energy or full of new and exciting ideas.活力;创新思维.a situation that calls for dynamism and new thinking.一种需要活力和新思维的局势。32.dampen(TEM8)v.To dampen something such as someones enthusiasm or excitement means to make it less lively or intense.抑制;减少Nothing seems to dampen his perpetual ent
24、husiasm.似乎没有什么能减弱他持久的热情。33.intermediary(CET6 TEM8)n.An intermediary is a person who passes messages or proposals between two people or groups.中间人She wanted him to act as an intermediary in the dispute with Moscow.她想让他在与莫斯科的争端中担当中间人。34.ramp sth.up(CET6+TEM4)phr.v.if a company ramps up an activity,it
25、increases it提高，使增加Producers can quickly ramp up production.厂商可以迅速增加产量。35.frictionless adj.无摩擦的36.notwithstanding(CET6 TEM4)adv.尽管His relations with colleagues,differences of opinion notwithstanding,were unfailingly friendly.他与同事们尽管有意见分歧，但关系一直很融洽。37.windfall(TEM8)n.A windfall is a sum of money that y
26、ou receive unexpectedly or by luck,for example,if you win a lottery.意外之财.the man who received a$250,000 windfall after a banking error.因银行失误得到25万美元意外之财的那位男子。38.hollow sth.out phr.v.to make a hole or empty space by removing the inside part of something 把挖空掏空，使成中空39.implement(CET4 TEM4)v.If you implem
27、ent something such as a plan,you ensure that what has been planned is done.实施;执行The government promised to implement a new system to control financial loan institutions.政府许诺要实施新的制度来控制金融贷款机构。40.static(CET4 TEM4)adj.Something that is static does not move or change.静止的;不变的The number of young people obt
28、aining qualifications has remained static or decreased.获得各种资格证书的年轻人的数量一直保持不变或者已经减少。41.inertia n.惯性；懒惰42.spike(TEM4)v.If the number or rate of something spikes,it increases quickly and by a large amount.激增New telephone orders have spiked in the last two years.新装电话订单在过去两年里激增。Warming upp Have you ever
29、gone travelling by air?If so,do you think the air fare is high,low or satisfactory?Why?p What do you know about merger?Can you give any examples?Discuss the examples of merger you know with your partner in detail.p Do you think airline mergers lead to higher air fares?Why?pHave you ever gone travell
30、ing by air?If so,do you think the air fare is high,low or satisfactory?Why?The answer to this question is open.pWhat do you know about merger?Can you give any examples?Discuss the examples of merger you know with your partner in detail.Mergers and acquisitions(M&A)are transactions in which the owner
31、ship of companies,other business organizations,or their operating units are transferred or combined.As an aspect of strategic management,M&A can allow enterprises to grow,shrink,and change the nature of their business or competitive position.From a legal point of view,a merger is a legal consolidati
32、on of two entities into one entity,whereas an acquisition occurs when one entity takes ownership of another entitys stock,equity interests or assets.From a commercial and economic point of view,both types of transactions generally result in the consolidation of assets and liabilities under one entit
33、y,and the distinction between a merger and an acquisition is less clear.A transaction legally structured as an acquisition may have the effect of placing one partys business under the indirect ownership of the other partys shareholders,while a transaction legally structured as a merger may give each
34、 partys shareholders partial ownership and control of the combined enterprise.A deal may be euphemistically called a merger of equals if both CEOs agree that joining together is in the best interest of both of their companies,while when the deal is unfriendly(that is,when the management of the targe
35、t company opposes the deal)it may be regarded as an acquisition.pDo you think airline mergers lead to higher air fares?Why?pThe answer to this question is open.Text AAre Airline Mergers Leading to Higher Air Fares?p 1.The Department of Justice（美国）司法部p 2.Delta-Northwest美国达美航空公司p 3.United-Continental美
36、国联合大陆航空公司p 4.American-US Airways美国航空公司p 5.JetBlue 美国捷蓝航空公司p 6.Virgin America维珍美国航空公司2022-12-192022-12-19Text BBusiness Competition Has Not Gotten Fiercer2022-12-19 Silicon Valley is a nickname for the southern portion of the San Francisco Bay Area,in the northern part of the U.S.state of California.
37、The valley”in its name refers to the Santa Clara Valley in Santa Clara County,which includes the city of San Jose and surrounding cities and towns,where the region has been traditionally centered.The word silicon”originally referred to the large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers in
38、 the region,but the area is now the home to many of the worlds largest high-tech corporations,including the headquarters of 39 businesses in the Fortune 1000,and thousands of startup companies.2022-12-19 Microsoft:Microsoft Corporation(abbreviated as MS)is an American multinational technology compan
39、y with headquarters in Redmond,Washington.It develops,manufactures,licenses,supports and sells computer software,consumer electronics,personal computers,and services.Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems,the Microsoft Office suite,and the Internet Explo
40、rer and Edge web browsers.Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup.As of 2016,it is the worlds largest software maker by revenue,and one of the worlds most valuable companies.The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and softw
41、are.Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on April 4,1975,to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800.It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s,followed by Microsoft Windows.The companys 1986 initial public offering(IPO
42、),and subsequent rise in its share price,created three billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees.Since the 1990s,it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitionstheir largest being the acquisition of Li
43、nkedIn for$26.2 billion in December 2016,followed by Skype Technologies for$8.5 billion in May 2011.(from Wikipedia)微软公司 Key to exercises Text AI.1.B 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.BII.A1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.DB1.blamed 2.made up 3.determining 4.in response to 5.on the flip side 6.hub-and-spoke 7.inf
44、lation-adjusted 8.correlate with 9.transatlantic 10.passenger capacity III.1.available 2.influx 3.dominant 4.wielding 5.stake 6.guidance 7.advanced 8.reinstate 9.subordinate petition IV.1.最新的交通部数据显示，第四季度扣除通胀因素后的机票价最新的交通部数据显示，第四季度扣除通胀因素后的机票价格比一年前上升格比一年前上升2%，尽管同期飞机燃油价格下降了，尽管同期飞机燃油价格下降了25%。2.跨越大西洋的航线被三
45、大合资企业主宰，其旅客运送能力合跨越大西洋的航线被三大合资企业主宰，其旅客运送能力合计超过计超过75%。3.参与航空公司忠诚度项目的乘客通常愿意为了乘坐自己偏爱参与航空公司忠诚度项目的乘客通常愿意为了乘坐自己偏爱的航班而支付额外费用。的航班而支付额外费用。4.另一方面，航空公司会惩罚其竞争对手，如果该对手不能恪另一方面，航空公司会惩罚其竞争对手，如果该对手不能恪守这一含蓄的约定，而一味地与之激烈竞争。守这一含蓄的约定，而一味地与之激烈竞争。5.美国司法部增强其对于航空业的关注是正确的，毕竟阻止市美国司法部增强其对于航空业的关注是正确的，毕竟阻止市场权力的滥用是它的职责之一。场权力的滥用是它的职
46、责之一。V.1.Because it would be very difficult to make a convincing case for breaking up any of the large network carriers.2.The author thinks consumers anticipation for lower air fares is not possible.3.Partially because competition is more than just a question of numbers and some collusion is actually
47、 legal.4.Tacit collusion and soft competition.5.The author cite this example to show that although the airline industry experienced several large mergers over the past 25 years or so,that is,the total number of carriers becomes fewer,that does not necessarily correlate with the extent of competition
48、.Text BI.1.Because the more competition a company faces,the harder it is to make money.For example,the workers are exposed to much more competition nowadays,and consequently their wages have stagnated or fallen in the U.S.in recent decades.2.Take Silicon Valley as an example.It may be buzzing with s
49、tartups,but most of them are trying to get sold to the giants,not to run them out of business.3.With the electoral system relying more on corporate donations,its become easier for big companies and their industry associations to win support for beneficial regulations and subsidies.Text B4.One possib
50、ility is that labor,capital,and many commodities have become so cheap that big companies are getting a windfall.Another is that short-term oriented companies are so desperate for margins that theyre hollowing out their operations or eating their R&D seed-corn.5.For example,in the 1970s the struggles
