1、英汉语言差异性特征对比英汉语言差异性特征对比nSynthetic vs.AnalyticnHypotactic vs.Paratactic nCompact vs.DiffusivenSubject prominent vs.Topic-prominentnChronicle vs.Non-chronicle nStative vs.DynamicSynthetic vs.Analytic综合与分析综合与分析 They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty yea
2、rs.他们他们告诉告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起工工作就作就有三十年了。有三十年了。syntheticanalyticSynthetic vs.AnalyticnA synthetic language is“characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.nAn analytic language is“characterized by a relatively frequent use of functi
3、on words,auxiliary verbs,and changes in word order to express syntactic relations,rather than of inflected forms”.Feature of English as a Synthetic Language 英语通过词汇的英语通过词汇的形态变化形态变化，表示句子丰富多采的，表示句子丰富多采的语言关系和逻辑关系。语言关系和逻辑关系。形态变化包括性形态变化包括性(gender)、数、数(number)、格、格(case)、时时(tense)、体、体(aspect)、语态、语态(voice)、语
4、气、语气(mood)、比较级、比较级(degree of comparison)、人称、人称(person)、词性、词性(parts of speech)。Feature of Chinese as an Analytic Language 汉语基本没有形态变化，主要靠词语、词序及暗汉语基本没有形态变化，主要靠词语、词序及暗含逻辑关系来表达句子的语言意义。含逻辑关系来表达句子的语言意义。Practice1.听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。I could have laughed to hear him talk like this.2.The mountains
5、 began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始向山谷投下群山开始向山谷投下一道道一道道蔚蓝色长影。蔚蓝色长影。3.李教授原打算在这干一辈子的，但还是由于种种原因去李教授原打算在这干一辈子的，但还是由于种种原因去了深圳。了深圳。Professor Li had planned to work here for the rest of his life,but now he has been to Shenzhen for reasons.4.一群人立刻把他围住了，向他提出一个又一个问题。一群人立刻把他围住了，向他提出一个又
6、一个问题。Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with questions.Hypotactic vs.Paratactic形合与意合形合与意合n孟子曰：孟子曰：“鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，我所欲也；义，不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，我所欲也；义，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。”nMencius said,“I like fish and I also like bears pa
7、ws.If I cannot have the two together,I will let the fish go and take the bears paws.In a similar way,I like life,and I also like righteousness.If I cannot have the two together,I will give up my life to preserve righteousness.”paratactichypotacticHypotactic vs.Paratactic The American Heritage Dictio
8、nary defines hypotaxis as“the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives”,for example,I shall despair if you dont come.The World Book Dictionary defines parataxis as“the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between t
9、hem”,for example,The rain fell;the river flooded;the house washed away.在不同的语言中，句子内部连接或外部链接几乎都是用三种手段：句法手段句法手段（syntactic devices）词汇手段词汇手段（lexical equivalence）语义手段语义手段（semantic connection）用 前 两 种 手 段 连 接 成 为 形 合（hypotaxis）,用后一种手段连接成为意合（parataxis）。Feature of English as a hypotactic Language 英语造句常用各种形式手英
10、语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应句，注重显性接应(overt cohesion)，注重句子形，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。以形显义。英语句中的形合手段：英语句中的形合手段：关关系词和连接词、介词、其系词和连接词、介词、其他连接手段，广泛使用代他连接手段，广泛使用代词，以及替补词词，以及替补词it和和there等等。等等。Feature of Chinese as a paratactic Language 汉语造句少用甚至不用形汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连式连接手段，注重隐性连贯贯(covert
11、 coherence)，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统功能、意义，注重以神统形。形。汉语的意合法往往采用以汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段：下手段：语序；反复、排语序；反复、排比、对偶、对照等；紧缩比、对偶、对照等；紧缩句；四字格。句；四字格。试比较以下的英汉句子：试比较以下的英汉句子：n1.跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。nEven if the monk can run away,his temple cannot run with him.n2.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。nModesty helps one go
12、forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.n3.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？冬天来了，春天还会远吗？nIf winter comes,can spring be far behind?n4.好好学习，天天向上。好好学习，天天向上。Study hard,and make progress everyday.Practice 1.When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect,it see
13、ms to me that there are two causes,of which one goes much deeper than the other.为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。2.抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。Once the principal contradiction is grasped,all problems can be readily solved.3.不进则退。不进则退。H
14、e who does not advance falls backward./Move forward,or youll fall behind.Compact vs.Diffusive 聚集与流散聚集与流散The boy,who was crying as if his heart would break,said,when I spoke to him,that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。两天
15、没吃了。compactdiffusiveFeatures of English as a Compact Language句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严密规范，句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严密规范，句式呈句式呈“聚集型聚集型”(compactness)。结构严谨结构严谨,通常由名词性短语和动词性短语构成通常由名词性短语和动词性短语构成;主语不可或缺，谓语动词是句子的中心，两者协主语不可或缺，谓语动词是句子的中心，两者协调一致提纲挈领，聚集各种关系网络。调一致提纲挈领，聚集各种关系网络。英语句子先把主要信息以英语句子先把主要信息以“主、谓、宾（表）主、谓、宾（表）”的语法主干形式突出
16、地表达出来，尔后再运用动的语法主干形式突出地表达出来，尔后再运用动词不定式、分词短语、从句、独立结构或其他语词不定式、分词短语、从句、独立结构或其他语法手段来表现次要信息或用连词、介词来衔接法手段来表现次要信息或用连词、介词来衔接。汉语的主语不仅形式多样，而且可有可无。谓语也汉语的主语不仅形式多样，而且可有可无。谓语也复杂多样复杂多样,可以是动词、名词或形容词可以是一个动可以是动词、名词或形容词可以是一个动词，也可以是多个动词，还可以没动词；可以是一词，也可以是多个动词，还可以没动词；可以是一个单词，也可以是多个词组。个单词，也可以是多个词组。汉语句式松散，句与句之间缺少连接成分，所表现汉语句
17、式松散，句与句之间缺少连接成分，所表现的信息往往从语法外形上主次不分，善用流水句，的信息往往从语法外形上主次不分，善用流水句，常常把主要信息和次要信息的区别暗含在短句的并常常把主要信息和次要信息的区别暗含在短句的并列之中。列之中。Features of Chinese as a Diffusive Language汉语主谓结构具有很大的多样性、复杂性和灵活性，汉语主谓结构具有很大的多样性、复杂性和灵活性，因而句式呈因而句式呈“流散型流散型”（diffusiveness）。）。1.He was struck by her powerful profile,her rich black hair
18、falling freely onto her shoulders,the intensity of her dark eyes.他一下子为她的出众长相所倾倒了：她一头乌发披肩，飘逸潇洒，一双黑眸炯炯有神。2.他们这群人，又想吃人，又是鬼鬼祟祟，想法子遮掩，他们这群人，又想吃人，又是鬼鬼祟祟，想法子遮掩，不敢直接下手，真要令我笑死。不敢直接下手，真要令我笑死。All these people wanting to eat human flesh and at the same time stealthily trying to keep up appearances,not daring to
19、 act promptly,really made me nearly die of laughter.Practice1.玛丽没有被邀请去参加宴会，心里很难受。玛丽没有被邀请去参加宴会，心里很难受。Mary felt sad not to have been invited to the banquet.2.许多房子，盖着琉璃瓦，曲曲折折，无数的朱红栏许多房子，盖着琉璃瓦，曲曲折折，无数的朱红栏杆。杆。Many houses were roofed with glazed tiles and set within winding red balustrades.3.The kaleidosc
20、ope of shifting interests of the nations during the negotiation made it impossible to sort out the“winners”and“losers”.谈判期间，各国的利益变化不定，好像万花筒似的，这就谈判期间，各国的利益变化不定，好像万花筒似的，这就使人难以分辨出究竟谁是使人难以分辨出究竟谁是“胜者胜者”，谁是，谁是“输家输家”。Subject prominent vs.Topic-prominent 主语显著与主题显著主语显著与主题显著 汉语是一种“话题突出”的语言，基本格式为”话题语话题语+评论语评论语
21、“，而英语是一种主语突出的语言，突出的是句子的主语，而且两种语言在表达形式上也相去甚远。小尼姑之流小尼姑之流，阿Q向来是视为草芥的。AhQ always looks down upon the persons like little Buddhist nun.Topic-prominentSubject-prominetI knew nothing about it.nA:我对这件事一点也不知道。我对这件事一点也不知道。nB:这件事我一点儿都不知道。这件事我一点儿都不知道。We have bigger houses and smaller families;more conveniences,
22、but less time;we have more degrees,but less common senses;more knowledge,but less judgment;more experts,but more questions;more medicine,but less wellness.房子越来越大，家庭却越来越小；便利的设施越来越多，房子越来越大，家庭却越来越小；便利的设施越来越多，自由的时间却越来越少；学位越来越高，生活常识却越自由的时间却越来越少；学位越来越高，生活常识却越来越薄；获得的知识越来越丰富，对事物的判断却越来来越薄；获得的知识越来越丰富，对事物的判断却越
23、来越缺少；所谓的专家一个接一个，问题却层出不穷；发越缺少；所谓的专家一个接一个，问题却层出不穷；发明的药物一种赛一种，健康却每况愈下。明的药物一种赛一种，健康却每况愈下。Practice 1.薄薄的一本书他竟看了两个月。薄薄的一本书他竟看了两个月。It took him such a long time of two months to finish such a thin book.2.在建造一座大桥前，必须考虑到金属受热膨胀这在建造一座大桥前，必须考虑到金属受热膨胀这一因素。一因素。The expasion of metals on heating must be taken into c
24、onsideration before a long metal bridge is built.3.她一看到他就生气。她一看到他就生气。The very sight of him makes her angry.Chronicle vs.Non-chronicle 剪辑式与临摹式 He got to Tai yuan from Shanghai by train via Jinan.Chronical Non-chronicalHOME他从上海坐火车经过济南到太原。他从上海坐火车经过济南到太原。英语和汉语的简单句语序都是SVO.剪辑式与临摹式是就复杂句而言。所谓剪辑式与临摹式是就英汉两种语言
25、的词序而言的。临摹式临摹式指句子语序与事情发生的先后顺序一致，而剪辑式剪辑式语言中，句子的语序不一定与事情发生的先后顺序一致。汉语是临摹式语言，英语式剪辑式语言。n除状语从句之外，定语从句的位置也有所不同。英语中，定语从句一般放在右边。称为Right Branching Direction,但汉语中，一般放在左边称为Left Branching Direction.如:nThe musician who played at concert is from China.n在音乐会上演奏的那位音乐家是从中国来的。汉语的时间，逻辑顺序常常按照由先到后，由因由先到后，由因到果，由假设到推断，由事实到结
26、论到果，由假设到推断，由事实到结论这样的顺序排列。而英语则借助形态变化和丰富的连接词语。结构灵活，跳跃，顺序多变。英汉两种语言这种差异性特征使其从句语序也有一定的差异，就原因状语从句而言，汉语一般是放在主句之前的，而英语中，除since引导的原因状语从句外，其他的一般后置。n他意识到由于他的一番话，她哭了。nHe realized that she was crying because of what he had said.Stative vs.Dynamic动态与静态动态与静态n这是一个秋天的下午。细雨淅沥，秋风瑟瑟。他这是一个秋天的下午。细雨淅沥，秋风瑟瑟。他们们撑撑着雨伞，着雨伞，攀沿
27、攀沿一个弯曲的山间小道一个弯曲的山间小道去拜望去拜望一一位位隐居隐居在深山的朋友。在深山的朋友。nThey walked with umbrellas up a winding mountainpath on a drizzling and windy autumn afternoon for a visit to a friend living in seclusiondynamic StativeBroadly speaking,nouns can be characterized naturally as stative in that they refer to entities th
28、at are regarded as stable,whether these are concrete(physical)like house,table,paper,or abstract(of the mind)like hope,botany,length.At the opposite pole,verbs can be equally naturally characterized as dynamic:they are fitted(by their capacity to show tense and aspect,for example)to indicate action,
29、activity and temporary or changing conditions.Connotations of stative and dynamicFeatures of English as a Stative Language 名词化（名词化（Nominalization）是英语常见的现象）是英语常见的现象 She has a firm conviction that she will overcome all the difficulties.她坚信她会克服所有的困难。用名词表示施事者（用名词表示施事者（Agentive nouns），以代替动词），以代替动词 Sea gu
30、lls are excellent flyers.海鸥善于飞行。名词优势造成名词优势造成介词优势介词优势 Coming!”Away she skimmed over the lawn,up the path,up the steps,across the verandah,and into the porch.“来啦！”她转身蹦跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。用用形容词形容词表达动词的意义表达动词的意义 Many investors are still fearful of the ever-changing local policies.许多投资商对当地多变的政策
31、仍怀有戒心。Features of Chinese as a Dynamic Language 动词动词（词组）可以充当汉语句子的各种成分（词组）可以充当汉语句子的各种成分 采用这种新装置采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.动词连用动词连用是汉语常见的现象是汉语常见的现象 我去叫叫他们派派一个会计到到这儿来帮助帮助你算账算账吧。Let me go and ask them to send an accountant here to help you with your accounts.汉语动词汉语动词常常重复或重叠常常重复或重叠 说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快。Talking and laughing,running and jumping,the children had a good time.
