1、Chapter 2The Roman Republic:Origins,Breakdown,and RebirthItalyTiber River Founding of Rome(800 BC)视频The Legend of Romulus and Remusshe-wolfThe rape of the Sabine WomenThe intervention of the Sabine WomenPowers of the Western Mediterranean Greeks Etruscans CarthaginiansEtruscansThe RepublicThe Conque
2、st of ItalyBy 270 B.C.,Rome had expanded to the southern tip of Italy had succeeded in establishing contractual alliances.建立联盟建立联盟contractual alliances：u Allowing cities to keep their own governments,traditions,and lawsu Demanding only tribute and military support in returnThe Conquest of ItalyRome
3、and Carthage 迦太基RomeCarthaginian Aeneas tells Dido the misfortunes of the Trojan city 联合国世界文化遗产，迦太基古城遗迹。联合国世界文化遗产，迦太基古城遗迹。The Punic WarsFirst Punic War-(264-241 BCE)fought over Sicilian city 乌鸦吊Second Punic War-(219-202 BCE)Hannibal of Carthage led army across Alps into Italy.Third Punic War-(149-14
4、6 BCE)North Africa becomes Roman province.Hannibals routeHannibal of Carthage卢浮宫的汉尼拔雕像卢浮宫的汉尼拔雕像 Archimedes意大利西西里岛，叙拉古，意大利西西里岛，叙拉古，“阿基米德的坟墓阿基米德的坟墓”，联合国世界文化遗产，联合国世界文化遗产 Rome Republic视频：视频：republic democracyRoman Republic(509-27BC)Established and ruled by wealthy Roman citizens(patricians)贵族 Had to giv
5、e ordinary citizens(plebians 平民)the vote because they were important part of the economyRoman Republican Government Three Part Government:I.Executive Branch Two consuls with right to command troops.Highest civil and military magistrates.A.Elected annually by Assembly of the CenturiesB.In emergencies
6、,a dictator could be elected for six months.C.Veto of one consul would halt a motion made by either one.Symbols of Royaltypurple robesfasces 束棒束棒ivory chairfascesthe US House of Representatives法国大革命时期国徽法国大革命时期国徽II.The Senate-about 300 members of noble or patrician class.A.Senators appointed for life
7、,must have held elected office before.B.Appointed commanders,assigned funds,but could not pass laws.C.Originally“elected”kings,had a conservative effect on Roman culture and politics.Roman Republican Government III.Assembly-Included all adult male citizens Assembly of the Centuries A.made up of the
8、entire armyB.Wealthier citizens voted first and influenced resultsC.elected the consuls and several other magistratesD.voted on bills the Senate put before it Tribune A.hold office for one yearB.veto the SenateC.initiate Laws(The Twelve Tables 十二铜表法）Roman Republican Government Decline of the Republi
9、cTiberius Gracchus 提比略提比略-格拉古格拉古133 BCE Tiberius reforms land laws to prevent rich landowners from turning impoverished Roman citizens into slaves.Gaius GracchusDecline of the RepublicInternal conflict between rich and poorGoverning of the enormous empireA new system of military recruitment giving m
10、uch power to individual generalsMilitary ReformMarius马略马略Sulla苏拉苏拉 accepted soldiers into army who owned no land Professional soldiersThe First Triumvirate(59-53 BCE)Pompey庞培庞培Crassus克拉苏克拉苏Caesar凯撒凯撒Caesar crosses the RubiconThe Fall of the RepublicFall of the RepublicConflicts among powerful indivi
11、dualsCrassus,Pompey,and Julius CaesarCivil warsCaesar as dictator:47-44B.C.Octavians defeat of Antony:31B.C.OctavianOctavian vs.AntonyCleopatra Queen of the Nile Roman Empire(27 BC 476 AD)Octavian(later called Augustus“Respected One”),grand-nephew of Julius Caesar,gained control and became first emp
12、eror of Roman EmpireGaius Octavius Augustus(27-14 BCE)The Augustan PrincipatePrinceps:first citizenHonorary title:AugustusRoman VirtuesCourageHonorDisciplineSacrificegenerated fear and respect among Romes enemies and loyalty and stability from its citizens.Roman GovernmentSenate(300 members)Consuls(2 members)Head of GovernmentTribune(10 members)PatricianPatrician&PlebianPlebianAppointedElectedElectedHold office for lifeHold office for 1 yearHold office for 1 yearAdvise ConsulsControl treasury and foreign policyHead judiciary&militaryEach could veto(“I forbid”)the otherInitiate lawsVeto Senate
