1、 说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理明事理,给人以知识的文体。它通过对实体事物给人以知识的文体。它通过对实体事物(如如仪器、产品、自然环境仪器、产品、自然环境)的解说的解说,或对抽象事理或对抽象事理(如如概念、原理、定律概念、原理、定律)的阐释的阐释,使人们对事物的形态、使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解解,或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。说明文实用性很强识，从而获得有关的知识。说明文实用性很强,它它包括
2、广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、科学小品等。复习这类文体词、科学小品等。复习这类文体,注意以下几点：注意以下几点：主要题材：主要题材：题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域。如：介绍科学领域的最新成果、机器的个领域。如：介绍科学领域的最新成果、机器的制造过程、产品工艺流程或使用说明、工程项目制造过程、产品工艺流程或使用说明、工程项目的规划、社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物、的规划、社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物、生物的生存状况、自然或社会现象产生的原因和生物的生存状况、自然或社会现象产生的原因和解决办法、人文
3、地理知识等。解决办法、人文地理知识等。说明顺序：说明顺序：时间顺序时间顺序(如事物的发展变化如事物的发展变化)、空间顺、空间顺序序(如建筑结构如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序、逻辑顺序(如因果、现象与本质如因果、现象与本质)。说明方法：说明方法：为了把事物的本质特征说清为了把事物的本质特征说清楚楚,或者把事理阐述明白或者把事理阐述明白,常用下列说明常用下列说明方法：举例子、作比较、分类别、析因方法：举例子、作比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图表、作引用、作假设、对比说明相列图表、作引用、作假设、对比说明相异、类比说明相似等。异、类比说明相似等。
4、结构特点：结构特点：说明文的大体结构有：说明文的大体结构有：(1)总体叙述总体叙述+细节或过程说明细节或过程说明+概括评述；概括评述；(2)现象或变化现象或变化+细节或原因阐述细节或原因阐述+引发的后果和相引发的后果和相关启示。关启示。语言特点：语言特点：高考英语阅读理解中的说明文多为科高考英语阅读理解中的说明文多为科普知识方面的题材普知识方面的题材,文中常包含有结构复杂、句意文中常包含有结构复杂、句意深奥的长句难句。因学术性强、抽象度高深奥的长句难句。因学术性强、抽象度高,解题的解题的难度相对较大，在高考阅读中多为最后一篇。难度相对较大，在高考阅读中多为最后一篇。阅读说明文的关键是：抓住说明
5、对象的本质阅读说明文的关键是：抓住说明对象的本质特征。阅读时须注意：特征。阅读时须注意：(1)注意说明的顺序注意说明的顺序,了解文章的结构了解文章的结构,把握文把握文章的脉络。章的脉络。(2)在阅读过程中划出长难句的主干成分在阅读过程中划出长难句的主干成分(主主谓宾谓宾)、标出关键词、有的可边看边画草图或、标出关键词、有的可边看边画草图或结构、流程图。结构、流程图。(1)短文略，见资料书短文略，见资料书P87A.help students get a high-paid jobB.help students work in GoogleC.encourage students to give
6、up scienceD.arouse students interest in liberal arts1.Stanford University held a lecture of literature and philosophy to _.1.D细节理解题。根据文章第二段的第一句细节理解题。根据文章第二段的第一句Seeking to re-arouse interest in the liberal arts可知。可知。A.a period when something begins to be accepted.B.a period when something is out-date
7、d.C.a period when something is most popular.D.a period when something is replaced by another thing.2.What does the underlined word“heyday”mean(in para.6)?2.C词义推测题。根据第六段词义推测题。根据第六段more than 1 in 3 Stanford students majored in languages,literature,the arts,history,cultural studies and philosophy可知超过可知
8、超过1/3的斯坦福学生的斯坦福学生主修人文学科主修人文学科,与现在与现在10%的数据比较起来的数据比较起来,那是个那是个主修文科的鼎盛时期。主修文科的鼎盛时期。A.Only 10%of university students major in the humanities.B.More and more students choose science as their major.C.More students study the humanities in Stanford than other universities.D.The trend of what major to study
9、has never changed3.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to paragraph 7?3.B细节理解题。由第六段最后一句可知。细节理解题。由第六段最后一句可知。A.Because the humanities cant help students find jobs.B.Because students never care about life meaning.C.Because students believe science can help them get high-paid jobs.D.Beca
10、use the tuition fees of the humanity education are higher.4.Why do students lose interest in the humanities?4.C推理判断题。根据倒数第二段推理判断题。根据倒数第二段But for students who came of age in the Great Recession,the siren song of science can be tough to resist和最后一段和最后一段Shakespeare wasnt in it for the money可知可知,学生选择理科是
11、因为能学生选择理科是因为能找到赚钱的工作。找到赚钱的工作。A.Approving.B.Doubtful.C.Negative.D.Indifferent.5.What is Satzs attitude towards the education of humanities?5.A情感判断题。通过文章最后一段最后一句情感判断题。通过文章最后一段最后一句But she added humanities students who go on to graduate school and land jobs in tech intensive fields do just fine可知。可知。The
12、 1,718 incoming students nearly half of whom arrive intending to major in the sciences or engineering listened to a lecture organized by the College of Humanities and Arts,where famous author and physician Abraham Verghese praised the meaning,and opportunities,of a liberal arts education.【难句理解难句理解】结
13、构分析结构分析:nearly half of whom引导一个定语从句引导一个定语从句,在这个在这个定语从句中定语从句中where famous author and physician Abraham Verghese praised the meaning,and opportunities,of a liberal arts education是从句中的另一个定语从句。是从句中的另一个定语从句。汉语大意：汉语大意：1718个新入学的学生个新入学的学生其中半数其中半数都打算主修科学或者工程学都打算主修科学或者工程学听了一个由人听了一个由人文艺术学院组织的讲座。在这个讲座中文艺术学院组织的讲
14、座。在这个讲座中,作为作为作家和内科医生的作家和内科医生的Abraham Verghese赞扬了赞扬了文科教育的意义和机遇。文科教育的意义和机遇。outnumber v.数量上超过数量上超过humanity students 人文学科的学生人文学科的学生come of age 成年成年,长大成人长大成人the Great Recession(经济经济)大萧条时期大萧条时期【助读词汇助读词汇】A.Touching someones arm when talking to him.B.Saying hello to somebody with a warm hug.C.Giving someone
15、 a greeting with kisses.D.Not to touch someones arm when meeting him.6.All that arent considered cold in Mediterranean countries are mentioned EXCEPT _.6.D事实细节题。从文中第一段的第一句事实细节题。从文中第一段的第一句In Mediterranean countries,if you try not to touch someones arm when talking to them or if you dont greet them wi
16、th kisses or a warm hug,youll be considered cold.可知答案应选可知答案应选D。(2)短文略，见资料书短文略，见资料书P88A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.7.How many inadvisable behaviors in Korean are clearly mentioned?7.B事实细节题。从文中第一段的第二句事实细节题。从文中第一段的第二句But backslap someone who isnt a family member or a good friend in Korea,and youll make t
17、hem uncomfortable.与文章倒数与文章倒数第三段的第一句第三段的第一句but fail to remove your shoes before entering a home in Korea,Hawaii,or the Pacific Islands and youll be considered disrespectful.可知文章中明确提可知文章中明确提到的有两处在韩国属于不得体的行为到的有两处在韩国属于不得体的行为,因此答案应选因此答案应选B。A.Annoying.B.Miserable.C.Negative.D.Selfish.8.What does“disgustin
18、g”in para.3 refer to?8.A词义猜测题。从文中第三段的第二句词义猜测题。从文中第三段的第二句The Japanese and Chinese also dislike the idea of a handkerchief.日本人和中国人也都不喜欢手绢日本人和中国人也都不喜欢手绢,可可知知disgusting 应与应与dislike是同一类型的意思是同一类型的意思,因此因此可知答案应选可知答案应选A。A.Putting on clothes B.Talking over dinnerC.Blowing your nose D.Touching someone9.All the
19、 following cultural mistakes are described EXCEPT _.9.A事实细节题。文中的第一、二段描述的内容是事实细节题。文中的第一、二段描述的内容是touching someone;第三、四段描述的内容是第三、四段描述的内容是blowing your nose;第五段描述的内容是第五段描述的内容是talking over dinner;第第六、七段描述的内容是六、七段描述的内容是taking off your shoes or not。putting on clothes这一内容文中没提及，因此答案应选这一内容文中没提及，因此答案应选A。A.polit
20、ical systems B.historical eventsC.world culture D.popular science10.The passage is likely to be found in a website about _.10.C推理判断题。文章介绍了国外时要特别留心推理判断题。文章介绍了国外时要特别留心并尽量避免误入的几种文化陷阱。因此可判断出并尽量避免误入的几种文化陷阱。因此可判断出在网站的文化板块中可以阅读到这篇文章。在网站的文化板块中可以阅读到这篇文章。Not only does shoe removal very practically keep sand a
21、nd dirt out of the house,its a sign of leaving the outside world behind.结构分析：结构分析：Not only 位于句首位于句首,其后接的句子要进其后接的句子要进行半倒装行半倒装,而而but also后接的句子则保持正常语序。后接的句子则保持正常语序。该句省略了该句省略了but also。这句话的正常语序为：。这句话的正常语序为：Shoe removal not only very practically keeps sand and dirt out of the house,(but also)its a sign of
22、 leaving the outside world behind.【难句理解难句理解】汉语大意：脱掉鞋子不仅把沙粒与尘土留汉语大意：脱掉鞋子不仅把沙粒与尘土留在了门外在了门外,更意味着把外面的世界拋之脑后。更意味着把外面的世界拋之脑后。follow suit 跟着做跟着做 let alone更不用说更不用说sacred adj.神圣的神圣的 uncivilized adj.不文明的不文明的【助读词汇助读词汇】A.climb over your headB.quit looking for a wayC.search for another wayD.keep climbing around1
23、1.If you try to stop ants going forward,they will _.11.C细节理解题。根据第二段的细节理解题。根据第二段的If theyre headed somewhere and you try to stop them;theyll look for another way.可以推知可以推知,蚂蚁找其他路蚂蚁找其他路look for=search for。(3)短文略，见资料书短文略，见资料书P89A.Think winter all summer.B.Always be realistic.C.Never become lazy in summer
24、.D.Always look ahead.12.What is the second philosophy of ants?12.D 推理判断题。根据第三的第一句推理判断题。根据第三的第一句ants think winter all summer.四段最后四段最后1句句Think ahead.可以可以推知答案。文章的最后一段此句推知答案。文章的最后一段此句Never give up,look ahead,stay positive and do all you can.也进也进行了归纳。行了归纳。A.Always stay positive.B.Always remind yourself.C
25、.Always think summer.D.Always be hardworking.13.Which of the following can best describe the third part of the ant philosophy?13.A推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第1、2句句ants think summer all winter.That is so important.During the winter,ants remind themselves,“This wont last long;well soon be out of here.
26、”可以得可以得知知,蚂蚁在冬天里总是想着夏天蚂蚁在冬天里总是想着夏天,想着希望想着希望,总是提醒自己冬天来了总是提醒自己冬天来了,夏天不远了夏天不远了,故保持积极的心态故保持积极的心态stay positive。其他选项与蚂蚁的这。其他选项与蚂蚁的这种生活哲学不符种生活哲学不符,只是在本段出现的一些词只是在本段出现的一些词,学生选了学生选了,则犯了断章取义的错误。则犯了断章取义的错误。A.never stop gathering food in the summerB.always get prepared for the winterC.gather as much as possible
27、for the futureD.do whatever we can for the future 14.We can learn from the last part of the ant philosophy that we should _.14.D推理判断题。根据文章的倒数第二段的最后推理判断题。根据文章的倒数第二段的最后一句一句What an incredible philosophy,the“all-you-possibly-can”philosophy.可以推断应该选可以推断应该选D。A.The Concept of Ants B.The Ant Philosophy C.Nev
28、er Give up D.Do All You Can15.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?15.B主旨大意题。最后一段主旨大意题。最后一段Wow,what a great seminar to attend the ant seminar.Never give up,look ahead,stay positive and do all you can.是文章是文章的主题段的主题段,完整的归纳了文章大意。完整的归纳了文章大意。A选项是说蚂选项是说蚂蚁的概念蚁的概念,C和和D选项以偏概全。选项以偏概全。B选项全面
29、概括了选项全面概括了蚂蚁的四个哲学。蚂蚁的四个哲学。concept 概念概念 seminar n.研讨会研讨会realistic adj.现实的现实的cant wait to do sth迫不及待做迫不及待做【助读词汇助读词汇】(4)短文略，见资料书短文略，见资料书P90A.they are floating above their own bodiesB.they are walking towards a lightC.they are flying in the skyD.they are seeing a bright light16.When people are dying,som
30、e may have the following feelings except that _.16.C细节理解题。根据文章第二段可知。细节理解题。根据文章第二段可知。A.By studying chemical materials in dying peoples brains.B.By studying changes in the brain that cause such experience.C.By listening to peoples descriptions of out-of-body experienceD.By monitoring patients behavior
31、 on a scree.17.How did scientists study the cause of out-of-body experience?17.B细节理解题。根据第四段细节理解题。根据第四段reviewed studies into changes in the brain that cause certain sensations associated with near-death experiences可知。可知。A.a chemical material released by human bodiesB.a medicine to help people with st
32、ress and injuriesC.a medicine which help people feel love and peaceD.a chemical material to cause the death of people18.The“hormone noradrenalin”(in Para10)is probably _.18.A词义判断题。由倒数第四段的词义判断题。由倒数第四段的which is released when we suffer from stress and injuries可可知。知。A.Sam Parnia doesnt think that people
33、s near-death experiences are real.B.Sam Parnia hasnt finished the study of peoples near-death experiences.C.The causes of near-death experiences and other feelings are different.D.Its impossible to know the causes of peoples near-death experiences.19.According to the passage,which of the following s
34、tatements is true?19.B推理判断题。根据最后一段的第一句可知。推理判断题。根据最后一段的第一句可知。a science fiction B.a scientific reference bookC.a book of fairy talesD.a popular science magazine20.This passage is probably taken from _.20.D主旨大意题。通过文章的主旨大意和写作风格可知主旨大意题。通过文章的主旨大意和写作风格可知,本文是关于一个科学现象的介绍，但语言通俗易懂本文是关于一个科学现象的介绍，但语言通俗易懂,所以所以属于科
35、学通俗杂志的一篇文章属于科学通俗杂志的一篇文章,而不是科学参考书的文章。而不是科学参考书的文章。In another example,the hormone noradrenalin,which is released when we suffer from stress and injuries,could be behind the feelings of love and peace many experience when they seem to be approaching death.结构分析：结构分析：which引导一个定语从句引导一个定语从句,the hormone nora
36、drenalin是先行词。是先行词。when we suffer from stress and injuries是从句中的时间状语从句是从句中的时间状语从句,而而when they seem to be approaching death则是主句则是主句的定语从句。的定语从句。【难句理解难句理解】汉语大意：另一项研究表明汉语大意：另一项研究表明,去甲肾上腺素去甲肾上腺素(the hormone noradrenalin)正是人们濒临死亡时感到正是人们濒临死亡时感到平和安详的背后原因平和安详的背后原因,这种去甲肾上腺素也会在我这种去甲肾上腺素也会在我们经受重压和受到伤害的时候被身体释放。们经受重压和受到伤害的时候被身体释放。blinding adj.使人眩目的使人眩目的sensation n.感觉，知觉感觉，知觉account n.描述描述【助读词汇助读词汇】更多精品资请访问更多精品资请访问 更多品资源请访问更多品资源请访问
