1、概要写作summaryWhat is a summary?A summary is a brief statement that gives only the main points of something,not the details.牛津高阶英汉双解词典1.考纲要求概要写作。提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右（少于40或多于80词扣两分）的内容概要。阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：1.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；2.应用语法结构和词汇的准确性和独创性；3.上下文的连贯性；read for key point/topic sentencesparaphrase/ow
2、n wordspolish概要写作步骤：Step 1 定位定位 Locate the key sentences；Step2 改写改写 Rewrite the key sentences in your own words；Step3 修改修改 Add some conjunctions and polish your summary.Para.1 No one knows exactly how the earth began,as it happened so long ago.However,according to a widely accepted theory,the univer
3、se began with a“Big Bang”that threw matter in all directions.After that,atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies.Read for key points or topic SentencesTip1:Sentences beginning with signal words like“but”,“however”,“actually”etc.are often the focus.Para.2 For several billion y
4、ears after the“Big Bang”,the earth was still just a cloud of dust.What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.It exploded loudly with fir
5、e and rock.They were in time to produce carbon,nitrogen,water vapor and other gases,which were to make the earths atmosphere.What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down,water began to appear on its surface.Tip2:Key words are often repeated.Find the logic between details and summariz
6、e it.the earth came into beingwateratmospherePara.3 Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but unlike the earth,it had disappeared later.It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.What many scientists believe is that the continued presence
7、of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.This produced a chain reaction,which made it possible for life to develop.Tip3:The topic sentence is not necessarily the first sentence or the last one,but it must convey the main idea.Tip4:Omit省略 detailed inform
8、ation.supporting sentenceuFocus on repeated words or phrases;uNotice signal words like“but”,“sadly”,“however”,etc.uOmit detailed information.uThe topic sentence is not necessarily the first or the last sentence.How to locate the topic sentence概要写作三步法：Step 1 定位定位 Locate the essential information；Step
9、2 改写改写 Rewrite the information in your own words；Step3 修改修改 Add some conjunctions and polish your summary.概要写作之改写微技能：（1 1）替换：）替换：同义词替换；单词替换短语；短语替换句子同义词替换；单词替换短语；短语替换句子 （2 2）转换：）转换：词性转换词性转换；句式转换；语态转换；主语转换；句式转换；语态转换；主语转换 Para.1 The universe began with a“Big Bang”同义词替换 The universe started with/origina
10、ted from a big bang.Practice:Para.1 The universe began with a“Big Bang”主语转换 A big bang gave rise to/leaded to/resulted in the universe.Practice:Para.2 The earth came into beingatmospherewater The earth came into being with atmosphere and water on its surfaces.Practice:Para.3 It took some time for wa
11、ter to show the importancein the development of life.It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.同义词替换同义词替换/句式转化句式转化/主语转化主语转化Step 1 定位定位 Locate the essential information；Step2 改写改写 Rewrite the information in your own words；Step3 修改修改 Add some conjunctio
12、ns and polish your summary.概要写作三步法：However Long after the appearance of universe The universe started with/originated from a big bang.The earth came into being with atmosphere and water on its surfaces.It took some time for water to show the importance in the development of life.The universe started
13、 with a big bang.Long after the appearance of it,the earth came into being with atmosphere and water on its surfaces.However,It took some time for water to show the importance in the development of life.(66 words)One possible versionpractice 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60 词左右的内容概要。We shouldnt judge a person by t
14、heir appearance but we do.In fact,the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds.But what do we look at?One of the most important things is clothes,but it isnt the brand of clothes that people wear that is important.The
15、 important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform.Why?A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about
16、 their studies.Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too.If all the students wear uniforms,they cant judge each other because of their clothes.It also avoids arguments about who or what is fashionable.However,it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way.We all have f
17、ixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear.If we visit a doctor,we expect to see respectable clothes under the doctors white coat.When we go into a bank we expect the staff to wear suits or dresses.Police officers wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing a visible prese
18、nce while on patrol,to make themselves easily identifiable to non-police officers or their colleagues who require assistance,and to quickly identify each other at crime scenes for ease of coordination.In fact,a lot of companies have dress codes for their staff because they know that the customers ex
19、pect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes.But can our clothes really tell people what we are like?Maybe not,but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment.When people see us in the right clothes,they think we are serious about what we are doing.Furthermore,if we are cle
20、an,smart and polite,people will have confidence in us.Para.1Para.3Para.2Para.4Read for Key PointsPara.1 We shouldnt judge a person by their appearance but we do.In fact,the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds.But
21、 what do we look at?One of the most important things is clothes,but it isnt the brand of clothes that people wear that is important.The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion._Point 1_Read for Key PointsPara.2 Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their stu
22、dents to wear a uniform.Why?A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about their studies.Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too.If all the students wear uniforms,they cant judge each other
23、because of their clothes.It also avoids arguments about who or what is fashionable._1._2._Point 2_3._4._benefitsRead for Key PointsPara.3 However,it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way.We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear.If we
24、visit a doctor,we expect to see respectable clothes under the doctors white coat.When we go into a bank we expect the staff to wear suits or dresses.Police officers wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing a visible presence while on patrol,to make themselves easily identifiable to non-police of
25、ficers or their colleagues who require assistance,and to quickly identify each other at crime scenes for ease of coordination.In fact,a lot of companies have dress codes for their staff because they know that the customers expect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes._Point 3_Read for Key
26、PointsPara.4 But can our clothes really tell people what we are like?Maybe not,but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment.When people see us in the right clothes,they think we are serious about what we are doing.Furthermore,if we are clean,smart and polite,people will have con
27、fidence in us._Point 4List the Key PointsPara.Key points1It is important to wear the right clothes for the occasion.2Schools ask their students to wear a uniform.Why?3 However,it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way.We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain
28、 profession should wear a doctora bank Police officers a lot of companies 4 right clothes can show our attitude that we are serious about what we are doing.Furthermore,people will have confidence in us.Examples of restating the key pointsKey point 1The important thing is to wear the right clothes fo
29、r the occasion.restateWearing right clothes for occasions is significant.Since judging a person by their appearance is unavoidable,wearing proper clothes for different occasions is more than vital.Clothes should be worn suitably for different occasionsExamples of restating the key pointsKey point 2S
30、chools ask their students to wear a uniform.Why?restateStudents are required to wear uniforms for various benefits.Teachers think uniforms can make student serious about their study seriously and avoid arguments.wearing uniforms at school can help students become serious about their study and avoid
31、many problemsExamples of restating the key pointsKey point 3 However,it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way.We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear a doctora bank Police officers a lot of companies restate Different jobs need diffe
32、rent clothes for customers expectations.People should attach importance to what they wear in certain ways.Different professions should dress themselves in certain ways.Examples of restating the key pointsKey point 4 Right clothes can show our attitude that we are serious about what we are doing.Furt
33、hermore,people will have confidence in us.restate Suitable clothes can show others we are serious and confident.Suitable clothes can make other aware of our seriousness and confidence.Proper clothes can present our attitudes such as being serious and confident.After writing:Use proper conjunctions(连
34、接词）to polish your passage.Introduction:The passage/article focuses on/mainly tells us 表转折：but,however,though,although 表并列、递进：as well as,in addition to,not only.but also,besides,whats more,furthermore,.表对比：meanwhile,on the other hand,on the contrary,contrast,.表列举：firstly/secondly/finally/.表原因：because
35、(of),due to,on account of,.;for 表举例：for example/instance,such as,and so on Ending：therefore,consequently,In short,in conclusion,in a word 使用合适的连接词 Sample：The article mainly tells us wearing proper clothes is important for peoples first impressions.(要点1)For example,schools require students to wear un
36、iforms for various benefits.(要点2)Besides schools,other places,like hospitals,banks,police stations and some companies also want their staffs to dress in uniforms properly.(要点3)In conclusion,our clothes can show our attitudes,such as being serious and having confidence.(要点4)(62词)Conclusion：How to Write a Good Summary?1.1.仔细阅读文本：读结构、读主题句、读关键信息。仔细阅读文本：读结构、读主题句、读关键信息。2.2.用自己的语言表述文章的关键点，注意句子的语法结构和词汇用自己的语言表述文章的关键点，注意句子的语法结构和词汇的准确性，避免抄袭原句，不遗漏要点。的准确性，避免抄袭原句，不遗漏要点。(段落段落=要点要点)3.3.运用适当的连接词润色文章。运用适当的连接词润色文章。4.4.关注所写概要的关注所写概要的词数词数
